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Joint X-ray, kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich, and weak lensing measurements: toward a consensus picture of efficient gas expulsion from groups and clusters
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abstract
There is no consensus on how baryon feedback shapes the underlying matter distribution from either simulations or observations. We confront the uncertain landscape by jointly analyzing new measurements of the gas distribution around groups and clusters -- DESI+ACT kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect profiles and eROSITA X-ray gas masses -- with mean halo masses characterized by galaxy-galaxy lensing. Across a wide range of halo masses ($M_{500}=10^{13-14}M_\odot$) and redshifts ($0<z<1$), we find evidence of more efficient gas expulsion beyond several $R_{500}$ than predicted by most state-of-the-art simulations. A like-with-like comparison reveals all kSZ and X-ray observations are inconsistent with the fiducial 1 Gpc$^{3}$ hydrodynamical FLAMINGO simulation, which was calibrated to reproduce pre-eROSITA X-ray gas fractions: eROSITA X-ray gas fractions are $2\times$ lower than the simulation, and the kSZ measurements are combined $>8 \sigma$ discrepant. The FLAMINGO simulation variant with the most gas expulsion, and therefore the most suppression of the matter power spectrum relative to a dark matter only simulation, provides a good description of how much gas is expelled and how far it extends; the enhanced gas depletion is achieved by more powerful but less frequent AGN outbursts. Joint kSZ, X-ray, and lensing measurements form a consistent picture of gas expulsion beyond several $R_{500}$, implying a more suppressed matter power spectrum than predicted by most recent simulations. Complementary observables and next-generation simulations are critical to understanding the physical mechanism behind this extreme gas expulsion and mapping its impact on the large-scale matter distribution.
Forward citations
Cited by 14 Pith papers
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Evidence for a thermal pressure deficit in galaxy groups from the tSZ effect and weak lensing
Stacked tSZ measurements around DESI LRGs show FLAMINGO simulations overpredict the thermal pressure of galaxy groups by about a factor of two, including the feedback variant that matches kSZ gas densities.
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Interpreting the stacked kinetic SZ effect I: velocity reconstruction and non-linear velocity effects
Non-linear velocity terms cancel in real-space linear reconstruction, but redshift-space distortions reintroduce a 10–20% small-scale suppression of the stacked kSZ signal.
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What's Missing in AGN Feedback? Lessons learnt from Magneticum, IllustrisTNG and Simba
No current simulation simultaneously reproduces observed halo hot-gas fractions and local galaxy star-formation/quenching demographics; strong AGN feedback overquenches, weak feedback retains too much gas.
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Assembly bias and the redshift evolution of intrinsic alignments for LRGs
FLAMINGO simulation analysis shows IA amplitude for LRGs depends on halo assembly history and exhibits redshift evolution beyond mass effects, yielding an empirical mass-redshift model.
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The limits of feedback from active galactic nuclei
AGN feedback creates a mass-independent entropy ceiling that allows outflows to escape halos only below M_200m = 10^13.7 M_sun, explaining depleted gas in groups versus near-cosmic fractions in clusters.
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FLAMINGO: The thermal history of the Universe from tSZ effect cross-correlations and its dependencies on cosmology and baryon physics
tSZ cross-correlations with large-scale structure tracers prefer low S8 and strong baryonic feedback, yielding S8 = 0.72 and low group baryon fraction in FLAMINGO simulations.
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FLAMINGO: The thermal history of the Universe from tSZ effect cross-correlations and its dependencies on cosmology and baryon physics
FLAMINGO simulations show tSZ cross-correlations scale as S8 to the power of about 3 and favor low S8=0.72 with strong feedback when compared to SDSS, BOSS, DES, and Planck data.
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Constraints on Halo Gas Profiles from Joint kSZ and Galaxy Clustering Analysis of ACT DR6 and CMASS
Joint kSZ-clustering analysis of ACT DR6 and CMASS yields a halo optical depth profile more extended than Websky simulations, suggesting stronger baryonic feedback.
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Signatures of Suppressed Matter Clustering revealed by Fast Radio Bursts
FRB dispersion measures directly constrain suppression of the matter power spectrum due to feedback at k ~ 0.1-3 h/Mpc, reduce posterior variance by a factor of ~8 at k~1 h/Mpc, and exclude extreme large-scale feedbac...
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The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey. Detection of shock-heated gas beyond the halo boundary into the accretion region
Stacking analysis of eROSITA observations detects statistically significant X-ray signal from hot gas out to 2 r_200m with a transition at the halo boundary, showing higher gas spread than in IllustrisTNG simulations.
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The impact of strong feedback on galaxy group scaling relations
Highly ejective feedback models under-predict the X-ray luminosity of galaxy groups at fixed mass at 5.7 sigma significance.
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The impact of strong feedback on galaxy group scaling relations
Highly ejective feedback models under-predict X-ray luminosity of galaxy groups at fixed mass by 5.7 sigma using direct observables from 44 XMM-Newton observed systems.
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Simulation budgeting for hybrid effective field theories
Forecasts that under 225 N-body simulations suffice for 1-2% accurate HEFT emulators over wide w0waCDM + m_nu parameter space, with as few as 80 for restricted volumes.
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