Machine Learning (ML)-Physics Fusion Model Outperforms Both Physics-Only and ML-Only Models in Typhoon Predictions

Data-driven machine learning (ML) models, such as FuXi, exhibit notable limitations in forecasting typhoon intensity and structure. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of FuXi-SHTM, a hybrid ML-physics model, using all 2024 western North Pacific typhoon cases. The FuXi-SHTM hybrid demonstrates clear improvements in both track and intensity forecasts compared to the standalone SHTM, FuXi, and ECMWF HRES models. Compared to FuXi alone, FuXi-SHTM reduces typhoon track forecast errors by 16.5% and 5.2% at lead times of 72 h and 120 h, respectively, and reduces intensity forecast errors by 59.7% and 47.6%. Furthermore, FuXi-SHTM simulates cloud structures more realistically compared to SHTM, and achieves superior representation of the 10-m wind fields in both intensity and spatial structure compared to FuXi and SHTM. Increasing the resolution of FuXi-SHTM from 9 km to 3 km further enhances intensity forecasts, highlighting the critical role of the resolution of the physical model in advancing hybrid forecasting capabilities.