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arxiv: 2502.15581 · v3 · submitted 2025-02-21 · 🌌 astro-ph.GA

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Euclid: Galaxy morphology and photometry from bulge-disc decomposition of Early Release Observations

L. Quilley (1) , V. de Lapparent (2) , M. Bolzonella (3) , M. Baes (4) , I. Damjanov (5) , B. H\"au{\ss}ler (6) , F. R. Marleau (7) , A. Nersesian (8
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keywords discersicgalaxiessingle-sbulgebulge-disceffectiveeuclid
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The background galaxies in Euclid ERO images of the Perseus cluster make up a remarkable sample in its combination of 0.57 deg$^2$ area, 25.3 and 23.2 AB mag depth, as well as 0.1" and 0.3" angular resolutions, in optical and near-IR bands, respectively. We perform a morphological analysis of 2445 and 12,786 galaxies with $I_E < 21$ and $I_E < 23$, respectively. We use single-S\'ersic profiles and the sums of a S\'ersic bulge and an exponential disc to model these galaxies with SourceXtractor++ and analyse their parameters in order to assess their consistencies and discrepancies. The fitted galaxies to $I_E < 21$ span the various Hubble types with ubiquitous bulge and disc components, and a bulge-to-total light ratio B/T taking all values from 0 to 1. The effective radius of the single-S\'ersic profile is an intermediate estimate of galaxy size, between the bulge and disc effective radii, depending on B/T. The axis ratio of the single-S\'ersic profile is higher than the disc axis ratio, increasingly so with B/T. The model impacts the photometry with -0.08 to 0.01 mag median systematic $I_E$ offsets between single-S\'ersic and bulge+disc total magnitudes, and a 0.05 to 0.15 mag dispersion, from low to high B/T. We measure a median $0.3$ mag bulge-disc colour difference in rest-frame $M_g - M_i$ that originates from the disc-dominated galaxies, whereas bulge-dominated galaxies have similar median colours for their components. We also measure redder-inside disc colour gradients based on 5 to 10$\%$ systematic variations of disc effective radii between the optical and near-IR bands. This analysis demonstrates the usefulness and limitations of single-S\'ersic profile modelling and the power of bulge-disc decomposition for characterising the morphology of lenticulars and spirals in Euclid images. We make available the catalogues of best-fit parameters for the morphological and SED fits.

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