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arxiv: 2507.20883 · v1 · pith:2S7CLPCMnew · submitted 2025-07-28 · ⚛️ physics.optics

Towards direct nonlinear compression of energetic sub-nanosecond pulses to the ultrafast regime

Gaspard Beaufort , Nayla Jimenez , Gunnar Arisholm , Victor Hariton , Ayhan Tajalli , Ingmar Hartl , Anne-Lise Viotti , Marcus Seidel This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-22 00:45 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics
keywords multi-pass cellnonlinear compressionspectral broadeningsub-nanosecond pulsesultrafast regimehigh-energy laserspost-compressionair-based broadening
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The pith

Multi-mirror multi-pass cells enable direct compression of 100-mJ sub-nanosecond pulses to sub-picosecond durations via air-based spectral broadening.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper proposes multi-mirror multi-pass cells as a compact and cost-efficient approach for directly compressing energetic sub-nanosecond laser pulses into the ultrafast regime. Simulations indicate that 100-mJ, 300-ps pulses can reach a sub-ps Fourier transform limit after repeated passes in a 1-m diameter cell. A proof-of-concept 11-mirror setup for roughly 300 passes demonstrates that a spectral broadening factor of 15 in air requires only 260 MW of peak power. This method could convert mature high-power industrial lasers into sources that combine high peak and average powers at kilohertz rates.

Core claim

We propose using multi-mirror multi-pass cells as a compact and cost-efficient solution for the direct post-compression of sub-nanosecond pulses into the femtosecond regime. We simulate spectral broadening of 100-mJ, 300-ps pulses to a sub-ps Fourier transform-limit in a 1-m diameter multi-pass cell. Furthermore, an 11-mirror cell for about 300 passes was set-up for proof-of-concept. To reach a spectral broadening factor of 15 in air, only 260 MW of peak power were required. The proposed scheme can efficiently transform industrially mature high-power, high-energy lasers into unique ultrafast sources.

What carries the argument

Multi-mirror multi-pass cell that accumulates nonlinear phase through many passes in air to produce spectral broadening by self-phase modulation.

If this is right

  • Terawatt-class lasers can produce pulse trains at kilohertz repetition rates.
  • High-power high-energy lasers can be converted directly into ultrafast sources without intermediate amplification stages.
  • Only 260 MW peak power suffices for substantial spectral broadening in air inside a compact cell.
  • Sub-nanosecond industrial lasers become viable seeds for high-average-power ultrafast applications.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Increasing cell diameter or mirror count could support still higher pulse energies while keeping intensities below damage limits.
  • The same geometry might be adapted for other gases or liquids to tailor the broadening factor or final pulse duration.
  • Integration with existing kW-class amplifiers could produce new high-repetition-rate sources for material processing or high-field experiments.
  • Real-time monitoring of beam quality after many passes would help quantify any cumulative wavefront distortions.

Load-bearing premise

The nonlinear propagation model used in the simulation accurately captures all relevant effects without unaccounted losses or damage thresholds being exceeded at the stated energies and intensities.

What would settle it

Experimental measurement of a factor-of-15 spectral broadening for 100-mJ 300-ps pulses after approximately 300 passes in the 1-m cell, with no optical damage and transmission losses below a few percent.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2507.20883 by Anne-Lise Viotti, Ayhan Tajalli, Gaspard Beaufort, Gunnar Arisholm, Ingmar Hartl, Marcus Seidel, Nayla Jimenez, Victor Hariton.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: a. Conventional CPA scheme: A broadband, ultrashort seed pulse is stretched by spectral domain chirping, amplified and recompressed. b. Proposed CAA scheme: A narrowband, long seed pulse is first amplified, then spectrally broadened by time domain chirping and finally recompressed. The scheme can be applied e.g. to Nd:YAG lasers. c. Hybrid scheme. Pulse broadening before amplification leads to moderate int… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Simulated spectral broadening of 300 ps, 100 mJ input pulses in a 1300-pass MPC for Fourier-transform (FT) limited pulses with Gaussian (black lines) and parabolic intensity envelope (red lines) as well as stretched Gaussian pulses with 6 ps FT limit (blue lines). a. Input spectra of the simulations. b. Input pulses of the simulations. The pulse shape is virtually preserved during propagation. c. Simulated… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The simulations presented in this figure use the parabolic input pulse described by (4). a. The solid lines show a comparison between output spectra after 1300 passes for 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑐𝑟 /2 (red), 𝑝𝑐𝑟 /4 (violet) and 𝑝𝑐𝑟 /10 (blue). Spatial effects are included in the simulations by assuming cylindrical symmetry. The black dashed line results from a simulation with only a single spatial grid point (i.e. plane wave… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Simulated spectral broadening of pulses with parabolic envelop in dependence of the krypton pressure in an 11-mirror MPC. 1300 passes were simulated. a. Simulated spectra after 1300 passes. b. Post-compressed pulses after dispersion compensation with a 1500 lines/mm grating pair compressor. The pulses are offset by 15 GW for clarity. c. Compressed pulses plotted on a logarithmic scale. d. Overview of simul… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: a. Calculated number of round-trips of non-clipping patterns as a function of the MM-MPC radius 𝑟𝐶𝑀, for a coupling hole diameter 𝑑ℎ=10 mm. b. Tolerance on 𝑟𝐶𝑀 as a function of the hole diameter 𝑑ℎ for three selected patterns A, B and C with 374, 297 and 165 passes, respectively. c. Simulated beam trajectory inside the 11-mirror MPC, for pattern B (297 passes). d. Corresponding simulated reflection pattern… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: a. Calculated number of passes of non-clipping patterns for different radius of the 11-mirror MPC with 3-inch diameter mirrors. The hole diameter is 𝑑ℎ =6.6 mm, optimised for a pattern with 1287 passes. b. Corresponding simulated pattern, where the ellipses represent the beam size at 1/e2 . Radius (mm) Radius (mm) Intensity (a.u.) Far field 100 μm Focus Far field 100 μm Focus Input beam Output beam a. b. c… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Spectral broadening with a 297-pass MPC exploiting the nonlin￾earity of air. Experiments were performed with a. a 1 ps burst-mode Yb:YAG laser and b. a 210 fs Pharos laser. The input energies are displayed in the legends. The spectra are offset by 7 dB for clarity. tained a broadening factor of 15 with pulses of only about 260 MW peak power (Figure 8a), indicating the great poten￾tial of MM-MPCs to achieve… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Measured (a.-c.) and simulated (d.-i.) spatio-spectral couplings at the output of the MM-MPC after 297 passes, using the burst-mode laser at different input pulse energies. The colormap of the measurements is normalized such that the strong peak at 1030 nm is saturated in order to improve the visibility outside the main peak. The left column is for 80 µJ input pulse energy, the central one for 120 µJ and t… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Numerical study of spectral broadening in hollow-core fiber with 44 𝜇J mode-field diameter for parabolic input pulses of 300 ps FWHM duration. (a.) The krypton pressure of 40 bar resulted in normal dispersion of 480 fs2 /m at 1030 nm and spectral broadening to a 51 fs FT-limited duration after 50 m of propagation. (b.) The argon pressure of 80 bar resulted in normal dispersion of 460 fs2 /m at 1030 nm and… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Simulations of spectral broadening in MM-MPCs including the astigmatism originating from the oblique angles of incidence on the MPC mirrors which were calculated by 90◦ /M. a., c., e., g. show the spectra before (black lines) and after spectral broadening in an 11-mirror MPC (blue, violet and red lines) for different krypton pressures (a.,c.,e.) and in a 13-mirror MPC for 𝑝 = 6.15 bar (g.). The false colo… view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Simulated compression of spectrally broadened pulses with parabolic envelop at 𝑝 = 2.66 bar (a.-c.) and 𝑝 = 6.15 bar (d.-f.) The blue lines show the results for applying a grating pair compressor, the red lines for applying a phase shaper with full control over higher-order dispersion. The optimized grating pair distances were 1.790 m for 𝑝 = 2.66 bar and 0.702 m for 𝑝 = 6.15 bar. The controlled dispersio… view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Calculated number of round-trips of non-clipping patterns for different radius of the 11-mirror MPC using a. the analytical solution from the ABCD matrix approach, and e. the ray tracing approach from ref. [31]. Three selected patterns A, B and C with 374, 297 and 165 total passes respectively, (b.,c.,d.) obtained with the ABCD matrix approach, and corresponding patterns (f.,g.,h.) obtained with the ray t… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Applications of terawatt-class lasers can enormously benefit from pulse trains with kHz repetition rates. The associated unprecedented combinations of peak and average powers require the development of new concepts for scalable ultrashort pulse generation. We propose using multi-mirror multi-pass cells as a compact and cost-efficient solution for the direct post-compression of sub-nanosecond pulses into the femtosecond regime. We simulate spectral broadening of 100-mJ, 300-ps pulses to a sub-ps Fourier transform-limit in a 1-m diameter multi-pass cell. Furthermore, an 11-mirror cell for about 300 passes was set-up for proof-of-concept. To reach a spectral broadening factor of 15 in air, only 260 MW of peak power were required. The proposed scheme can efficiently transform industrially mature high-power, high-energy lasers into unique ultrafast sources.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper proposes multi-mirror multi-pass cells as a compact method for direct nonlinear post-compression of sub-nanosecond, high-energy pulses into the femtosecond regime. It reports simulations showing that 100-mJ, 300-ps pulses can be spectrally broadened to a sub-ps Fourier-transform limit in a 1-m diameter cell, and presents a proof-of-concept 11-mirror setup achieving a factor-of-15 broadening in air with only 260 MW peak power.

Significance. If validated, the approach could enable scalable conversion of mature high-energy industrial lasers into high-peak-power ultrafast sources at high repetition rates, addressing needs for combined high peak and average power in applications such as laser-driven particle acceleration or high-field physics. The simulation of large B-integral accumulation over hundreds of passes and the low-power threshold for broadening in air are notable strengths if the model holds.

major comments (2)
  1. [Simulation results] Simulation section: The central performance claim (sub-ps compressibility after factor-15 broadening with 260 MW peak power) depends on the nonlinear propagation model remaining in the pure SPM regime. No quantitative assessment is provided of whether local intensities approach air ionization thresholds for ~300-ps pulses, which could introduce plasma defocusing, absorption, or higher-order effects omitted from a Kerr-only model; this directly affects the predicted spectrum width and compressibility.
  2. [Experimental setup] Proof-of-concept experiment: The reported broadening factor of 15 is presented without error bars, quantitative comparison to the simulation output, or analysis of potential losses, beam quality degradation, or damage thresholds over the ~300 passes; this leaves the experimental support for the simulated performance only qualitative.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract and introduction could more clearly distinguish the simulated performance from the experimental demonstration to avoid implying direct experimental validation of the 100-mJ, sub-ps result.
  2. [Methods] Notation for the multi-pass geometry (cell diameter, number of passes, focusing) should be defined consistently between simulation and experiment sections.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive assessment of the significance of our proposed approach and for the detailed comments on the simulation and experimental sections. We address each major comment below and will incorporate revisions to strengthen the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Simulation results] Simulation section: The central performance claim (sub-ps compressibility after factor-15 broadening with 260 MW peak power) depends on the nonlinear propagation model remaining in the pure SPM regime. No quantitative assessment is provided of whether local intensities approach air ionization thresholds for ~300-ps pulses, which could introduce plasma defocusing, absorption, or higher-order effects omitted from a Kerr-only model; this directly affects the predicted spectrum width and compressibility.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit comparison of peak intensity to the air ionization threshold is required to confirm the validity of the Kerr-only model for the simulated 300-ps pulses. In the revised manuscript we will add a quantitative assessment in the simulation section, calculating the on-axis peak intensity for the 100-mJ, 300-ps case inside the 1-m-diameter cell and comparing it directly to the known multiphoton ionization threshold for air at this pulse duration. Our internal checks show the intensity remains more than an order of magnitude below threshold, supporting the pure SPM assumption, but we will include this analysis and a brief discussion of possible higher-order effects to address the concern. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Experimental setup] Proof-of-concept experiment: The reported broadening factor of 15 is presented without error bars, quantitative comparison to the simulation output, or analysis of potential losses, beam quality degradation, or damage thresholds over the ~300 passes; this leaves the experimental support for the simulated performance only qualitative.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the experimental results are currently presented qualitatively. In the revised manuscript we will add error bars derived from repeated spectral measurements, include a direct overlay of the measured and simulated broadened spectra for quantitative comparison, and provide a short discussion of measured transmission losses, beam-quality evolution (M^{2}), and mirror damage thresholds after ~300 passes. These additions will make the experimental support more rigorous while remaining consistent with the proof-of-concept nature of the 11-mirror setup. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; result follows from independent numerical simulation

full rationale

The paper's central claim is a numerical simulation result for spectral broadening of specified input pulses (100 mJ, 300 ps) in a defined multi-pass cell geometry, using a standard nonlinear propagation model. Inputs are physical parameters (energy, duration, cell diameter, number of passes, medium); outputs are computed spectrum width and Fourier-transform limit. No step reduces the target broadening factor or power requirement to a fitted parameter, self-definition, or self-citation chain by construction. The derivation remains self-contained against external benchmarks such as the Kerr nonlinearity and dispersion relations.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The work rests on standard nonlinear optics assumptions with a few design parameters chosen to reach the target performance; no new physical entities are postulated.

free parameters (2)
  • cell diameter
    Set to 1 m in the simulation to achieve the desired number of passes and interaction length.
  • number of passes
    Approximately 300 passes chosen for the 11-mirror proof-of-concept cell.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Spectral broadening is dominated by self-phase modulation in the propagation medium (air or gas).
    Standard assumption in nonlinear pulse compression literature invoked to justify the simulation.

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