pith. sign in

arxiv: 2412.01337 · v2 · submitted 2024-12-02 · ❄️ cond-mat.str-el

Charge state dynamics of keV ions in solids

Radek Hole\v{n}\'ak , Kevin Vomschee , Eleni Ntemou , Svenja Lohmann , Daniel Primetzhofer This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-23 16:28 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.str-el
keywords charge state distributionskeV ion transmissionsilicon membraneselectron promotionchannelling trajectoriesenergy depositionion-solid interactions
0
0 comments X

The pith

Mean charge states of keV He and Ne ions in silicon crystals differ strongly between channelling and random trajectories.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper measures charge state distributions of slow helium and neon ions after they pass through thin single-crystalline silicon membranes. It reports clear differences in how the average charge scales with velocity and in its overall magnitude, depending on whether ions follow aligned or random paths. These differences are tied to electron promotion and transfer that occur inside the solid. Calculations of the trajectories show that channels normally linked to large-angle scattering become accessible even on straight paths. The work connects this to the known excess energy loss seen in amorphous targets compared with crystals.

Core claim

Experiments show strong differences in velocity scaling and magnitude of the mean charge along different characteristic particle trajectories for He and Ne in Si. Calculations confirm the frequent spatial and ultrafast temporal accessibility of excitation channels commonly considered characteristic for large angle collisions. The excess energy deposition in amorphous targets compared to channelling trajectories is linked to energy dissipation in frequent electron promotion as well as increased ionization density driven by higher mean charge states. Quantitative comparison of energy loss and mean charge states indicates complex deexcitation mechanisms at large interatomic distances that mask

What carries the argument

Characteristic particle trajectories (channelling versus random) and the mean charge states measured along each.

If this is right

  • Excess energy deposition observed in amorphous targets arises from frequent electron promotion along random paths.
  • Higher mean charge states produce increased ionization density along those paths.
  • Complex deexcitation at large distances prevents observed charges from reflecting true equilibrium values on random trajectories.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Simulation codes for ion-induced material modification would need trajectory-resolved charge dynamics to match measured energy losses.
  • The same accessibility of promotion channels may appear in other crystalline targets at comparable energies.
  • Time-resolved measurements of emitted electrons could test the ultrafast channel-opening picture directly.

Load-bearing premise

Calculations of characteristic trajectories accurately capture the frequent spatial and ultrafast temporal accessibility of excitation channels that are considered characteristic for large angle collisions.

What would settle it

Charge-state distributions measured for channelling and random trajectories at the same velocity that show no difference in magnitude or scaling would remove the claimed link to trajectory-specific electron promotion.

read the original abstract

Fast dynamic processes between electrons in solids and a foreign atom represent a fundamental challenge for describing interactions in many-body systems and are a prerequisite for modelling materials modification. We experimentally determined the charge state distributions of slow He and Ne projectiles after transmission through thin single-crystalline silicon membranes. We found strong differences in velocity scaling and magnitude of the mean charge along different characteristic particle trajectories, providing direct insight on electron promotion and transfer processes inside the solid. Calculations of characteristic trajectories confirm the frequent spatial and ultrafast temporal accessibility of excitation channels commonly considered characteristic for large angle collisions. The commonly observed excess in energy deposition in amorphous targets compared to channelling trajectories and ab-initio calculations can thus be unambiguously linked to energy dissipation in frequent electron promotion as well as increased ionization density along the trajectory, driven by increased mean charge states. A quantitative comparison of energy loss and observed mean charge states further indicates complex deexcitation mechanisms at large interatomic distances masking the true equilibrium charge states along random trajectories.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports measurements of charge-state distributions for keV He and Ne ions transmitted through thin single-crystalline Si membranes. It finds pronounced differences in velocity scaling and mean charge between channeling and random trajectories, attributes these to in-solid electron promotion and transfer, and links the findings to excess energy deposition in amorphous targets. Trajectory calculations are used to support frequent access to excitation channels, while a quantitative comparison of energy loss and mean charge is presented as evidence for complex post-exit deexcitation that masks true in-solid equilibrium states along random paths.

Significance. If the attribution of observed charge-state differences to processes inside the solid can be secured against post-transmission effects, the work would provide valuable experimental constraints on charge dynamics in ion-solid interactions and help explain discrepancies between channeled and random energy-loss data. The use of single-crystal membranes with trajectory-specific analysis is a methodological strength.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The central claim of 'direct insight on electron promotion and transfer processes inside the solid' rests on post-transmission charge-state data. The same paragraph notes that 'complex deexcitation mechanisms at large interatomic distances masking the true equilibrium charge states along random trajectories' are indicated by the data. No quantitative estimate or simulation of trajectory-dependent exit deexcitation is described, leaving open the possibility that differential post-exit evolution (rather than in-solid processes) produces the reported differences in velocity scaling and magnitude.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract: The statement that 'calculations of characteristic trajectories confirm the frequent spatial and ultrafast temporal accessibility of excitation channels' is presented without reported details on the calculation method, input potentials, or quantitative comparison to the measured charge-state distributions. This makes it difficult to assess whether the calculations actually rule out alternative explanations for the trajectory dependence.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the detailed and constructive review. We address the two major comments point by point below. Where the manuscript can be strengthened by additional detail or discussion, we will revise accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The central claim of 'direct insight on electron promotion and transfer processes inside the solid' rests on post-transmission charge-state data. The same paragraph notes that 'complex deexcitation mechanisms at large interatomic distances masking the true equilibrium charge states along random trajectories' are indicated by the data. No quantitative estimate or simulation of trajectory-dependent exit deexcitation is described, leaving open the possibility that differential post-exit evolution (rather than in-solid processes) produces the reported differences in velocity scaling and magnitude.

    Authors: Charge states are measured post-transmission by design. However, the large trajectory-dependent differences in both magnitude and velocity scaling of the mean charge are observed under identical exit-surface conditions for the thin membranes used. These differences align with the in-solid excitation-channel accessibility shown by the trajectory calculations and with the excess energy deposition known for random paths. The quantitative energy-loss versus mean-charge comparison already indicates that post-exit deexcitation masks the true in-solid equilibrium for random trajectories. We agree that an explicit trajectory-dependent post-exit simulation would further secure the attribution and will add such modeling or expanded discussion in the revised manuscript. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The statement that 'calculations of characteristic trajectories confirm the frequent spatial and ultrafast temporal accessibility of excitation channels' is presented without reported details on the calculation method, input potentials, or quantitative comparison to the measured charge-state distributions. This makes it difficult to assess whether the calculations actually rule out alternative explanations for the trajectory dependence.

    Authors: The trajectory-calculation method, input potentials, and comparison to experiment are described in the main text. To address the referee's concern about insufficient detail, we will expand the relevant section with explicit parameters, potential choices, and a direct quantitative comparison between calculated channel-access frequencies and the measured charge-state distributions. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental report with independent measurements

full rationale

The paper reports measured charge-state distributions of transmitted He and Ne ions through thin Si membranes, with differences in velocity scaling and mean charge attributed to in-solid processes. Trajectory calculations are invoked only to confirm accessibility of excitation channels, not to derive or predict the measured quantities. No equations, fitted parameters, or self-citations are presented that reduce any central claim to its own inputs by construction. The work is self-contained against external benchmarks via direct experiment.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Review based solely on abstract; no explicit free parameters, invented entities, or non-standard axioms are stated.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard assumptions of ion-solid interaction physics regarding electron transfer and promotion channels
    Invoked to interpret differences between channeled and random trajectories.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5713 in / 1091 out tokens · 40503 ms · 2026-05-23T16:28:08.316939+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

78 extracted references · 78 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Sigmund, Charge-Dependent Electronic Stopping of Swift Nonrelativistic Heavy Ions, Phys

    P. Sigmund, Charge-Dependent Electronic Stopping of Swift Nonrelativistic Heavy Ions, Phys. Rev. A 56, 3781 (1997)

    work page 1997

  2. [2]

    Schmidt and K

    B. Schmidt and K. Wetzig, Ion Beams in Materials Processing and Analysis (Springer Vienna, Vienna, 2013)

    work page 2013

  3. [3]

    Rucinski, A

    A. Rucinski, A. Biernacka, and R. Schulte, Applications of Nanodosimetry in Particle Therapy Planning and Beyond, Phys. Med. Biol. 66, 24TR01 (2021)

    work page 2021

  4. [4]

    Sigmund, Six Decades of Atomic Collisions in Solids, Nucl

    P. Sigmund, Six Decades of Atomic Collisions in Solids, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms 406, 391 (2017)

    work page 2017

  5. [5]

    J. I. Juaristi, C. Auth, H. Winter, A. Arnau, K. Eder, D. Semrad, F. Aumayr, P. Bauer, and P. M. Echenique, Unexpected Behavior of the Stopping of Slow Ions in Ionic Crystals, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2124 (2000)

    work page 2000

  6. [6]

    Bohr, The Penetration of Atomin Particles through Matter, Dan

    N. Bohr, The Penetration of Atomin Particles through Matter, Dan. Videns. Sels. Mat-Fys. Medd. 28, (1948)

    work page 1948

  7. [7]

    P. M. Echenique, R. M. Nieminen, and R. H. Ritchie, Density Functional Calculation of Stopping Power of an Electron Gas for Slow Ions, Solid State Commun. 37, 779 (1981)

    work page 1981

  8. [8]

    P. M. Echenique, F. Flores, and R. H. Ritchie, Dynamic Screening of Ions in Condensed Matter, in Solid State Physics - Advances in Research and Applications, Vol. 43 (1990), pp. 229–308

    work page 1990

  9. [9]

    J. E. Valdés, G. Martínez Tamayo, G. H. Lantschner, J. C. Eckardt, and N. R. Arista, Electronic Energy Loss of Low Velocity H+ Beams in Al, Ag, Sb, Au and Bi, Nucl. Instruments Methods 10 Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms 73, 313 (1993)

    work page 1993

  10. [10]

    J. E. Valdés, J. C. Eckardt, G. H. Lantschner, and N. R. Arista, Energy Loss of Slow Protons in Solids: Deviation from the Proportionality with Projectile Velocity, Phys. Rev. A 49, 1083 (1994)

    work page 1994

  11. [11]

    S. N. Markin, D. Primetzhofer, S. Prusa, M. Brunmayr, G. Kowarik, F. Aumayr, and P. Bauer, Electronic Interaction of Very Slow Light Ions in Au: Electronic Stopping and Electron Emission, Phys. Rev. B 78, 195122 (2008)

    work page 2008

  12. [12]

    S. N. Markin, D. Primetzhofer, and P. Bauer, Vanishing Electronic Energy Loss of Very Slow Light Ions in Insulators with Large Band Gaps, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 1 (2009)

    work page 2009

  13. [13]

    Primetzhofer, S

    D. Primetzhofer, S. Rund, D. Roth, D. Goebl, and P. Bauer, Electronic Excitations of Slow Ions in a Free Electron Gas Metal: Evidence for Charge Exchange Effects, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 163201 (2011)

    work page 2011

  14. [14]

    Schleife, Y

    A. Schleife, Y. Kanai, and A. A. Correa, Accurate Atomistic First-Principles Calculations of Electronic Stopping, Phys. Rev. B - Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 91, 014306 (2015)

    work page 2015

  15. [15]

    Fu, C.-K

    Y.-L. Fu, C.-K. Li, H.-B. Sang, W. Cheng, and F.-S. Zhang, Electronic Stopping Power under Channeling Conditions for Slow Ions in Ge Using First Principles, Phys. Rev. A 102, 012803 (2020)

    work page 2020

  16. [16]

    C. W. Lee, J. A. Stewart, R. Dingreville, S. M. Foiles, and A. Schleife, Multiscale Simulations of Electron and Ion Dynamics in Self-Irradiated Silicon, Phys. Rev. B 102, 24107 (2020)

    work page 2020

  17. [17]

    C.-K. Li, J. Xue, and F.-S. Zhang, Channeling Electronic Stopping Power of Lithium Ions in Diamond: Contribution of Projectile Inner-Shell Electrons, Phys. Rev. A 106, 022807 (2022)

    work page 2022

  18. [18]

    Ponomareva, E

    E. Ponomareva, E. Pitthan, R. Holeňák, J. Shams-Latifi, G. P. Kiely, D. Primetzhofer, and A. E. Sand, Local Electronic Excitations Induced by Low-Velocity Light Ion Stopping in Tungsten, Phys. Rev. B 109, 165123 (2024)

    work page 2024

  19. [19]

    A. Lim, W. M. C. Foulkes, A. P. Horsfield, D. R. Mason, A. Schleife, E. W. Draeger, and A. A. Correa, Electron Elevator: Excitations across the Band Gap via a Dynamical Gap State, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 043201 (2016)

    work page 2016

  20. [20]

    F. H. Eisen, Channeling of Medium-Mass Ions through Silicon, Can. J. Phys. 46, 561 (1968)

    work page 1968

  21. [21]

    Jiang, R

    W. Jiang, R. Grötzschel, W. Pilz, B. Schmidt, and W. Möller, Random and Channeling Stopping Powers and Charge-State Distributions in Silicon for 0.2–1.2 MeV/u Positive Heavy Ions, Phys. Rev. B 59, 226 (1999)

    work page 1999

  22. [22]

    Ullah, E

    R. Ullah, E. Artacho, and A. A. Correa, Core Electrons in the Electronic Stopping of Heavy Ions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 116401 (2018)

    work page 2018

  23. [23]

    Matias, P

    F. Matias, P. L. Grande, M. Vos, P. Koval, N. E. Koval, and N. R. Arista, Nonlinear Stopping Effects of Slow Ions in a No-Free-Electron System: Titanium Nitride, Phys. Rev. A 100, 30701 11 (2019)

    work page 2019

  24. [24]

    Ojanpera, A

    A. Ojanpera, A. V. Krasheninnikov, and M. Puska, Electronic Stopping Power from First- Principles Calculations with Account for Core Electron Excitations and Projectile Ionization, Phys. Rev. B - Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 89, 1 (2014)

    work page 2014

  25. [25]

    G. Zhou, G. Lu, and O. V. Prezhdo, Modeling Auger Processes with Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics, Nano Lett. 21, 756 (2021)

    work page 2021

  26. [26]

    R. A. Wilhelm, The Charge Exchange of Slow Highly Charged Ions at Surfaces Unraveled with Freestanding 2D Materials, Surf. Sci. Rep. 77, 100577 (2022)

    work page 2022

  27. [27]

    Lohmann and D

    S. Lohmann and D. Primetzhofer, Disparate Energy Scaling of Trajectory-Dependent Electronic Excitations for Slow Protons and He Ions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 096601 (2020)

    work page 2020

  28. [28]

    Niggas et al., Ion-Induced Surface Charge Dynamics in Freestanding Monolayers of Graphene and MoS2 Probed by the Emission of Electrons., Phys

    A. Niggas et al., Ion-Induced Surface Charge Dynamics in Freestanding Monolayers of Graphene and MoS2 Probed by the Emission of Electrons., Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 086802 (2022)

    work page 2022

  29. [29]

    Jahnke, Interatomic and Intermolecular Coulombic Decay: The Coming of Age Story, J

    T. Jahnke, Interatomic and Intermolecular Coulombic Decay: The Coming of Age Story, J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 48, 082001 (2015)

    work page 2015

  30. [30]

    Lohmann, R

    S. Lohmann, R. Holeňák, and D. Primetzhofer, Trajectory-Dependent Electronic Excitations by Light and Heavy Ions around and below the Bohr Velocity, Phys. Rev. A 102, 062803 (2020)

    work page 2020

  31. [31]

    Lohmann, R

    S. Lohmann, R. Holeňák, P. L. Grande, and D. Primetzhofer, Trajectory Dependence of Electronic Energy-Loss Straggling at KeV Ion Energies, Phys. Rev. B 107, 085110 (2023)

    work page 2023

  32. [32]

    R. A. Baragiola, E. V. Alonso, and A. O. Florio, Electron Emission from Clean Metal Surfaces Induced by Low-Energy Light Ions, Phys. Rev. B 19, 121 (1979)

    work page 1979

  33. [33]

    Riccardi, A

    P. Riccardi, A. Sindona, and C. A. Dukes, Local Charge Exchange of He+ Ions at Aluminum Surfaces, Phys. Lett. A 381, 1174 (2017)

    work page 2017

  34. [34]

    Runco and P

    D. Runco and P. Riccardi, Single versus Double 2p Excitation in Neon Projectiles Scattered from Surfaces, Phys. Rev. A 104, 042810 (2021)

    work page 2021

  35. [35]

    R. A. Wilhelm, E. Gruber, V. Smejkal, S. Facsko, and F. Aumayr, Charge-State-Dependent Energy Loss of Slow Ions. I. Experimental Results on the Transmission of Highly Charged Ions, Phys. Rev. A 93, 052708 (2016)

    work page 2016

  36. [36]

    Primetzhofer, S

    D. Primetzhofer, S. N. Markin, J. I. Juaristi, E. Taglauer, and P. Bauer, Crystal Effects in the Neutralization of He+ Ions in the Low Energy Ion Scattering Regime, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 213201 (2008)

    work page 2008

  37. [37]

    T. M. Buck, G. H. Wheatley, and L. K. Verheij, Low-Energy Neon-Ion Scattering and Neutralization on First and Second Layers of a Ni(001) Surface, Surf. Sci. 90, 635 (1979)

    work page 1979

  38. [38]

    Eckstein, V

    W. Eckstein, V. A. Molchanov, and H. Verbeek, The Charge States of He and Ne Backscattered from Ni in the Energy Range of 1.5–15 KeV, Nucl. Instruments Methods 149, 599 (1978)

    work page 1978

  39. [39]

    Primetzhofer, M

    D. Primetzhofer, M. Spitz, E. Taglauer, and P. Bauer, Resonant Charge Transfer in Low-Energy 12 Ion Scattering: Information Depth in the Reionization Regime, Surf. Sci. 605, 1913 (2011)

    work page 1913

  40. [40]

    F. Xu, G. Manicò, F. Ascione, A. Bonanno, A. Oliva, and R. A. Baragiola, Inelastic Energy Loss in Low-Energy Ne+ Scattering from a Si Surface, Phys. Rev. A 57, 1096 (1998)

    work page 1998

  41. [41]

    Grizzi, E

    O. Grizzi, E. A. Sánchez, J. E. Gayone, L. Guillemot, V. A. Esaulov, and R. A. Baragiola, Formation of Autoionizing Ne** in Grazing Collisions with an Al(111) Surface, Surf. Sci. 469, 71 (2000)

    work page 2000

  42. [42]

    M. J. Gordon, J. Mace, and K. P. Giapis, Charge-Exchange Mechanisms at the Threshold for Inelasticity in Ne+ Collisions with Surfaces, Phys. Rev. A 72, 012904 (2005)

    work page 2005

  43. [43]

    J. Mace, M. J. Gordon, and K. P. Giapis, Evidence of Simultaneous Double-Electron Promotion in F+ Collisions with Surfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 1 (2006)

    work page 2006

  44. [44]

    Barat and W

    M. Barat and W. Lichten, Extension of the Electron-Promotion Model to Asymmetric Atomic Collisions, Phys. Rev. A 6, 211 (1972)

    work page 1972

  45. [45]

    S. Datz, F. W. Martin, C. D. Moak, B. R. Appleton, and L. B. Bridwell, Charge-Changing Collisions of Channeled Oxygen Ions in Gold, Radiat. Eff. 12, 163 (1972)

    work page 1972

  46. [46]

    C. D. Moak, S. Datz, B. R. Appleton, J. A. Biggerstaff, M. D. Brown, H. F. Krause, and T. S. Noggle, Influence of Ionic Charge State on the Stopping Power of 27.8- and 40-MeV Oxygen Ions in the [011] Channel of Silver, Phys. Rev. B 10, 2681 (1974)

    work page 1974

  47. [47]

    Bentini, E

    G. Bentini, E. Albertazzi, M. Bianconi, R. Lotti, and G. Lulli, Charge States Distribution of 3350 KeV He Ions Channeled in Silicon, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms 193, 113 (2002)

    work page 2002

  48. [48]

    T. M. Buck, G. H. Wheatley, and L. C. Feldman, Charge States of 25–150 KeV H and 4He Backscattered from Solid Surfaces, Surf. Sci. 35, 345 (1973)

    work page 1973

  49. [49]

    Schiwietz and P

    G. Schiwietz and P. . Grande, Improved Charge-State Formulas, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms 175–177, 125 (2001)

    work page 2001

  50. [50]

    Holeňák, S

    R. Holeňák, S. Lohmann, F. Sekula, and D. Primetzhofer, Simultaneous Assessment of Energy, Charge State and Angular Distribution for Medium Energy Ions Interacting with Ultra-Thin Self-Supporting Targets: A Time-of-Flight Approach, Vacuum 185, 109988 (2021)

    work page 2021

  51. [51]

    Kallenbach, M

    R. Kallenbach, M. Gonin, P. Bochsler, and A. Bürgi, Charge Exchange of B, C, O, Al, Si, S, F and Cl Passing through Thin Carbon Foils at Low Energies: Formation of Negative Ions, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms 103, 111 (1995)

    work page 1995

  52. [52]

    Ntemou, R

    E. Ntemou, R. Holeňák, and D. Primetzhofer, Energy Deposition by H and He Ions at KeV Energies in Self-Supporting, Single Crystalline SiC Foils, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 194, 110033 (2022)

    work page 2022

  53. [53]

    M. K. Linnarsson, A. Hallén, J. Åström, D. Primetzhofer, S. Legendre, and G. Possnert, New Beam Line for Time-of-Flight Medium Energy Ion Scattering with Large Area Position Sensitive 13 Detector, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 095107 (2012)

    work page 2012

  54. [54]

    M. A. Sortica, M. K. Linnarsson, D. Wessman, S. Lohmann, and D. Primetzhofer, A Versatile Time-of-Flight Medium-Energy Ion Scattering Setup Using Multiple Delay-Line Detectors, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms 463, 16 (2020)

    work page 2020

  55. [55]

    See Https://Www.Norcada.Com/Products/Silicon-Membranes, (unpublished)

    work page

  56. [56]

    Holeňák, S

    R. Holeňák, S. Lohmann, and D. Primetzhofer, Sensitive Multi-Element Profiling with High Depth Resolution Enabled by Time-of-Flight Recoil Detection in Transmission Using Pulsed KeV Ion Beams, Vacuum 204, 111343 (2022)

    work page 2022

  57. [57]

    Bianconi, G

    M. Bianconi, G. . Bentini, R. Lotti, and R. Nipoti, Charge States Distribution of 0.16–3.3 MeV He Ions Transmitted through Silicon, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms 193, 66 (2002)

    work page 2002

  58. [58]

    Holeňák, S

    R. Holeňák, S. Lohmann, and D. Primetzhofer, Contrast Modes in a 3D Ion Transmission Approach at KeV Energies, Ultramicroscopy 217, 113051 (2020)

    work page 2020

  59. [59]

    Bürgi, M

    A. Bürgi, M. Oetliker, P. Bochsler, J. Geiss, and M. A. Coplan, Charge Exchange of Low‐energy Ions in Thin Carbon Foils, J. Appl. Phys. 68, 2547 (1990)

    work page 1990

  60. [60]

    J. A. Phillips, Charge Equilibrium Ratios for Hydrogen Ions from Solids, Phys. Rev. 97, 404 (1955)

    work page 1955

  61. [61]

    L. C. A. van den Oetelaar, S. N. Mikhailov, and H. H. Brongersma, Mechanism of Neutralization in Low-Energy He+ Ion Scattering from Carbidic and Graphitic Carbon Species on Rhenium, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms 85, 420 (1994)

    work page 1994

  62. [62]

    Průša et al., Highly Sensitive Detection of Surface and Intercalated Impurities in Graphene by LEIS, Langmuir 31, 9628 (2015)

    S. Průša et al., Highly Sensitive Detection of Surface and Intercalated Impurities in Graphene by LEIS, Langmuir 31, 9628 (2015)

    work page 2015

  63. [63]

    Q. C. Kessel, M. P. McCaughey, and E. Everhart, Coincidence Measurements of Ne+-Ne Collisions, Phys. Rev. 153, 57 (1967)

    work page 1967

  64. [64]

    A. N. Zinoviev, P. Y. Babenko, and A. P. Shergin, Formation and Decay of Autoionization States as the Main Inelastic Energy Loss Mechanism in KeV Atomic Collisions, J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 136, 662 (2023)

    work page 2023

  65. [65]

    Souda, M

    R. Souda, M. Aono, C. Oshima, S. Otani, and Y. Ishizawa, Mechanism of Electron Exchange between Low Energy He+ and Solid Surfaces, Surf. Sci. 150, L59 (1985)

    work page 1985

  66. [66]

    Brongersma, M

    H. Brongersma, M. Draxler, M. de Ridder, and P. Bauer, Surface Composition Analysis by Low- Energy Ion Scattering, Surf. Sci. Rep. 62, 63 (2007)

    work page 2007

  67. [67]

    Holeňák, E

    R. Holeňák, E. Ntemou, S. Lohmann, M. Linnarsson, and D. Primetzhofer, Assessing Trajectory- Dependent Electronic Energy Loss of KeV Ions by a Binary Collision Approximation Code, Phys. Rev. Appl. 21, 024048 (2024). 14

    work page 2024

  68. [68]

    Schiwietz and P

    G. Schiwietz and P. L. Grande, Unitary Convolution Approximation for the Impact-Parameter Dependent Electronic Energy Loss, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. with Mater. Atoms 153, 1 (1999)

    work page 1999

  69. [69]

    Schiwietz and P

    G. Schiwietz and P. L. Grande, Convolution Approximation for Swift Praticles (CasP), www.casp-program.org

    work page

  70. [70]

    Tsuneyuki and M

    S. Tsuneyuki and M. Tsukada, Theory of the Reionization Process Observed in Low-Energy He+ - Surface Scattering, Phys. Rev. B 34, 5758 (1986)

    work page 1986

  71. [71]

    A. N. Zinoviev, P. Y. Babenko, D. S. Meluzova, and A. P. Shergin, Excitation of Autoionization States and Electronic Stopping Powers at Collisions of Slow Ions with a Solid, JETP Lett. 108, 633 (2018)

    work page 2018

  72. [72]

    Souda and M

    R. Souda and M. Aono, Interactions of Low-Energy He+, He0, and He* with Solid Surfaces, Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B 15, 114 (1986)

    work page 1986

  73. [73]

    P. L. Grande and G. Schiwietz, Impact-Parameter Dependence of the Electronic Energy Loss of Fast Ions, Phys. Rev. A 58, 3796 (1998)

    work page 1998

  74. [74]

    Hentz, G

    A. Hentz, G. S. Parkinson, P. D. Quinn, M. A. Muñoz-Márquez, D. P. Woodruff, P. L. Grande, G. Schiwietz, P. Bailey, and T. C. Q. Noakes, Direct Observation and Theory of Trajectory- Dependent Electronic Energy Losses in Medium-Energy Ion Scattering, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 109 (2009)

    work page 2009

  75. [75]

    J. I. Juaristi, A. Arnau, P. M. Echenique, C. Auth, and H. Winter, Charge State Dependence of the Energy Loss of Slow Ions in Metals, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1048 (1999)

    work page 1999

  76. [76]

    V. V. Afrosimov, Y. S. Gordeev, A. M. Polyanskii, and A. P. Shergin, Inelastic Energy Loss and Ionization in Excitation of Outer and Inner Electronic Shells During Atomic Collisions, Sov. Phys. JETP 36, 799 (1973)

    work page 1973

  77. [77]

    Taulbjerg, B

    K. Taulbjerg, B. Fastrup, and E. Laegsgaard, Heavy-Ion-Induced X-Ray Production in Solids, Phys. Rev. A 8, 1814 (1973)

    work page 1973

  78. [78]

    Riccardi and C

    P. Riccardi and C. A. Dukes, Excitation of the Triplet 2p4(3P)3s2 Autoionizing State of Neon by Molecular Orbital Electron Promotion at Solid Surfaces, Chem. Phys. Lett. 798, 139610 (2022)

    work page 2022