How does group interaction and its severance affect life expectancy?

The phenomenon of apoptosis observed in cell cultures consists in the fact that unless cells permanently receive a "Stay alive" signal from their neighbors, they are bound to die. A natural question is whether manifestations of this apoptosis paradigm can also be observed in other organizations of living organisms. In this paper we report results from a two-year long campaign of experiments on three species of ants and one species of (tephritid) fruit flies. In these experiments individuals were separated from their colony and kept in isolation either alone or in groups of 10 individuals. The overall conclusion is that "singles" have a shorter life expectancy than individuals in the groups of 10. This observation holds for ants as well as for fruit flies. The paper also provides compelling evidence of a similar effect in married versus unmarried (i.e. single, widowed or divorced) people. A natural question concerns the dynamic of the transition between the two regimes. Observation suggests an abrupt (rather than smooth) transition and this conclusion seems to hold for ants, fruit flies and humans as well. We call it a shock transition. In addition, for red fire ants Solenopsis invicta, it was observed that individuals in groups of 10 that also comprise one queen, die much faster than those in similar groups without queens. The paper also examines the corresponding survivorship curves from the perspective of the standard classification into 3 types. The survivorship curves of ants (whether single or in groups of 10) are found to be of type II whereas those of the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis are rather of type III. In this connection it is recalled that the survivorship curve of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is of type I, i.e. of same type as for humans.