Spectroscopic Confirmation of Three z-Dropout Galaxies at z = 6.844 - 7.213: Demographics of Lyman-Alpha Emission in z ~ 7 Galaxies

We present the results of our ultra-deep Keck/DEIMOS spectroscopy of z-dropout galaxies in the SDF and GOODS-N. For 3 out of 11 objects, we detect an emission line at ~ 1um with a signal-to-noise ratio of ~ 10. The lines show asymmetric profiles with high weighted skewness values, consistent with being Lya, yielding redshifts of z=7.213, 6.965, and 6.844. Specifically, we confirm the z=7.213 object in two independent DEIMOS runs with different spectroscopic configurations. The z=6.965 object is a known Lya emitter, IOK-1, for which our improved spectrum at a higher resolution yields a robust skewness measurement. The three z-dropouts have Lya fluxes of 3 x 10^-17 erg s^-1 cm^-2 and rest-frame equivalent widths EW_0^Lya = 33-43A. Based on the largest spectroscopic sample of 43 z-dropouts that is the combination of our and previous data, we find that the fraction of Lya-emitting galaxies (EW_0^Lya > 25A) is low at z ~ 7; 17 +- 10% and 24 +- 12% for bright (Muv ~= -21) and faint (Muv ~= -19.5) galaxies, respectively. The fractions of Lya-emitting galaxies drop from z ~ 6 to 7 and the amplitude of the drop is larger for faint galaxies than for bright galaxies. These two pieces of evidence would indicate that the neutral hydrogen fraction of the IGM increases from z ~ 6 to 7, and that the reionization proceeds from high- to low-density environments, as suggested by an inside-out reionization model.