Development Considerations for High-Repetition-Rate HEDP Experiments

Patrick L. Poole; Peter V. Heuer; Scott Feister

arxiv: 1906.11777 · v1 · pith:FUSLNPWTnew · submitted 2019-06-27 · ⚛️ physics.plasm-ph

Development Considerations for High-Repetition-Rate HEDP Experiments

Scott Feister , Patrick L. Poole , Peter V. Heuer This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 13:39 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.plasm-ph

keywords high repetition rateHEDPhigh energy density physicslaser plasma experimentsexperimental techniquesrepetition rate thresholdplasma diagnostics

0 comments

The pith

Certain experimental approaches in high energy density physics become practical only once repetition rates reach 1/min to 1 Hz.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reviews how HEDP experiments change when facilities move from several shots per day to rates between once per minute and once per second. It focuses on techniques and operational methods that only become workable once that repetition-rate threshold is crossed. A reader would care because these higher rates allow for data collection strategies and experimental designs that low-rate operation cannot support. The discussion centers on practical considerations for making the transition rather than presenting a new theoretical result.

Core claim

The paper claims that the transition to repetition rates of 1/min to 1 Hz makes specific experimental techniques in high energy density physics practical that remain infeasible at lower rates, and it outlines the associated experimental techniques and development considerations required for this shift.

What carries the argument

The repetition-rate threshold of 1/min to 1 Hz, which marks the point where previously impractical HEDP approaches become feasible.

If this is right

Statistical studies and averaging of results become routine instead of exceptional.
Experimental designs that rely on feedback or iterative adjustment can be implemented in real time.
Target handling systems and diagnostics must be engineered for sustained operation at the new rates.
Facility planning shifts toward supporting continuous or near-continuous data taking.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Facility design choices may need to balance peak energy per shot against the ability to reach the identified repetition-rate window.
Similar rate-dependent transitions could appear in adjacent fields such as laser-driven particle acceleration or materials processing under extreme conditions.
The review implies that investment in repetition-rate upgrades could yield more scientific output per unit time even if individual shot energy stays constant.

Load-bearing premise

The primary barrier to adopting new experimental techniques is the repetition rate rather than limits in target fabrication, diagnostic speed, or facility infrastructure.

What would settle it

A demonstration that the highlighted techniques remain impossible even after repetition rates reach 1 Hz due to non-rate factors would show the claim does not hold.

read the original abstract

This paper discusses experimental techniques and considerations associated with the transition to high repetition-rate experiments in High Energy Density Physics (HEDP). We particularly highlight approaches to experimentation that become practical only at a threshold of repetition rate. We focus on the transition from operation at several-shots-per-day towards operation in the range of 1/min. to 1 Hz.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This is a practical discussion of scaling HEDP experiments to 1/min–1 Hz rates, with no new results but a clear organization of workflow issues.

read the letter

Hi, the main takeaway is that this paper lays out operational considerations for moving HEDP experiments from a few shots per day to 1/min–1 Hz, focusing on which approaches only become workable at the higher rates. It stays within the bounds of a discussion piece rather than claiming new measurements or derivations. The authors walk through the experimental chain—targets, diagnostics, data handling—and note where higher rates open options like better statistics or feedback loops. That organization is the useful part; it pulls together points that facility teams already encounter but rarely see collected this way. The text is careful not to treat repetition rate as the sole barrier and acknowledges other constraints like target fabrication. The soft spots are straightforward: everything stays qualitative with no numbers, no case studies from actual high-rep runs, and no calculations showing how large the gains would be. That keeps the piece from moving beyond general advice. Citations appear light on recent facility reports, though that may be less of an issue in a considerations-style paper. This is aimed at experimentalists and planners at laser or pulsed-power facilities who are already thinking about rate upgrades. Someone deep in the subfield will find most points familiar, but the compilation could still save time when writing proposals or facility roadmaps. It deserves peer review because the topic is timely and a referee could tighten the practical recommendations even if the core content is not novel. I would send it forward rather than desk reject.

Referee Report

0 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript discusses experimental techniques and considerations for transitioning High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) experiments from several shots per day to repetition rates of 1/min to 1 Hz, with emphasis on approaches that become practical only once those higher rates are achieved.

Significance. If the considerations hold, the paper supplies community guidance on enabling new HEDP techniques through increased repetition rates, supporting planning for next-generation facilities.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive review and recommendation to accept the manuscript. The assessment correctly identifies the paper's focus on experimental techniques that become practical at repetition rates of 1/min to 1 Hz in HEDP.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; discussion paper with no derivations

full rationale

The manuscript is explicitly a discussion of practical considerations for transitioning HEDP experiments to repetition rates of 1/min to 1 Hz. It contains no equations, no fitted parameters, no predictions derived from models, and no load-bearing self-citations or uniqueness theorems. All claims are qualitative observations about experimental feasibility; none reduce by construction to the paper's own inputs. This is the expected non-finding for a non-derivational review-style paper.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

No mathematical content, free parameters, axioms, or invented entities appear in the abstract; the work is a discussion of experimental practices.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5579 in / 950 out tokens · 18258 ms · 2026-05-25T13:39:10.233350+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

61 extracted references · 61 canonical work pages · 1 internal anchor

[1]

Sequenced Parameter Scan A pre-sequenced, organized sweep over several values of one (or several) parameters can provide a systematic 1D (or N-D) mapping of a parameter space. Examples of a sequenced parameter scan: • Incrementally adjusting delay time of either a diag- nostic or a secondary backlighter laser to create a high-framerate movie with each fra...

work page
[2]

Unlike a sequenced parameter scan, inputs are not necessarily varied systematically or in a sequence

Stochastic Parameter Scan A stochastic parameter scan explores a wide set of input conditions to statistically sample the parameter space. Unlike a sequenced parameter scan, inputs are not necessarily varied systematically or in a sequence. Sparse random sampling of a wide multidimensional pa- rameter space may be useful in machine learning and/or testing...

work page
[3]

This is achieved by adjusting input parameters while observ- ing output values in real time

Optimization Search An optimization search has the goal of minimizing, maximizing, or setting outputs to a certain values. This is achieved by adjusting input parameters while observ- ing output values in real time. It might involve, for exam- ple, a binary search to narrow in from above and below a target output value. Examples of an optimization search:...

work page
[4]

One can explore and/or quantify the range of outputs that occur while retaining nominally ﬁxed in- puts

Characterization of Fluctuation The characterization of a stochastic plasma physics dy- namics becomes possible in high-repetition-rate experi- ments. One can explore and/or quantify the range of outputs that occur while retaining nominally ﬁxed in- puts. Examples of characterization of ﬂuctuation: • Performing standard deviation analysis of a proton spec...

work page
[5]

Similar to the characterization ﬂuctua- tion, this approach involves repetition with ﬁxed inputs to build up output statistics

Building Signal or Building Counts Building signal or building counts is applicable in ex- periments with low-signal detectors requiring multi-shot averaging, or in experiments leveraging single-hit par- ticle detectors. Similar to the characterization ﬂuctua- tion, this approach involves repetition with ﬁxed inputs to build up output statistics. If stoch...

work page
[6]

big data

Search for Rare Events Searches for rare outcomes of an experiment are pos- sible through repetition. The implementation of this ap- proach is similar to when one wishes to characterize of a stochastic process, but with a diﬀerent goal and with diﬀerent conditions for ending the experiment. One may note that this scheme may beneﬁt from the addition of rea...

work page
[7]

W. S. Brocklesby, J. Nilsson, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, A. Brignon, J. Bourderionnet, L. Lombard, V. Michau, M. Hanna, Y. Zaouter, T. Tajima, and G. Mourou, ICAN as a new laser paradigm for high energy, high average power femtosecond pulses, 223, 1189

work page
[8]

Roso, High repetition rate petawatt lasers, EPJ Web of Conferences 167, 01001 (2018)

L. Roso, High repetition rate petawatt lasers, EPJ Web of Conferences 167, 01001 (2018)

work page 2018
[9]

Bayramian, P

A. Bayramian, P. Armstrong, E. Ault, R. Beach, C. Bibeau, J. Caird, R. Campbell, B. Chai, J. Daw- son, C. Ebbers, A. Erlandson, Y. Fei, B. Freitas, R. Kent, Z. Liao, T. Ladran, J. Menapace, B. Molan- der, S. Payne, N. Peterson, M. Randles, K. Schaf- fers, S. Sutton, J. Tassano, S. Telford, and E. Ut- terback, The mercury project: A high average power, gas...

work page 2007
[10]

D. B. Schaeﬀer, L. R. Hofer, E. N. Knall, P. V. Heuer, C. G. Constantin, and C. Nie- mann, A platform for high-repetition-rate laser experiments on the large plasma device, High Power Laser Science and Engineering 6, e17 (2018)

work page 2018
[11]

B. K. Spears, J. Brase, P.-T. Bremer, B. Chen, J. Field, J. Gaﬀney, M. Kruse, S. Langer, K. Lewis, R. Nora, J. L. Peterson, J. J. Thiagarajan, B. V. Essen, and K. Humbird, Deep learning: A guide for practitioners in the physical sciences, Physics of Plasmas 25, 080901 (2018). 6

work page 2018
[12]

Gopalaswamy, R

V. Gopalaswamy, R. Betti, J. P. Knauer, N. Luciani, D. Patel, K. M. Woo, A. Bose, I. V. Igumenshchev, E. M. Campbell, K. S. Anderson, K. A. Bauer, M. J. Bonino, D. Cao, A. R. Christopherson, G. W. Collins, T. J. B. Collins, J. R. Davies, J. A. Delettrez, D. H. Edgell, R. Epstein, C. J. Forrest, D. H. Froula, V. Y. Glebov, V. N. Goncharov, D. R. Harding, S...

work page 2019
[13]

D. B. Sinars, E. M. Campbell, M. E. Cuneo, C. A. Jen- nings, K. J. Peterson, and A. B. Sefkow, The role of mag- netized liner inertial fusion as a pathway to fusion energy, 35, 78

work page
[14]

Malka, J

V. Malka, J. Faure, Y. A. Gauduel, E. Lefebvre, A. Rousse, and K. T. Phuoc, Principles and applications of compact laser–plasma accelerators, 4, 447

work page
[15]

Galesand f

S. Galesand f. t. E.-N. Team, Laser driven nuclear scienc e and applications: The need of high eﬃciency, high power and high repetition rate laser beams, 224, 2631

work page
[16]

Kitagawa, Y

Y. Kitagawa, Y. Mori, O. Komeda, K. Ishii, R. Hanayama, K. Fujita, S.-i. Okihara, T. Sekine, N. Sato, T. Kurita, T. Kawashima, H. Kan, N. Naka- mura, T. Kondo, M. Fujine, H. Azuma, T. Motohiro, T. Hioki, M. Kakeno, Y. Nishimura, A. Sunahara, and Y. Sentoku, Hi-rep. counter-illumination fast ignition scheme fusion, 8, 3404047

work page
[17]

Masood, M

U. Masood, M. Baumann, T. Cowan, W. Eng- hardt, T. Herrmannsdoerfer, K. Hofmann, L. Karsch, F. Kroll, J. Pawelke, U. Schramm, and oth- ers, Novel approach to utilize proton beams from high power laser accelerators for therapy, in 7th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC’ 16), Busan, Korea, May 8-13, 2016 (JACOW, Geneva, Switzerland) pp. 1905–1907

work page 2016
[18]

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.)

work page
[19]

Mourou, G

G. Mourou, G. Korn, W. Sandner, and J. Collier, eds., Extreme Light Infrastructure Whitebook: Science and Techn ology with Ultra-Intense Lasers (Thoss Media GmbH, Berlin)

work page
[20]

Prencipe, J

I. Prencipe, J. Fuchs, S. Pascarelli, D. W. Schumacher, R. B. Stephens, N. B. Alexander, R. Briggs, M. B¨ uscher, M. O. Cernaianu, A. Choukourov, M. D. Marco, A. Erbe, J. Fassbender, G. Fiquet, P. Fitzsimmons, C. Gheo- rghiu, J. Hund, L. G. Huang, M. Harmand, N. J. Hartley, A. Irman, T. Kluge, Z. Konopkova, S. Kraft, D. Kraus, V. Leca, D. Margarone, J. Me...

work page doi:10.1017/hpl.2017.18 2017
[21]

G. Grim, A. J. Kemp, S. Wilks, E. P. Hartouni, and S. Kerr, Generating near solid density react- ing ion distributions using intense short pulse lasers, Bulletin of the APS DPP meeting 2018 (2018)

work page 2018
[22]

P. L. P. et al., in preparation

work page
[23]

L¨ ubcke, A

A. L¨ ubcke, A. A. Andreev, S. H¨ ohm, R. Grunwald, L. Ehrentraut, and M. Schn¨ urer, Prospects of tar- get nanostructuring for laser proton acceleration 7, 10.1038/srep44030

work page doi:10.1038/srep44030
[24]

Grittani, M

G. Grittani, M. P. Anania, G. Gatti, D. Giulietti, M. Kando, M. Krus, L. Labate, T. Levato, P. Lon- drillo, F. Rossi, and L. A. Gizzi, High energy electrons from interaction with a structured gas-jet at FLAME, Proceedings of the ﬁrst European Advanced Accelerator Conc epts Workshop 2013, 740, 257

work page 2013
[25]

S. D. Hoath, G. D. Martin, and I. M. Hutchings, Atom- ization patterns produced by the oblique collision of two newtonian liquid jets, 22, 042101

work page
[26]

P. L. Poole, A. Krygier, G. E. Cochran, P. S. Foster, G. G. Scott, L. A. Wilson, J. Bailey, N. Bourgeois, C. Hernandez-Gomez, D. Neely, P. P. Rajeev, R. R. Free- man, and D. W. Schumacher, Experiment and simulation of novel liquid crystal plasma mirrors for high contrast, intense laser pulses, Scientiﬁc Reports 6, 32041 (2016)

work page 2016
[27]

B. H. Shaw, S. Steinke, J. van Tilborg, and W. P. Leemans, Reﬂectance characterization of tape-based plasma mirrors, Physics of Plasmas 23, 063118 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4954242

work page doi:10.1063/1.4954242 2016
[28]

Salehi, A

F. Salehi, A. J. Goers, G. A. Hine, L. Feder, D. Kuk, B. Miao, D. Woodbury, K. Y. Kim, and H. M. Milchberg, MeV electron acceleration at 1 kHz with <10 mJ laser pulses, 42, 215

work page
[29]

Aniculaesei, H

C. Aniculaesei, H. T. Kim, B. J. Yoo, K. H. Oh, and C. H. Nam, Novel gas target for laser wakeﬁeld accelerators, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 89, 025110 (2018)

work page 2018
[30]

Lorenz, G

S. Lorenz, G. Grittani, E. Chacon-Golcher, C. M. Lazzarini, J. Limpouch, F. Nawaz, M. Nevrkla, L. Vilanova, and T. Levato, Characteriza- tion of supersonic and subsonic gas targets for laser wakeﬁeld electron acceleration experiments, Matter and Radiation at Extremes 4, 015401 (2019)

work page 2019
[31]

High repetition rate (>= kHz) targets and optics from liquid microjets for the study and application of high intensity laser-plasma interactions

K. George, J. Morrison, S. Feister, G. Ngirmang, J. Smith, A. Klim, J. Snyder, D. Austin, W. Erbsen, K. Frische, et al., High repetition rate (¿= khz) tar- gets and optics from liquid microjets for the study and application of high intensity laser-plasma interactions, arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.04656 (2019)

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1902
[32]

Schwind, E

K. Schwind, E. Aktan, M. Cerchez, R. Prasad, O. Willi, and B. Aurand, A high-repetition rate droplet-source for plasma physics applications, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Sectio n A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associate d Equipment 928, 65 (2019)

work page 2019
[33]

C. A. Stan, D. Milathianaki, H. Laksmono, R. G. Sierra, T. A. McQueen, M. Messerschmidt, G. J. Williams, J. E. Koglin, T. J. Lane, M. J. Hayes, S. A. H. Guillet, M. Liang, A. L. Aquila, P. R. Willmott, J. S. Robinson, K. L. Gumerlock, S. Botha, K. Nass, I. Schlichting, R. L. Shoeman, H. A. Stone, and S. Boutet, Liquid explosions induced by x-ray laser pul...

work page doi:10.1038/nphys3779
[34]

J. B. Kim, C. Schoenwaelder, and S. H. Glenzer, Devel- opment and characterization of liquid argon and methane microjets for high-rep-rate laser-plasma experiments, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 89, 10K105 (2018)

work page 2018
[35]

Thoss, M

A. Thoss, M. Richardson, G. Korn, M. Faubel, H. Stiel, U. Vogt, and T. Elsaesser, Kilohertz sources of hard x rays and fast ions with femtosecond laser plasmas, JOSA B 20, 224 (2003)

work page 2003
[36]

N. T. Inoue, A novel microﬂuidic system for the mass production of inertial fusion energy shells, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 713, 012011 (2016). 7

work page 2016
[37]

P. L. Poole, C. D. Andereck, D. W. Schumacher, R. L. Daskalova, S. Feister, K. M. George, C. Willis, K. U. Akli, and E. A. Chowdhury, Liquid crystal ﬁlms as on-demand, variable thickness (50–5000 nm) targets for intense lasers , 21, 063109

work page
[38]

P. L. Poole, C. Willis, G. E. Cochran, R. T. Hanna, C. D. Andereck, and D. W. Schumacher, Moder- ate repetition rate ultra-intense laser targets and optics using variable thickness liquid crystal ﬁlms, Applied Physics Letters 109, 151109 (2016)

work page 2016
[39]

Gauthier, C

M. Gauthier, C. B. Curry, S. G¨ ode, F.-E. Brack, J. B. Kim, M. J. MacDonald, J. Metzkes, L. Obst, M. Re- hwald, C. R¨ odel, H.-P. Schlenvoigt, W. Schumaker, U. Schramm, K. Zeil, and S. H. Glenzer, High repetition rate, multi-MeV proton source from cryogenic hydrogen jets, Applied Physics Letters 111, 114102 (2017)

work page 2017
[40]

S. D. Kraft, L. Obst, J. Metzkes-Ng, H.-P. Schlen- voigt, K. Zeil, S. Michaux, D. Chatain, J.-P. Perin, S. N. Chen, J. Fuchs, M. Gauthier, T. E. Cowan, and U. Schramm, First demonstration of multi-MeV pro- ton acceleration from a cryogenic hydrogen ribbon target, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 60, 044010 (2018)

work page 2018
[41]

Komeda, Y

O. Komeda, Y. Nishimura, Y. Mori, R. Hanayama, K. Ishii, S. Okihara, K. Fujita, Y. Kitagawa, T. Sekine, N. Sato, T. Kurita, T. Kawashima, T. Watari, H. Kan, N. Nakamura, T. Kondo, M. Fujine, H. Azuma, T. Moto- hiro, T. Hioki, M. Kakeno, A. Sunahara, Y. Sentoku, and E. Miura, Target injection and engagement for neutron generation at 1 hz, 8, 1205020

work page
[42]

Noaman-ul Haq, H

M. Noaman-ul Haq, H. Ahmed, T. Sokollik, L. Yu, Z. Liu, X. Yuan, F. Yuan, M. Mirzaie, X. Ge, L. Chen, and J. Zhang, Statistical analysis of laser driven pro- tons using a high-repetition-rate tape drive target sys- tem, 20, 041301

work page
[43]

B. Hou, J. Nees, J. Easter, J. Davis, G. Petrov, A. Thomas, and K. Krushelnick, MeV proton beams generated by 3 mJ ultrafast laser pulses at 0.5 kHz, 95, 101503

work page
[44]

J. R. Kimbrough, P. M. Bell, D. K. Bradley, J. P. Holder, D. K. Kalantar, A. G. MacPhee, and S. Telford, Standard design for national ig- nition facility x-ray streak and framing cameras, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 81, 10E530 (2010)

work page 2010
[45]

Metzkes, K

J. Metzkes, K. Zeil, S. D. Kraft, L. Karsch, M. Sobiella, M. Rehwald, L. Obst, H.-P. Schlen- voigt, and U. Schramm, An online, energy-resolving beam proﬁle detector for laser-driven proton beams, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 87, 083310 (2016)

work page 2016
[46]

Reinhardt, W

S. Reinhardt, W. Draxinger, J. Schreiber, and W. Ass- mann, A pixel detector system for laser-accelerated ion detection, 8, P03008

work page
[47]

Prok˚ upek, J

J. Prok˚ upek, J. Kaufman, D. Margarone, M. Kr˚ us, A. Velyhan, J. Kr´ asa, T. Burris-Mog, S. Busold, O. Deppert, T. E. Cowan, and G. Korn, Develop- ment and ﬁrst experimental tests of Faraday cup array, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 85, 013302 (2014)

work page 2014
[48]

J. T. Morrison, S. Feister, K. D. Frische, D. R. Austin, G. K. Ngirmang, N. R. Murphy, Chris Orban, E. A. Chowdhury, and W. M. Roquemore, MeV proton acceler- ation at kHz repetition rate from ultra-intense laser liqui d interaction, New Journal of Physics 20, 022001 (2018)

work page 2018
[49]

N. P. Dover, M. Nishiuchi, H. Sakaki, M. A. Alkhi- mova, A. Y. Faenov, Y. Fukuda, H. Kiriyama, A. Kon, K. Kondo, K. Nishitani, K. Ogura, T. A. Pikuz, A. S. Pirozhkov, A. Sagisaka, M. Kando, and K. Kondo, Scintillator-based transverse pro- ton beam proﬁler for laser-plasma ion sources, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 88, 073304 (2017)

work page 2017
[50]

G. A. P. Cirrone, F. Romano, V. Scuderi, A. Am- ato, G. Candiano, G. Cuttone, D. Giove, G. Korn, J. Krasa, R. Leanza, R. Manna, M. Maggiore, V. March- ese, D. Margarone, G. Milluzzo, G. Petringa, M. G. Sabini, F. Schillaci, A. Tramontana, L. Valastro, and A. Velyhan, Transport and dosimetric so- lutions for the ELIMED laser-driven beam line, Nuclear Instr...

work page 2015
[51]

E. T. Everson, P. Pribyl, C. G. Constantin, A. Zyl- stra, D. Schaeﬀer, N. L. Kugland, and C. Niemann, De- sign, construction, and calibration of a three-axis, high- frequency magnetic probe ”b-dot probe. . . as a diagnos- tic for exploding plasmas, Rev. Sci. Insturm. 80, 113505 (2009)

work page 2009
[52]

Heuer, D

P. Heuer, D. Schaeﬀer, E. Knall, C. Constantin, L. Hofer, S. Vincena, S. Tripathi, and C. Niemann, Fast gated imaging of the collisionless interaction of a laser-produced and magnetized ambient plasma, High Energy Density Physics 22, 17 (2017)

work page 2017
[53]

R. Wilk, T. Hochrein, M. Koch, M. Mei, and R. Holzwarth, OSCAT: Novel technique for time- resolved experiments without moveable optical delay lines, 32, 596

work page
[54]

D. D. Hickstein, F. Dollar, J. L. Ellis, K. J. Schnitzen- baumer, K. E. Keister, G. M. Petrov, C. Ding, B. B. Palm, J. A. Gaﬀney, M. E. Foord, S. B. Libby, G. Dukovic, J. L. Jimenez, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Mur- nane, and W. Xiong, Mapping nanoscale absorption of femtosecond laser pulses using plasma explosion imag- ing, 8, 8810

work page
[55]

Z.-H. He, B. Hou, G. Gao, V. Lebailly, J. A. Nees, R. Clarke, K. Krushelnick, and A. G. R. Thomas, Co- herent control of plasma dynamics by feedback-optimized wavefront manipulationa), 22, 056704

work page
[56]

M. S. Hutton, S. Azevedo, R. Beeler, R. Betten- hausen, E. Bond, A. Casey, J. Liebman, A. Marsh, T. Pannell, and A. Warrick, Experiment archive, anal- ysis, and visualization at the national ignition facility, Fusion Engineering and Design 87, 2087 (2012)

work page 2087
[57]

Bird, Computing for the large hadron collider, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 61, 99 (2011)

I. Bird, Computing for the large hadron collider, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 61, 99 (2011)

work page 2011
[58]

Demchenko, Z

Y. Demchenko, Z. Zhao, P. Grosso, A. Wibisono, and C. de Laat, Addressing big data chal- lenges for scientiﬁc data infrastructure, in 4th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Techn ology and Science Proceedings (IEEE, 2012)

work page 2012
[59]

Katal, M

A. Katal, M. Wazid, and R. H. Goudar, Big data: Issues, challenges, tools and good practices, in 2013 Sixth International Conference on Contemporary Compu ting (IC3) (IEEE, 2013)

work page 2013
[60]

T. H. Group, Hierarchical data format version 5 (2000- 2010)

work page 2000
[61]

L. A. Gizzi, E. Clark, D. Neely, L. Roso, M. Tolley, A. Gamucci, A. Giulietti, and L. Labate, High repeti- tion rate laser systems: targets, diagnostics and radiatio n protection (AIP, 2010)

work page 2010

[1] [1]

Sequenced Parameter Scan A pre-sequenced, organized sweep over several values of one (or several) parameters can provide a systematic 1D (or N-D) mapping of a parameter space. Examples of a sequenced parameter scan: • Incrementally adjusting delay time of either a diag- nostic or a secondary backlighter laser to create a high-framerate movie with each fra...

work page

[2] [2]

Unlike a sequenced parameter scan, inputs are not necessarily varied systematically or in a sequence

Stochastic Parameter Scan A stochastic parameter scan explores a wide set of input conditions to statistically sample the parameter space. Unlike a sequenced parameter scan, inputs are not necessarily varied systematically or in a sequence. Sparse random sampling of a wide multidimensional pa- rameter space may be useful in machine learning and/or testing...

work page

[3] [3]

This is achieved by adjusting input parameters while observ- ing output values in real time

Optimization Search An optimization search has the goal of minimizing, maximizing, or setting outputs to a certain values. This is achieved by adjusting input parameters while observ- ing output values in real time. It might involve, for exam- ple, a binary search to narrow in from above and below a target output value. Examples of an optimization search:...

work page

[4] [4]

One can explore and/or quantify the range of outputs that occur while retaining nominally ﬁxed in- puts

Characterization of Fluctuation The characterization of a stochastic plasma physics dy- namics becomes possible in high-repetition-rate experi- ments. One can explore and/or quantify the range of outputs that occur while retaining nominally ﬁxed in- puts. Examples of characterization of ﬂuctuation: • Performing standard deviation analysis of a proton spec...

work page

[5] [5]

Similar to the characterization ﬂuctua- tion, this approach involves repetition with ﬁxed inputs to build up output statistics

Building Signal or Building Counts Building signal or building counts is applicable in ex- periments with low-signal detectors requiring multi-shot averaging, or in experiments leveraging single-hit par- ticle detectors. Similar to the characterization ﬂuctua- tion, this approach involves repetition with ﬁxed inputs to build up output statistics. If stoch...

work page

[6] [6]

big data

Search for Rare Events Searches for rare outcomes of an experiment are pos- sible through repetition. The implementation of this ap- proach is similar to when one wishes to characterize of a stochastic process, but with a diﬀerent goal and with diﬀerent conditions for ending the experiment. One may note that this scheme may beneﬁt from the addition of rea...

work page

[7] [7]

W. S. Brocklesby, J. Nilsson, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, A. Brignon, J. Bourderionnet, L. Lombard, V. Michau, M. Hanna, Y. Zaouter, T. Tajima, and G. Mourou, ICAN as a new laser paradigm for high energy, high average power femtosecond pulses, 223, 1189

work page

[8] [8]

Roso, High repetition rate petawatt lasers, EPJ Web of Conferences 167, 01001 (2018)

L. Roso, High repetition rate petawatt lasers, EPJ Web of Conferences 167, 01001 (2018)

work page 2018

[9] [9]

Bayramian, P

A. Bayramian, P. Armstrong, E. Ault, R. Beach, C. Bibeau, J. Caird, R. Campbell, B. Chai, J. Daw- son, C. Ebbers, A. Erlandson, Y. Fei, B. Freitas, R. Kent, Z. Liao, T. Ladran, J. Menapace, B. Molan- der, S. Payne, N. Peterson, M. Randles, K. Schaf- fers, S. Sutton, J. Tassano, S. Telford, and E. Ut- terback, The mercury project: A high average power, gas...

work page 2007

[10] [10]

D. B. Schaeﬀer, L. R. Hofer, E. N. Knall, P. V. Heuer, C. G. Constantin, and C. Nie- mann, A platform for high-repetition-rate laser experiments on the large plasma device, High Power Laser Science and Engineering 6, e17 (2018)

work page 2018

[11] [11]

B. K. Spears, J. Brase, P.-T. Bremer, B. Chen, J. Field, J. Gaﬀney, M. Kruse, S. Langer, K. Lewis, R. Nora, J. L. Peterson, J. J. Thiagarajan, B. V. Essen, and K. Humbird, Deep learning: A guide for practitioners in the physical sciences, Physics of Plasmas 25, 080901 (2018). 6

work page 2018

[12] [12]

Gopalaswamy, R

V. Gopalaswamy, R. Betti, J. P. Knauer, N. Luciani, D. Patel, K. M. Woo, A. Bose, I. V. Igumenshchev, E. M. Campbell, K. S. Anderson, K. A. Bauer, M. J. Bonino, D. Cao, A. R. Christopherson, G. W. Collins, T. J. B. Collins, J. R. Davies, J. A. Delettrez, D. H. Edgell, R. Epstein, C. J. Forrest, D. H. Froula, V. Y. Glebov, V. N. Goncharov, D. R. Harding, S...

work page 2019

[13] [13]

D. B. Sinars, E. M. Campbell, M. E. Cuneo, C. A. Jen- nings, K. J. Peterson, and A. B. Sefkow, The role of mag- netized liner inertial fusion as a pathway to fusion energy, 35, 78

work page

[14] [14]

Malka, J

V. Malka, J. Faure, Y. A. Gauduel, E. Lefebvre, A. Rousse, and K. T. Phuoc, Principles and applications of compact laser–plasma accelerators, 4, 447

work page

[15] [15]

Galesand f

S. Galesand f. t. E.-N. Team, Laser driven nuclear scienc e and applications: The need of high eﬃciency, high power and high repetition rate laser beams, 224, 2631

work page

[16] [16]

Kitagawa, Y

Y. Kitagawa, Y. Mori, O. Komeda, K. Ishii, R. Hanayama, K. Fujita, S.-i. Okihara, T. Sekine, N. Sato, T. Kurita, T. Kawashima, H. Kan, N. Naka- mura, T. Kondo, M. Fujine, H. Azuma, T. Motohiro, T. Hioki, M. Kakeno, Y. Nishimura, A. Sunahara, and Y. Sentoku, Hi-rep. counter-illumination fast ignition scheme fusion, 8, 3404047

work page

[17] [17]

Masood, M

U. Masood, M. Baumann, T. Cowan, W. Eng- hardt, T. Herrmannsdoerfer, K. Hofmann, L. Karsch, F. Kroll, J. Pawelke, U. Schramm, and oth- ers, Novel approach to utilize proton beams from high power laser accelerators for therapy, in 7th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC’ 16), Busan, Korea, May 8-13, 2016 (JACOW, Geneva, Switzerland) pp. 1905–1907

work page 2016

[18] [18]

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.)

work page

[19] [19]

Mourou, G

G. Mourou, G. Korn, W. Sandner, and J. Collier, eds., Extreme Light Infrastructure Whitebook: Science and Techn ology with Ultra-Intense Lasers (Thoss Media GmbH, Berlin)

work page

[20] [20]

Prencipe, J

I. Prencipe, J. Fuchs, S. Pascarelli, D. W. Schumacher, R. B. Stephens, N. B. Alexander, R. Briggs, M. B¨ uscher, M. O. Cernaianu, A. Choukourov, M. D. Marco, A. Erbe, J. Fassbender, G. Fiquet, P. Fitzsimmons, C. Gheo- rghiu, J. Hund, L. G. Huang, M. Harmand, N. J. Hartley, A. Irman, T. Kluge, Z. Konopkova, S. Kraft, D. Kraus, V. Leca, D. Margarone, J. Me...

work page doi:10.1017/hpl.2017.18 2017

[21] [21]

G. Grim, A. J. Kemp, S. Wilks, E. P. Hartouni, and S. Kerr, Generating near solid density react- ing ion distributions using intense short pulse lasers, Bulletin of the APS DPP meeting 2018 (2018)

work page 2018

[22] [22]

P. L. P. et al., in preparation

work page

[23] [23]

L¨ ubcke, A

A. L¨ ubcke, A. A. Andreev, S. H¨ ohm, R. Grunwald, L. Ehrentraut, and M. Schn¨ urer, Prospects of tar- get nanostructuring for laser proton acceleration 7, 10.1038/srep44030

work page doi:10.1038/srep44030

[24] [24]

Grittani, M

G. Grittani, M. P. Anania, G. Gatti, D. Giulietti, M. Kando, M. Krus, L. Labate, T. Levato, P. Lon- drillo, F. Rossi, and L. A. Gizzi, High energy electrons from interaction with a structured gas-jet at FLAME, Proceedings of the ﬁrst European Advanced Accelerator Conc epts Workshop 2013, 740, 257

work page 2013

[25] [25]

S. D. Hoath, G. D. Martin, and I. M. Hutchings, Atom- ization patterns produced by the oblique collision of two newtonian liquid jets, 22, 042101

work page

[26] [26]

P. L. Poole, A. Krygier, G. E. Cochran, P. S. Foster, G. G. Scott, L. A. Wilson, J. Bailey, N. Bourgeois, C. Hernandez-Gomez, D. Neely, P. P. Rajeev, R. R. Free- man, and D. W. Schumacher, Experiment and simulation of novel liquid crystal plasma mirrors for high contrast, intense laser pulses, Scientiﬁc Reports 6, 32041 (2016)

work page 2016

[27] [27]

B. H. Shaw, S. Steinke, J. van Tilborg, and W. P. Leemans, Reﬂectance characterization of tape-based plasma mirrors, Physics of Plasmas 23, 063118 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4954242

work page doi:10.1063/1.4954242 2016

[28] [28]

Salehi, A

F. Salehi, A. J. Goers, G. A. Hine, L. Feder, D. Kuk, B. Miao, D. Woodbury, K. Y. Kim, and H. M. Milchberg, MeV electron acceleration at 1 kHz with <10 mJ laser pulses, 42, 215

work page

[29] [29]

Aniculaesei, H

C. Aniculaesei, H. T. Kim, B. J. Yoo, K. H. Oh, and C. H. Nam, Novel gas target for laser wakeﬁeld accelerators, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 89, 025110 (2018)

work page 2018

[30] [30]

Lorenz, G

S. Lorenz, G. Grittani, E. Chacon-Golcher, C. M. Lazzarini, J. Limpouch, F. Nawaz, M. Nevrkla, L. Vilanova, and T. Levato, Characteriza- tion of supersonic and subsonic gas targets for laser wakeﬁeld electron acceleration experiments, Matter and Radiation at Extremes 4, 015401 (2019)

work page 2019

[31] [31]

High repetition rate (>= kHz) targets and optics from liquid microjets for the study and application of high intensity laser-plasma interactions

K. George, J. Morrison, S. Feister, G. Ngirmang, J. Smith, A. Klim, J. Snyder, D. Austin, W. Erbsen, K. Frische, et al., High repetition rate (¿= khz) tar- gets and optics from liquid microjets for the study and application of high intensity laser-plasma interactions, arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.04656 (2019)

work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1902

[32] [32]

Schwind, E

K. Schwind, E. Aktan, M. Cerchez, R. Prasad, O. Willi, and B. Aurand, A high-repetition rate droplet-source for plasma physics applications, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Sectio n A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associate d Equipment 928, 65 (2019)

work page 2019

[33] [33]

C. A. Stan, D. Milathianaki, H. Laksmono, R. G. Sierra, T. A. McQueen, M. Messerschmidt, G. J. Williams, J. E. Koglin, T. J. Lane, M. J. Hayes, S. A. H. Guillet, M. Liang, A. L. Aquila, P. R. Willmott, J. S. Robinson, K. L. Gumerlock, S. Botha, K. Nass, I. Schlichting, R. L. Shoeman, H. A. Stone, and S. Boutet, Liquid explosions induced by x-ray laser pul...

work page doi:10.1038/nphys3779

[34] [34]

J. B. Kim, C. Schoenwaelder, and S. H. Glenzer, Devel- opment and characterization of liquid argon and methane microjets for high-rep-rate laser-plasma experiments, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 89, 10K105 (2018)

work page 2018

[35] [35]

Thoss, M

A. Thoss, M. Richardson, G. Korn, M. Faubel, H. Stiel, U. Vogt, and T. Elsaesser, Kilohertz sources of hard x rays and fast ions with femtosecond laser plasmas, JOSA B 20, 224 (2003)

work page 2003

[36] [36]

N. T. Inoue, A novel microﬂuidic system for the mass production of inertial fusion energy shells, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 713, 012011 (2016). 7

work page 2016

[37] [37]

P. L. Poole, C. D. Andereck, D. W. Schumacher, R. L. Daskalova, S. Feister, K. M. George, C. Willis, K. U. Akli, and E. A. Chowdhury, Liquid crystal ﬁlms as on-demand, variable thickness (50–5000 nm) targets for intense lasers , 21, 063109

work page

[38] [38]

P. L. Poole, C. Willis, G. E. Cochran, R. T. Hanna, C. D. Andereck, and D. W. Schumacher, Moder- ate repetition rate ultra-intense laser targets and optics using variable thickness liquid crystal ﬁlms, Applied Physics Letters 109, 151109 (2016)

work page 2016

[39] [39]

Gauthier, C

M. Gauthier, C. B. Curry, S. G¨ ode, F.-E. Brack, J. B. Kim, M. J. MacDonald, J. Metzkes, L. Obst, M. Re- hwald, C. R¨ odel, H.-P. Schlenvoigt, W. Schumaker, U. Schramm, K. Zeil, and S. H. Glenzer, High repetition rate, multi-MeV proton source from cryogenic hydrogen jets, Applied Physics Letters 111, 114102 (2017)

work page 2017

[40] [40]

S. D. Kraft, L. Obst, J. Metzkes-Ng, H.-P. Schlen- voigt, K. Zeil, S. Michaux, D. Chatain, J.-P. Perin, S. N. Chen, J. Fuchs, M. Gauthier, T. E. Cowan, and U. Schramm, First demonstration of multi-MeV pro- ton acceleration from a cryogenic hydrogen ribbon target, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 60, 044010 (2018)

work page 2018

[41] [41]

Komeda, Y

O. Komeda, Y. Nishimura, Y. Mori, R. Hanayama, K. Ishii, S. Okihara, K. Fujita, Y. Kitagawa, T. Sekine, N. Sato, T. Kurita, T. Kawashima, T. Watari, H. Kan, N. Nakamura, T. Kondo, M. Fujine, H. Azuma, T. Moto- hiro, T. Hioki, M. Kakeno, A. Sunahara, Y. Sentoku, and E. Miura, Target injection and engagement for neutron generation at 1 hz, 8, 1205020

work page

[42] [42]

Noaman-ul Haq, H

M. Noaman-ul Haq, H. Ahmed, T. Sokollik, L. Yu, Z. Liu, X. Yuan, F. Yuan, M. Mirzaie, X. Ge, L. Chen, and J. Zhang, Statistical analysis of laser driven pro- tons using a high-repetition-rate tape drive target sys- tem, 20, 041301

work page

[43] [43]

B. Hou, J. Nees, J. Easter, J. Davis, G. Petrov, A. Thomas, and K. Krushelnick, MeV proton beams generated by 3 mJ ultrafast laser pulses at 0.5 kHz, 95, 101503

work page

[44] [44]

J. R. Kimbrough, P. M. Bell, D. K. Bradley, J. P. Holder, D. K. Kalantar, A. G. MacPhee, and S. Telford, Standard design for national ig- nition facility x-ray streak and framing cameras, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 81, 10E530 (2010)

work page 2010

[45] [45]

Metzkes, K

J. Metzkes, K. Zeil, S. D. Kraft, L. Karsch, M. Sobiella, M. Rehwald, L. Obst, H.-P. Schlen- voigt, and U. Schramm, An online, energy-resolving beam proﬁle detector for laser-driven proton beams, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 87, 083310 (2016)

work page 2016

[46] [46]

Reinhardt, W

S. Reinhardt, W. Draxinger, J. Schreiber, and W. Ass- mann, A pixel detector system for laser-accelerated ion detection, 8, P03008

work page

[47] [47]

Prok˚ upek, J

J. Prok˚ upek, J. Kaufman, D. Margarone, M. Kr˚ us, A. Velyhan, J. Kr´ asa, T. Burris-Mog, S. Busold, O. Deppert, T. E. Cowan, and G. Korn, Develop- ment and ﬁrst experimental tests of Faraday cup array, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 85, 013302 (2014)

work page 2014

[48] [48]

J. T. Morrison, S. Feister, K. D. Frische, D. R. Austin, G. K. Ngirmang, N. R. Murphy, Chris Orban, E. A. Chowdhury, and W. M. Roquemore, MeV proton acceler- ation at kHz repetition rate from ultra-intense laser liqui d interaction, New Journal of Physics 20, 022001 (2018)

work page 2018

[49] [49]

N. P. Dover, M. Nishiuchi, H. Sakaki, M. A. Alkhi- mova, A. Y. Faenov, Y. Fukuda, H. Kiriyama, A. Kon, K. Kondo, K. Nishitani, K. Ogura, T. A. Pikuz, A. S. Pirozhkov, A. Sagisaka, M. Kando, and K. Kondo, Scintillator-based transverse pro- ton beam proﬁler for laser-plasma ion sources, Review of Scientiﬁc Instruments 88, 073304 (2017)

work page 2017

[50] [50]

G. A. P. Cirrone, F. Romano, V. Scuderi, A. Am- ato, G. Candiano, G. Cuttone, D. Giove, G. Korn, J. Krasa, R. Leanza, R. Manna, M. Maggiore, V. March- ese, D. Margarone, G. Milluzzo, G. Petringa, M. G. Sabini, F. Schillaci, A. Tramontana, L. Valastro, and A. Velyhan, Transport and dosimetric so- lutions for the ELIMED laser-driven beam line, Nuclear Instr...

work page 2015

[51] [51]

E. T. Everson, P. Pribyl, C. G. Constantin, A. Zyl- stra, D. Schaeﬀer, N. L. Kugland, and C. Niemann, De- sign, construction, and calibration of a three-axis, high- frequency magnetic probe ”b-dot probe. . . as a diagnos- tic for exploding plasmas, Rev. Sci. Insturm. 80, 113505 (2009)

work page 2009

[52] [52]

Heuer, D

P. Heuer, D. Schaeﬀer, E. Knall, C. Constantin, L. Hofer, S. Vincena, S. Tripathi, and C. Niemann, Fast gated imaging of the collisionless interaction of a laser-produced and magnetized ambient plasma, High Energy Density Physics 22, 17 (2017)

work page 2017

[53] [53]

R. Wilk, T. Hochrein, M. Koch, M. Mei, and R. Holzwarth, OSCAT: Novel technique for time- resolved experiments without moveable optical delay lines, 32, 596

work page

[54] [54]

D. D. Hickstein, F. Dollar, J. L. Ellis, K. J. Schnitzen- baumer, K. E. Keister, G. M. Petrov, C. Ding, B. B. Palm, J. A. Gaﬀney, M. E. Foord, S. B. Libby, G. Dukovic, J. L. Jimenez, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Mur- nane, and W. Xiong, Mapping nanoscale absorption of femtosecond laser pulses using plasma explosion imag- ing, 8, 8810

work page

[55] [55]

Z.-H. He, B. Hou, G. Gao, V. Lebailly, J. A. Nees, R. Clarke, K. Krushelnick, and A. G. R. Thomas, Co- herent control of plasma dynamics by feedback-optimized wavefront manipulationa), 22, 056704

work page

[56] [56]

M. S. Hutton, S. Azevedo, R. Beeler, R. Betten- hausen, E. Bond, A. Casey, J. Liebman, A. Marsh, T. Pannell, and A. Warrick, Experiment archive, anal- ysis, and visualization at the national ignition facility, Fusion Engineering and Design 87, 2087 (2012)

work page 2087

[57] [57]

Bird, Computing for the large hadron collider, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 61, 99 (2011)

I. Bird, Computing for the large hadron collider, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 61, 99 (2011)

work page 2011

[58] [58]

Demchenko, Z

Y. Demchenko, Z. Zhao, P. Grosso, A. Wibisono, and C. de Laat, Addressing big data chal- lenges for scientiﬁc data infrastructure, in 4th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Techn ology and Science Proceedings (IEEE, 2012)

work page 2012

[59] [59]

Katal, M

A. Katal, M. Wazid, and R. H. Goudar, Big data: Issues, challenges, tools and good practices, in 2013 Sixth International Conference on Contemporary Compu ting (IC3) (IEEE, 2013)

work page 2013

[60] [60]

T. H. Group, Hierarchical data format version 5 (2000- 2010)

work page 2000

[61] [61]

L. A. Gizzi, E. Clark, D. Neely, L. Roso, M. Tolley, A. Gamucci, A. Giulietti, and L. Labate, High repeti- tion rate laser systems: targets, diagnostics and radiatio n protection (AIP, 2010)

work page 2010