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arxiv: 2211.02857 · v2 · pith:WXTRP4WInew · submitted 2022-11-05 · 🌌 astro-ph.HE

Constraining the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays across and above the ankle with the spectrum and composition data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Collaboration: A. Abdul Halim , P. Abreu , M. Aglietta , I. Allekotte , K. Almeida Cheminant , A. Almela , J. Alvarez-Mu\~niz , J. Ammerman Yebra
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G.A. Anastasi L. Anchordoqui B. Andrada S. Andringa C. Aramo P.R. Ara\'ujo Ferreira E. Arnone J. C. Arteaga Vel\'azquez H. Asorey P. Assis G. Avila E. Avocone A.M. Badescu A. Bakalova A. Balaceanu F. Barbato J.A. Bellido C. Berat M.E. Bertaina G. Bhatta P.L. Biermann V. Binet K. Bismark T. Bister J. Biteau J. Blazek C. Bleve J. Bl\"umer M. Boh\'a\v{c}ov\'a D. Boncioli C. Bonifazi L. Bonneau Arbeletche N. Borodai J. Brack T. Bretz P.G. Brichetto Orchera F.L. Briechle P. Buchholz A. Bueno S. Buitink M. Buscemi M. B\"usken A. Bwembya K.S. Caballero-Mora L. Caccianiga I. Caracas R. Caruso A. Castellina F. Catalani G. Cataldi L. Cazon M. Cerda J.A. Chinellato J. Chudoba L. Chytka R.W. Clay A.C. Cobos Cerutti R. Colalillo A. Coleman M.R. Coluccia R. Concei\c{c}\~ao A. Condorelli G. Consolati M. Conte F. Contreras F. Convenga D. Correia dos Santos C.E. Covault M. Cristinziani C.S. Cruz Sanchez S. Dasso K. Daumiller B.R. Dawson R.M. de Almeida J. de Jes\'us S.J. de Jong J.R.T. de Mello Neto I. De Mitri J. de Oliveira D. de Oliveira Franco F. de Palma V. de Souza E. De Vito A. Del Popolo O. Deligny L. Deval A. di Matteo M. Dobre C. Dobrigkeit J.C. D'Olivo L.M. Domingues Mendes R.C. dos Anjos J. Ebr M. Eman R. Engel I. Epicoco M. Erdmann A. Etchegoyen H. Falcke J. Farmer G. Farrar A.C. Fauth N. Fazzini F. Feldbusch F. Fenu B. Fick J.M. Figueira A. Filip\v{c}i\v{c} T. Fitoussi B. Flaggs T. Fodran T. Fujii A. Fuster C. Galea C. Galelli B. Garc\'ia H. Gemmeke F. Gesualdi A. Gherghel-Lascu P.L. Ghia U. Giaccari M. Giammarchi J. Glombitza F. Gobbi F. Gollan G. Golup M. G\'omez Berisso P.F. G\'omez Vitale J.P. Gongora J.M. Gonz\'alez N. Gonz\'alez I. Goos D. G\'ora A. Gorgi M. Gottowik T.D. Grubb F. Guarino G.P. Guedes E. Guido S. Hahn P. Hamal M.R. Hampel P. Hansen D. Harari V.M. Harvey A. Haungs T. Hebbeker D. Heck C. Hojvat J.R. H\"orandel P. Horvath M. Hrabovsk\'y T. Huege A. Insolia P.G. Isar P. Janecek J.A. Johnsen J. Jurysek A. K\"a\"ap\"a K.H. Kampert B. Keilhauer A. Khakurdikar V.V. Kizakke Covilakam H.O. Klages M. Kleifges J. Kleinfeller F. Knapp N. Kunka B.L. Lago N. Langner M.A. Leigui de Oliveira V. Lenok A. Letessier-Selvon I. Lhenry-Yvon D. Lo Presti L. Lopes R. L\'opez L. Lu Q. Luce J.P. Lundquist A. Machado Payeras M. Majercakova D. Mandat B.C. Manning J. Manshanden P. Mantsch S. Marafico F.M. Mariani A.G. Mariazzi I.C. Mari\c{s} G. Marsella D. Martello S. Martinelli O. Mart\'inez Bravo M.A. Martins M. Mastrodicasa H.J. Mathes J. Matthews G. Matthiae E. Mayotte S. Mayotte P.O. Mazur G. Medina-Tanco J. Meinert D. Melo A. Menshikov S. Michal M.I. Micheletti L. Miramonti S. Mollerach F. Montanet L. Morejon C. Morello A.L. M\"uller K. Mulrey R. Mussa M. Muzio W.M. Namasaka A. Nasr-Esfahani L. Nellen G. Nicora M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu M. Niechciol D. Nitz I. Norwood D. Nosek V. Novotny L. No\v{z}ka A Nucita L.A. N\'u\~nez C. Oliveira M. Palatka J. Pallotta G. Parente A. Parra J. Pawlowsky M. Pech J. P\k{e}kala R. Pelayo E.E. Pereira Martins J. Perez Armand C. P\'erez Bertolli L. Perrone S. Petrera C. Petrucci T. Pierog M. Pimenta M. Platino B. Pont M. Pothast M. Pourmohammad Shavar P. Privitera M. Prouza A. Puyleart S. Querchfeld J. Rautenberg D. Ravignani M. Reininghaus J. Ridky F. Riehn M. Risse V. Rizi W. Rodrigues de Carvalho J. Rodriguez Rojo M.J. Roncoroni S. Rossoni M. Roth E. Roulet A.C. Rovero P. Ruehl A. Saftoiu M. Saharan F. Salamida H. Salazar G. Salina J.D. Sanabria Gomez F. S\'anchez E.M. Santos E. Santos F. Sarazin R. Sarmento R. Sato P. Savina C.M. Sch\"afer V. Scherini H. Schieler M. Schimassek M. Schimp F. Schl\"uter D. Schmidt O. Scholten H. Schoorlemmer P. Schov\'anek F.G. Schr\"oder J. Schulte T. Schulz S.J. Sciutto M. Scornavacche A. Segreto S. Sehgal S.U. Shivashankara G. Sigl G. Silli O. Sima R. Smau R. \v{S}m\'ida P. Sommers J.F. Soriano R. Squartini M. Stadelmaier D. Stanca S. Stani\v{c} J. Stasielak P. Stassi M. Straub A. Streich M. Su\'arez-Dur\'an T. Suomij\"arvi A.D. Supanitsky Z. Szadkowski A. Tapia C. Taricco C. Timmermans O. Tkachenko P. Tobiska C.J. Todero Peixoto B. Tom\'e Z. Torr\`es A. Travaini P. Travnicek C. Trimarelli M. Tueros R. Ulrich M. Unger L. Vaclavek M. Vacula J.F. Vald\'es Galicia L. Valore E. Varela A. V\'asquez-Ram\'irez D. Veberi\v{c} C. Ventura I.D. Vergara Quispe V. Verzi J. Vicha J. Vink S. Vorobiov C. Watanabe A.A. Watson A. Weindl L. Wiencke H. Wilczy\'nski D. Wittkowski B. Wundheiler A. Yushkov O. Zapparrata E. Zas D. Zavrtanik M. Zavrtanik
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keywords anklespectrumabovecompositiondatasourceswellastrophysical
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In this work we present the interpretation of the energy spectrum and mass composition data as measured by the Pierre Auger Collaboration above $6 \times 10^{17}$ eV. We use an astrophysical model with two extragalactic source populations to model the hardening of the cosmic-ray flux at around $5\times 10^{18}$ eV (the so-called "ankle" feature) as a transition between these two components. We find our data to be well reproduced if sources above the ankle emit a mixed composition with a hard spectrum and a low rigidity cutoff. The component below the ankle is required to have a very soft spectrum and a mix of protons and intermediate-mass nuclei. The origin of this intermediate-mass component is not well constrained and it could originate from either Galactic or extragalactic sources. To the aim of evaluating our capability to constrain astrophysical models, we discuss the impact on the fit results of the main experimental systematic uncertainties and of the assumptions about quantities affecting the air shower development as well as the propagation and redshift distribution of injected ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs).

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