Optimal Offline Dynamic 2,3-Edge/Vertex Connectivity

We give offline algorithms for processing a sequence of $2$ and $3$ edge and vertex connectivity queries in a fully-dynamic undirected graph. While the current best fully-dynamic online data structures for $3$-edge and $3$-vertex connectivity require $O(n^{2/3})$ and $O(n)$ time per update, respectively, our per-operation cost is only $O(\log n)$, optimal due to the dynamic connectivity lower bound of Patrascu and Demaine. Our approach utilizes a divide and conquer scheme that transforms a graph into smaller equivalents that preserve connectivity information. This construction of equivalents is closely-related to the development of vertex sparsifiers, and shares important connections to several upcoming results in dynamic graph data structures, outside of just the offline model.