Networked buffering: a basic mechanism for distributed robustness in complex adaptive systems

Here we propose a generic mechanism - networked buffering - for generating robust traits in complex systems that requires two basic conditions to be satisfied: 1) agents are versatile enough to perform more than one single functional role within a system and 2) agents are degenerate, i.e. there exists partial overlap in the functional capabilities of agents. Given these prerequisites, degenerate systems can readily produce a distributed systemic response to local perturbations. Reciprocally, excess resources related to a single function can indirectly support multiple unrelated functions within a degenerate system. In models of genome:proteome mappings for which distributed decision-making and modularity of genetic functions are assumed, we verify that such distributed compensatory effects cause enhanced robustness of system traits. The conditions needed to achieve the networked buffering behavior are not demanding or rare, leading us to conjecture that degeneracy may fundamentally underpin distributed robustness within several biological systems. We further argue that degenerate forms of distributed robustness may readily arise in other disciplines. For instance, it may allow for new insights into systems engineering and planning activities that occur under high uncertainty. We also speculate that the proposed hypothesis helps to explain recent developments in understanding the origins of resilience within complex ecosystems.