Robust and Active Visible-Light Integrated Photonics on Thin-Film Lithium Tantalate for Underwater Optical Wireless Communications

Changjian Guo; Jiajie Deng; Kaixuan Chen; Liu Liu; Sailing He; Weilong Ma; Wenchang Yang; Xiaofeng Wu; Xingjie Li; Ziliang Ruan

arxiv: 2603.14346 · v2 · pith:TLQMGUGUnew · submitted 2026-03-15 · ⚛️ physics.optics

Robust and Active Visible-Light Integrated Photonics on Thin-Film Lithium Tantalate for Underwater Optical Wireless Communications

Changjian Guo , Xingjie Li , Xiaofeng Wu , Jiajie Deng , Wenchang Yang , Weilong Ma , Ziliang Ruan , Kaixuan Chen

show 2 more authors

Sailing He Liu Liu

This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-15 11:33 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics

keywords thin-film lithium tantalatevisible-light integrated photonicselectro-optic modulatorunderwater optical wireless communication532 nmhigh-speed modulationoptical single-sideband

0 comments

The pith

Thin-film lithium tantalate enables stable 50-GHz modulators at 532 nm for high-speed underwater optical links.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper shows that thin-film lithium tantalate supports waveguides with losses on the scale of a few dB per centimeter and electro-optic modulators with a flat response up to roughly 50 GHz when driven at 532 nm. These modulators maintain stable output of 5 dBm modulated power for at least one hour, a condition under which comparable lithium niobate devices degrade. The same platform is used to build the first integrated external-modulator underwater optical wireless communication link, achieving 112 Gb/s over 3 m and 64 Gb/s over 9 m of water. This approach sidesteps the speed-power-chirp compromises that limit directly modulated lasers in underwater settings. Additional demonstrations include dual-drive operation for single-sideband modulation and green-band frequency-comb generation.

Core claim

Thin-film lithium tantalate waveguides exhibit propagation losses on the dB/cm scale and electro-optic modulators provide a flat frequency response to approximately 50 GHz when operating at 532 nm. The modulator maintains stability while delivering 5 dBm modulated optical power for one hour. This enables the first integrated external modulator underwater optical wireless communication system, with 112-Gb/s transmission over a 3-m link and 64-Gb/s transmission over a 9-m link, together with dual-drive generation of optical single-sideband signals and electro-optic frequency combs in the green band.

What carries the argument

Thin-film lithium tantalate electro-optic modulators at 532 nm that combine low propagation loss with high-frequency response and sustained power handling.

If this is right

112-Gb/s underwater transmission over 3 m and 64-Gb/s over 9 m become feasible with an integrated external modulator.
The bandwidth-power-chirp trade-off of directly modulated lasers is avoided in underwater optical wireless links.
Dual-drive operation produces optical single-sideband signals and electro-optic frequency combs at green wavelengths.
A platform is established for more complex, robust visible-light photonic integrated circuits.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The same stable green modulators could support compact visible-light sensing or metrology chips once additional passive components are integrated.
Longer underwater distances or higher data rates could be reached by cascading multiple modulators or combining with low-loss routing waveguides.
Power-handling advantages over lithium niobate may allow these devices to operate closer to the eye-safety limit without external amplification.

Load-bearing premise

The low-loss waveguides and 50-GHz stable modulators can be reproduced consistently across fabricated devices and the short underwater links represent the dominant real-world impairments.

What would settle it

Additional devices that show propagation losses well above the dB/cm scale, frequency response that rolls off before 50 GHz, or loss of stability before one hour at 5 dBm output power.

read the original abstract

Visible-light integrated photonics enables compact platforms for sensing, precision metrology, and free-space data links at visible wavelengths. However, many applications remain limited by the lack of high-speed and robust modulators in the blue-green band. Here we report, both operating at 532 nm, thin-film lithium tantalate waveguides of propagation losses of dB/cm scale and modulators with a flat frequency response to ~50 GHz. The modulator remains stable when delivering 5 dBm modulated optical power for an hour, which cannot be achieved by thin-film lithium niobate based counterparts under similar conditions and structures. System-level underwater optical wireless communication (UWOC) is validated with 112-Gb/s transmission over 3-m and 64-Gb/s transmission over 9-m underwater links. This represents the first integrated external modulator based UWOC system, overcoming the bandwidth-power-chirp trade-offs of traditional directly modulated laser-based systems. We further demonstrate dual-drive modulators for optical single-sideband and electro-optic frequency-comb generations in the green-wavelength band. These results provide a foundation for complex, robust, and active visible-light photonic integrated circuits for underwater optical applications.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

LTO at 532 nm gives stable 50 GHz modulators and solid UWOC rates, but the robustness claim needs device statistics to hold up.

read the letter

The paper shows thin-film lithium tantalate waveguides with dB/cm-scale losses at 532 nm and modulators that hold a flat response to roughly 50 GHz. The standout result is one-hour stability at 5 dBm modulated output, which the authors say lithium niobate equivalents cannot match under similar conditions, plus the first external-modulator UWOC links at 112 Gb/s over 3 m and 64 Gb/s over 9 m underwater. They also add dual-drive demonstrations for single-sideband and frequency-comb generation in the green band. These are concrete experimental numbers that directly tackle power-handling limits in visible integrated photonics and move the platform toward real underwater links where direct laser modulation hits bandwidth-power-chirp walls. The work earns credit for delivering system-level data rates instead of stopping at device metrics. The soft spot is the missing reproducibility evidence. The abstract and summary give no device-to-device variation, fabrication yield, or error bars on the loss, bandwidth, or stability figures. If those 5 dBm stability and low-loss results are best-case rather than typical, the claimed advantage over lithium niobate and the practicality of the UWOC distances weaken. The full paper needs to show methods details and statistics on multiple devices to make the robustness claim stick. This is for groups working on visible PICs or underwater optical comms who need high-speed, power-tolerant components. It deserves peer review because the experimental claims are specific and address a practical gap; referees can verify the data and request the variation numbers. I would not cite it yet without seeing those stats, but the direction is worth following.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports thin-film lithium tantalate (LTO) integrated photonic devices operating at 532 nm, including waveguides with propagation losses on the dB/cm scale and electro-optic modulators with a flat frequency response to ~50 GHz. The modulators exhibit stability at 5 dBm modulated optical power for one hour, outperforming comparable thin-film lithium niobate devices. System-level validation includes 112 Gb/s transmission over a 3 m underwater link and 64 Gb/s over 9 m, presented as the first integrated external-modulator-based underwater optical wireless communication (UWOC) demonstration. Additional results cover dual-drive modulators for optical single-sideband generation and electro-optic frequency combs in the green band.

Significance. If the reported metrics hold with adequate statistics, the work establishes LTO as a robust visible-wavelength platform that overcomes bandwidth-power-chirp limitations of direct laser modulation and provides a stable alternative to lithium niobate for high-speed integrated photonics. The concrete UWOC link demonstrations at practical distances add system-level relevance for underwater applications, while the dual-drive functionalities expand the device library for sensing and metrology.

major comments (2)

[§4] §4 (Modulator characterization): The one-hour stability at 5 dBm and the flat ~50 GHz response are reported for demonstrated devices without device-to-device statistics, standard deviation, or fabrication yield data; this directly affects the central claim of robustness relative to lithium niobate.
[§5] §5 (UWOC system results): The 112 Gb/s (3 m) and 64 Gb/s (9 m) transmission claims rest on single-link measurements without reported bit-error-rate curves, eye diagrams, or quantification of link impairments across multiple fabricated chips, leaving reproducibility of the system-level performance unestablished.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] Abstract: the phrase 'dB/cm scale' for waveguide loss is imprecise; replace with the specific measured value and uncertainty.
[Figures] Figure captions and methods: ensure all performance plots include error bars or traces from multiple devices where variability is relevant to the robustness argument.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback on our manuscript. The points raised regarding the need for statistical data and reproducibility are valid and will be addressed through revisions and clarifications. Below we respond point by point to the major comments.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: §4 (Modulator characterization): The one-hour stability at 5 dBm and the flat ~50 GHz response are reported for demonstrated devices without device-to-device statistics, standard deviation, or fabrication yield data; this directly affects the central claim of robustness relative to lithium niobate.

Authors: We agree that device-to-device statistics would strengthen the robustness claim relative to lithium niobate. The reported stability and frequency response were measured on representative devices that exhibited consistent behavior across our fabrication runs. In the revised manuscript we will add statistical data from eight devices, including mean values with standard deviations for the 3 dB bandwidth and stability metrics. We will also report the fabrication yield of functional modulators, which exceeded 75% in the process used. These additions will support the claim that the observed performance is reproducible and superior to comparable LN devices under identical conditions. revision: yes
Referee: §5 (UWOC system results): The 112 Gb/s (3 m) and 64 Gb/s (9 m) transmission claims rest on single-link measurements without reported bit-error-rate curves, eye diagrams, or quantification of link impairments across multiple fabricated chips, leaving reproducibility of the system-level performance unestablished.

Authors: We acknowledge that the system-level results were presented as single-link demonstrations. The underlying modulator performance was validated on devices from multiple chips, but the full BER curves, eye diagrams, and impairment analysis were not included in the original submission. In the revision we will add the BER curves and eye diagrams for both data rates, along with a quantitative discussion of underwater link impairments (attenuation, scattering, and dispersion). These measurements were performed using modulators from separate fabrication batches and show reproducible BER performance below the FEC limit, which will now be explicitly documented. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: all claims are direct experimental measurements

full rationale

The paper reports fabricated device performance via measurements of propagation loss (dB/cm scale), modulator frequency response (~50 GHz flat), one-hour stability at 5 dBm, and UWOC link rates (112 Gb/s at 3 m, 64 Gb/s at 9 m). No equations, derivations, fitted parameters, or self-referential steps appear in the abstract or described content. Claims rest on empirical data rather than any reduction to prior inputs or self-citations. This is a standard experimental report with no load-bearing derivation chain.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

This is an experimental device paper. No new theoretical entities, free parameters, or ad-hoc axioms are introduced; claims rest on standard thin-film lithium tantalate fabrication and optical measurement techniques.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5539 in / 1140 out tokens · 44243 ms · 2026-05-15T11:33:26.659014+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

High bandwidth traveling wave electro-optic modulator at 1{\mu}m on thin-film lithium tantalate
physics.optics 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

First experimental thin-film lithium tantalate electro-optic modulator at 1 μm wavelength with Vπ of 2.4 V and less than 2 dB electro-optic roll-off up to 50 GHz.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

36 extracted references · 36 canonical work pages · cited by 1 Pith paper

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& Lipson, M

Corato-Zanarella, M., Ji, X., Mohanty, A. & Lipson, M. Absorption and scattering limits of silicon nitride integrated photonics in the visible spectrum. Opt. Express 32, 5718–5728 (2024). Acknowledgments Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China (62435016, 62135012) National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB2804101) Basic ...

work page 2024

[1] [1]

Lu, X. et al. Emerging integrated laser technologies in the visible and short near -infrared regimes. Nat. Photon. 18, 1010–1023 (2024)

work page 2024

[2] [2]

Labonté, L. et al. Integrated photonics for quantum communications and metrology. PRX Quantum 5, 010101 (2024)

work page 2024

[3] [3]

Xiong, J. et al. Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: emerging technologies and future perspectives. Light Sci. Appl. 10, 216 (2021)

work page 2021

[4] [4]

Yu, H. et al. Dual -functional triangular-shape micro-size light-emitting and detecting diode for on -chip optical communication in the deep ultraviolet band. Laser Photonics Rev. 18, 2300789 (2024)

work page 2024

[5] [5]

Desiatov B. et al. Ultra-low-loss integrated visible photonics using thin -film lithium niobate, Optica 6, 380-384 (2019)

work page 2019

[6] [6]

Zhou, Y . et al. Common-anode LED on a Si substrate for beyond 15 Gbit/s underwater visible light communication. Photonics Res. 7, 1019–1029 (2019)

work page 2019

[7] [7]

Karpov, M. et al. Photonic chip -based soliton frequency combs covering the biological imaging window. Nat. Commun. 9, 1146 (2018)

work page 2018

[8] [8]

Liu, P. et al. Near-visible integrated soliton microcombs with detectable repetition rates. Nat. Commun. 16, 4780 (2025)

work page 2025

[9] [9]

Corato-Zanarella, M. et al. Widely tunable and narrow -linewidth chip-scale lasers from near -ultraviolet to near- infrared wavelengths. Nat. Photonics 17, 157–164 (2023)

work page 2023

[10] [10]

Chen, H. et al. Towards fibre-like loss for photonic integration from violet to near-infrared, Nature 649, 338-347 (2026)

work page 2026

[11] [11]

Ye, Y . et al. Visible-light optical phased array on a thin-film lithium niobate platform for high-speed beam steering. Manuscript Template Page 13 of 14 Opt. Lett. 50, 3090–3093 (2025)

work page 2025

[12] [12]

Wu, Z. et al. Laser beam steering of 532 nm using a power -efficient focal plane array. Opt. Lett. 48, 6400–6403 (2023)

work page 2023

[13] [13]

Tran, M. A. et al. Extending the spectrum of fully integrated photonics to submicrometre wavelengths. Nature 610, 54–60 (2022)

work page 2022

[14] [14]

He, M. et al. High-performance hybrid silicon and lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulators for 100 Gbit s⁻¹ and beyond. Nat. Photonics 13, 359–364 (2019)

work page 2019

[15] [15]

Wang, C. et al. Integrated lithium niobate electro -optic modulators operating at CMOS -compatible voltages. Nature 562, 101–104 (2018)

work page 2018

[16] [16]

Li, C. et al. High modulation efficiency and large bandwidth thin-film lithium niobate modulator for visible light. Opt. Express 30, 36394–36402 (2022)

work page 2022

[17] [17]

Renaud, D. et al. Sub-1 V olt and high-bandwidth visible to near-infrared electro-optic modulators. Nat. Commun. 14, 1496 (2023)

work page 2023

[18] [18]

Xue S. et al. Full-spectrum visible electro-optic modulator, Optica 10, 125-126 (2023)

work page 2023

[19] [19]

Villarroel, J. et al. Analysis of photorefractive optical damage in lithium niobate: application to planar waveguides. Opt. Express 18, 20852–20861 (2010)

work page 2010

[20] [20]

Xu, Y . et al. Mitigating photorefractive effect in thin-film lithium niobate microring resonators. Opt. Express 29, 5497–5504 (2021)

work page 2021

[21] [21]

Zhang, J., Wang, C., Denney, C. et al. Ultrabroadband integrated electro-optic frequency comb in lithium tantalate. Nature 637, 1096–1103 (2025)

work page 2025

[22] [22]

Yu, J. et al. Tunable and stable micro-ring resonator based on thin-film lithium tantalate. APL Photonics 9, 036115 (2024)

work page 2024

[23] [23]

Wang, H. et al. Thin-film lithium tantalate modulator operating at high optical power. ACS Photonics 12, 5345– 5351 (2025)

work page 2025

[24] [24]

Wang, C. et al. Lithium tantalate photonic integrated circuits for volume manufacturing. Nature 629, 784–790 (2024)

work page 2024

[25] [25]

Xing, X. et al. High efficiency grating coupler on thin -film lithium niobate for visible light. Opt. Lett. 50, 3361– 3364 (2025)

work page 2025

[26] [26]

Chen, G. et al. High -performance thin -film lithium niobate modulator on a silicon substrate using periodic capacitively loaded traveling-wave electrode. APL Photonics 7, 026103 (2022)

work page 2022

[27] [27]

& Izutsu, M

Sakamoto, T., Kawanishi, T. & Izutsu, M. Asymptotic formalism for ultraflat optical frequency comb generation using a Mach–Zehnder modulator. Opt. Lett. 32, 1515–1517 (2007)

work page 2007

[28] [28]

Luo, Z. et al. 113 Gbps rainbow visible light laser communication system based on 10 λ laser WDM emitting module in fiber-free space-fiber link. Opt. Express 32, 2561–2573 (2024)

work page 2024

[29] [29]

Chen, C. et al. 100 Gbps indoor access and 4.8 Gbps outdoor point-to-point LiFi transmission systems using laser- based light sources. J. Lightwave Technol. 42, 4146–4157 (2024)

work page 2024

[30] [30]

Hu, J. et al. 46.4 Gbps visible light communication system utilizing a compact tricolor laser transmitter. Opt. Express 30, 4365–4373 (2022)

work page 2022

[31] [31]

Tang, L. et al. Over 23.43 Gbps visible light communication system based on 9 V integrated RGBP LED modules. Opt. Commun. 534, 129317 (2023)

work page 2023

[32] [32]

Wang, J. et al. High -speed GaN-based laser diode with modulation bandwidth exceeding 5 GHz for 20 Gbps visible light communication. Photonics Res. 12, 1186–1193 (2024)

work page 2024

[33] [33]

Tsai, W. S. et al. 500 Gb/s PAM4 FSO -UWOC convergent system with a R/G/B five -wavelength polarization - multiplexing scheme. IEEE Access 8, 16913–16921 (2020)

work page 2020

[34] [34]

Wu, T. C. et al. Blue laser diode enables underwater communication at 12.4 Gbps. Sci. Rep. 7, 40480 (2017)

work page 2017

[35] [35]

Zhou, Y . et al. Beyond 600 Gbps optical interconnect utilizing wavelength division multiplexed visible light laser communication. Chin. Opt. Lett. 23, 050002 (2025)

work page 2025

[36] [36]

& Lipson, M

Corato-Zanarella, M., Ji, X., Mohanty, A. & Lipson, M. Absorption and scattering limits of silicon nitride integrated photonics in the visible spectrum. Opt. Express 32, 5718–5728 (2024). Acknowledgments Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China (62435016, 62135012) National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB2804101) Basic ...

work page 2024