Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Microspectrosopy for Next Generation Photovoltaics

In this report, we describe a large-area Laser Beam Induced Current (LBIC) microscope that has been adapted to perform Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy in an imaging mode combined with automated J-V electrical characterization. Henceforth we refer to the method as either Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Micro-spectroscopy or simply IMPS microscopy. Microscopy based IMPS aims to use the localised frequency response to correlate the optoelectrical response with a particular interface, bulk material, specific transport layer or transport parameter. The system developed here is specifically designed to track the decomposition of organic solar cells including hybrid-inorganic PSCs during long-term exposure to quantities such as light, oxygen, moisture, and heat