Hamilton-Jacobi equations for finite-rank matrix inference

We compute the large-scale limit of the free energy associated with the problem of inference of a finite-rank matrix. The method follows the principle put forward in arXiv:1811.01432 which consists in identifying a suitable Hamilton-Jacobi equation satisfied by the limit free energy. We simplify the approach of arXiv:1811.01432 using a notion of weak solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation which is more convenient to work with and is applicable whenever the non-linearity in the equation is convex.