Unresolvable Identifier

arXiv:2604.26716 · detector doi_compliance · cross_source · 2026-05-19 19:53:21.742059+00:00

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Introduction In the standard approach to non-relativistic quantum mechanics the time evolution of a quantum stateψis given by the equation ψ(t,x) =U(t)ψ(x, 0), (1) where U(t) is a unitary evolution operator generated by a Hamiltonian H and t denotes time. In the case of time independent Hamiltonian U(t) =exp(−iHt) , where here and in the following we set ¯h= 1. Despite being useful in many special cases, time in this formulation is a classical parameter rather than a quantum observable. It follows that the wave function ψ is “quantized” in space but not in time, which poses interpretational problems with the space-time formulation of the quantum theory. On the other hand the Pauli theorem forbids to represent time as a self-adjoint operator in the space L2(R3, d3x), so that Eq. (1) cannot be corrected by simply replacingtwith its operator form. In 1978 J.A. Wheeler proposed a thought experiment [1] in which a double-slit setup was changed — giving the possibility to register either the wave-like or the particle-like nature of the photon — right before the detection. He argued that the detected nature of the photon should be in full agreement with the setup, thus that the quantum particle cannot be described by the classical concept of motion. This idea has been experimentally proven first by Walbornet.al.[ 2], then by Aspectet.al.[ 3] and others. The explanation involved the wave function of the particle being spatially wide, reaching to the location where the changes Version

Evidence payload

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