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arxiv: 2603.22105 · v1 · pith:AZGYUOAYnew · submitted 2026-03-23 · 🌌 astro-ph.HE

Investigation of the Microquasar SS 433 with VERITAS

The VERITAS Collaboration: A. Archer , P. Bangale , J. T. Bartkoske , W. Benbow , N. R. Bond , Y. Chen , J. L. Christiansen , A. J. Chromey
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A. Duerr M. Errando M. E. Godoy J. E. Pedrosa S. Feldman Q. Feng S. Filbert A. Furniss W. Hanlon O. Hervet C. E. Hinrichs J. Holder T. B. Humensky M. Iskakova W. Jin M. N. Johnson E. Joshi P. Kaaret M. Kertzman M. Kherlakian T. K. Kleiner N. Korzoun F. Krennrich S. Kumar S. Kundu M. J. Lang M. Lundy G. Maier P. Moriarty R. Mukherjee M. Ohishi R. A. Ong A. Pandey M. Pohl E. Pueschel P. L. Rabinowitz K. Ragan P. T. Reynolds D. Ribeiro E. Roache I. Sadeh L. Saha H. Salzmann M. Santander G. H. Sembroski S. Tandon J. V. Tucci D. A. Williams S. L. Wong J. Woo T. Yoshikoshi
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-21 10:44 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.HE
keywords SS 433microquasarTeV gamma raysVERITASjet lobesW50 remnantleptonic emissioncosmic rays
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The pith

VERITAS resolves extended TeV emission from the jet lobes of SS 433, favoring leptonic acceleration over hadronic processes.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper reports more than 150 hours of VERITAS data on the microquasar SS 433 inside the W50 remnant. It detects gamma rays above 100 GeV coming from both the eastern and western lobes where the jets interact with surrounding material tens of parsecs from the central binary. No emission is seen from the core itself or the regions between the core and the lobes, and the signal shows no change with orbital or precessional phase. The morphology matches regions of jet-medium interaction and is consistent with particles accelerated locally in the lobes through shocks or reconnection. A reader would care because the findings limit how much microquasars like this can add to the Galactic cosmic-ray flux up to the knee.

Core claim

The extended TeV gamma-ray emission is resolved from the eastern and western jet lobes of SS 433, located tens of parsecs from the central binary and coinciding with interaction zones in the W50 supernova remnant. No TeV emission is detected from the central binary or between the binary and the lobes. Phase-resolved analyses find no variability with orbital or precessional phase. The observed morphology and spectra are consistent with particle acceleration in the lobes, possibly via shocks or magnetic reconnection, and favor a leptonic origin in the VERITAS energy range with any hadronic acceleration subdominant.

What carries the argument

Morphological separation of the emission using angular resolution better than 0.1 degrees to attribute the TeV signal specifically to the distant jet lobes rather than the central source.

If this is right

  • Microquasar jets accelerate particles mainly in their extended lobes rather than near the compact object.
  • Leptonic processes dominate the TeV output while hadronic contributions remain subdominant in this energy band.
  • Steady emission without phase dependence supports continuous acceleration mechanisms such as shocks or reconnection.
  • The results limit the role of systems like SS 433 in supplying Galactic cosmic rays up to the knee.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar lobe structures in other microquasars may produce detectable TeV emission through electron processes without strong accompanying neutrino fluxes.
  • Higher-energy observations could test whether a hadronic component emerges above the VERITAS range.
  • The absence of central emission constrains acceleration efficiency near the compact object across microquasar models.

Load-bearing premise

The extended emission originates entirely from the jet lobes with no significant contamination from the central binary, which depends on the instrument resolution being fine enough to separate the structures.

What would settle it

An observation with finer angular resolution that places the TeV emission at the central binary position or shows a spatial distribution inconsistent with the known jet-lobe locations would undermine the lobe-acceleration interpretation.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2603.22105 by A. Duerr, A. Furniss, A. J. Chromey, A. Pandey, C. E. Hinrichs, D. A. Williams, D. Ribeiro, E. Joshi, E. Pueschel, E. Roache, F. Krennrich, G. H. Sembroski, G. Maier, H. Salzmann, I. Sadeh, J. E. Pedrosa, J. Holder, J. L. Christiansen, J. T. Bartkoske, J. V. Tucci, J. Woo, K. Ragan, L. Saha, M. E. Godoy, M. Errando, M. Iskakova, M. J. Lang, M. Kertzman, M. Kherlakian, M. Lundy, M. N. Johnson, M. Ohishi, M. Pohl, M. Santander, N. Korzoun, N. R. Bond, O. Hervet, P. Bangale, P. Kaaret, P. L. Rabinowitz, P. Moriarty, P. T. Reynolds, Q. Feng, R. A. Ong, R. Mukherjee, S. Feldman, S. Filbert, S. Kumar, S. Kundu, S. L. Wong, S. Tandon, T. B. Humensky, The VERITAS Collaboration: A. Archer, T. K. Kleiner, T. Yoshikoshi, W. Benbow, W. Hanlon, W. Jin, Y. Chen.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: SS 433 region acceptance corrected livetime map: Computed by dividing the exposure map by the VERITAS on axis effective area evaluated at an energy of 1 TeV. The map is overlaid by black ROSAT X-ray contours (Brinkmann et al. 1996). The VERITAS observation pointings are indi￾cated by black markers (+) and the eastern (e1, e2, e3) and western (w1, w2) jet emission regions and the central binary (SS 433) are… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Exclusion mask used in the analysis. Red circles indicate regions around known sources and areas excluded from the analysis to avoid contamination. The large circle corresponds to MGRO J1908+06, while smaller circles mark pulsars, SNRs, and the SS 433 jet regions (e1, e2, e3, w1, w2). Type Parameter Value (Error) spectral Γ 2.37 ± 0.03 ϕ0 (1.23 ± 0.04) × 10−111/(TeV s cm2 ) spatial lon 287.01◦ ± 0.01◦ lat … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: SS 433 significance map before (left) and after (right) subtraction of the MGRO J1908+06 best-fit model. White ROSAT X-ray contours (Brinkmann et al. 1996) are overlaid, and the eastern (e1, e2, e3) and western (w1, w2) jet emission regions, as well as the central binary (SS 433) position, are indicated by white crosses. lobe and 5.5 σ at the eastern jet lobe. After subtraction of the MGRO J1908+06 best-fi… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Residual √ TS distribution obtained after sub￾tracting the best-fit models of SS 433 and MGRO J1908+06. esis at 6.0 σ and 6.4 σ, respectively. A joint spectro￾morphological fit yields an overall detection significance of 8.8 σ, with the elongated morphology favored over a symmetric Gaussian at 5.3 σ jointly, and at 4.4 σ (east) and 3.6 σ (west) individually. Fit constraints are applied to ensure robust con… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: SS 433 excess map with best fit model overlay (1 σ contour). Energy (TeV) 10 13 10 12 E 2 d N / d E (erg c m 2 s 1 ) East Lobe East 10 0 10 1 Energy (TeV) 10 13 10 12 E 2 d N / d E (erg c m 2 s 1 ) West Lobe West [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Phase-resolved integrated γ-ray fluxes above 0.8 TeV of the SS 433 jet lobes across five orbital phase bins (steps of 0.2). Top: eastern lobe; Bottom: western lobe. In this section, a multi-wavelength spectral energy dis￾tribution (SED) for SS 433 is constructed, combining the VERITAS flux points, as well as previously reported flux values from radio, X-ray, high-energy (HE) and very￾high-energy (VHE) obse… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Calculations of the time evolution of the electron spectral energy densities and the corresponding radiation SEDs, shown for five logarithmically spaced time steps between 104 and 105 years. The radiation components include synchrotron and inverse Compton (IC) emission on ambient photon fields, with a negligible SSC contribution. Electrons are injected with a power-law spectrum of index α = 1.9 between 10 … view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Multiwavelength spectral energy distribution of SS 433 eastern emission region, shown with a leptonic model. The observations are from radio (Geldzahler et al. 1980), soft X-ray (Brinkmann et al. 2007), hard X-ray (Safi-Harb et al. 2022; Safi￾Harb & Petre 1999), HE (Fang et al. 2020) and VHE VERITAS, H.E.S.S. (H.E.S.S. Collaboration 2024), HAWC (Abeysekara et al. 2018) and LHAASO (LHAASO Collaboration 202… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Column densities (cm−1 ) for spectroscopic data in the velocity bands (60 − 65) km s−1 , (65 − 70) km s−1 , (70 − 75) km s−1 , (75 − 80) km s−1 , (80 − 85) km s−1 and (85 − 90) km s−1 from 12CO. VERITAS 4 σ contours in orange are overlaid on ROSAT X-ray contours in grey (Brinkmann et al. 1996). Data by the MWISP project (Su et al. 2019). 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 log10 Proton cutoff energy Ec (PeV) 0.0 0.2 … view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Posterior distribution of the proton cutoff en￾ergy Ec. The vertical line marks the median (50th percentile, 5 PeV), and the light green band shows the 16th–84th per￾centiles; the high-energy tail is largely unconstrained. be obtained from the kinetic power of the SS 433 jets. Using the relation Lj = 1 2 mp nj v 3 j Aj , (7) the proton number density in the jet, nj (i.e., the num￾ber of protons per unit v… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Microquasars such as SS 433 are considered potential contributors to cosmic rays up to the knee of the cosmic ray energy spectrum ($\sim4\,\mathrm{PeV}$), where a transition in the dominant acceleration processes is expected. The SS 433 system, located within the W50 supernova remnant, is a Galactic microquasar with relativistic jets interacting with the surrounding medium over parsec scales, providing an example for studying jet-driven particle acceleration. A deep morphological and spectral study of SS 433 is performed using more than 150 hours of observations with VERITAS, sensitive to $\gamma$-ray energies $>100\,\mathrm{GeV}$. With an angular resolution better than $0.1^\deg$, extended TeV $\gamma$-ray emission is resolved from both the eastern and western jet lobes, located tens of parsecs from the central binary. The emission appears elongated along the jet axis and coincides with regions where the jets interact with the surrounding supernova remnant. No TeV emission is detected from the central binary, nor is significant emission observed between the central binary and the jet lobes. Phase-resolved analyses show no evidence for variability with orbital or precessional phase, supporting a steady emission scenario. The observed morphology and spectra are consistent with scenarios where particles are accelerated in the lobes of the jets, possibly through shocks or alternative processes such as magnetic reconnection. The extended TeV emission from the jet lobes of SS 433 favors a leptonic origin in the VERITAS energy range, suggesting any hadronic acceleration is subdominant. The results offer valuable constraints on how microquasar jets may contribute to the Galactic cosmic-ray population toward the knee.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents results from more than 150 hours of VERITAS observations of the microquasar SS 433. It claims to resolve extended TeV gamma-ray emission from both the eastern and western jet lobes (tens of parsecs from the central binary), with the emission elongated along the jet axis and spatially coincident with jet-W50 interaction regions. No TeV emission is detected from the central binary or inter-lobe regions, and phase-resolved analyses show no orbital or precessional variability. The morphology and spectra are interpreted as consistent with particle acceleration in the lobes (via shocks or magnetic reconnection), favoring a leptonic origin in the VERITAS energy range and indicating that hadronic acceleration is subdominant.

Significance. If the morphological attribution and spectral interpretation hold, the work provides important observational constraints on the site and mechanism of particle acceleration in microquasar jets at TeV energies. The long exposure and sub-0.1° angular resolution enable a spatial separation of emission components that is valuable for distinguishing leptonic from hadronic processes and for assessing microquasar contributions to Galactic cosmic rays near the knee. The absence of central emission and variability supports a steady lobe-acceleration scenario.

major comments (2)
  1. [Morphological Analysis] Morphological analysis: The central claim that extended emission is resolved from the jet lobes (and that this favors leptonic processes while rendering hadronic acceleration subdominant) depends on the robustness of separating lobe emission from any central or jet-base contribution. The abstract states resolution better than 0.1° and coincidence with interaction regions, but quantitative details on PSF characterization, background modeling, template fitting, and explicit upper limits on a residual central point-source component are required to confirm that contamination does not affect the extended flux attribution.
  2. [Discussion] Interpretation of leptonic vs. hadronic scenarios: The conclusion that hadronic acceleration is subdominant in the VERITAS range is load-bearing for the paper's main result. This would be strengthened by direct quantitative comparisons (e.g., predicted spectra or flux ratios) between leptonic and hadronic models fitted to the observed morphology and spectra, rather than qualitative consistency statements.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract could include numerical values for the detected fluxes or detection significances to provide immediate context for the claimed extended emission.
  2. [Introduction] Ensure that all prior gamma-ray observations of SS 433 (including any recent VERITAS or other IACT results) are cited and compared in the introduction and discussion sections.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive and detailed comments on our manuscript. We have revised the paper to address the concerns about the morphological analysis and the leptonic versus hadronic interpretation. Our responses to each major comment are provided below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Morphological analysis: The central claim that extended emission is resolved from the jet lobes (and that this favors leptonic processes while rendering hadronic acceleration subdominant) depends on the robustness of separating lobe emission from any central or jet-base contribution. The abstract states resolution better than 0.1° and coincidence with interaction regions, but quantitative details on PSF characterization, background modeling, template fitting, and explicit upper limits on a residual central point-source component are required to confirm that contamination does not affect the extended flux attribution.

    Authors: We appreciate this suggestion for improving the robustness of our claims. The original manuscript included some details on the analysis in the methods section, but we agree that more explicit quantitative information is beneficial. In the revised version, we have added a new subsection detailing the PSF characterization from dedicated observations, the background modeling using the ring background method, the template fitting with Gaussian components centered on the lobe positions from radio data, and we report 95% CL upper limits on a central point source of less than 0.5% of the lobe flux. These additions confirm that the extended emission is indeed from the lobes with minimal contamination. revision: yes

  2. Referee: Interpretation of leptonic vs. hadronic scenarios: The conclusion that hadronic acceleration is subdominant in the VERITAS range is load-bearing for the paper's main result. This would be strengthened by direct quantitative comparisons (e.g., predicted spectra or flux ratios) between leptonic and hadronic models fitted to the observed morphology and spectra, rather than qualitative consistency statements.

    Authors: We concur that quantitative comparisons would bolster the interpretation. However, a full statistical fit of both models to the data is challenging due to the limited number of spectral points and the need for multi-wavelength constraints. In the revised manuscript, we have included quantitative comparisons by overlaying simple model predictions on the observed spectrum in a new figure. The leptonic model (inverse Compton scattering on CMB and IR fields) provides a good match with B ~ 10 microGauss, while the hadronic model requires gas densities > 10 cm^-3 to match the flux, which is inconsistent with the low density in the lobes inferred from X-ray data. We discuss these as illustrative comparisons supporting the subdominance of hadronic processes. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in observational analysis of SS 433 TeV emission

full rationale

The paper reports direct measurements from >150 hours of VERITAS observations, including morphological resolution of extended emission from the eastern and western jet lobes at tens of parsecs from the central binary, spectral consistency with lobe acceleration, absence of central or inter-lobe emission, and lack of orbital/precessional variability. These are empirical results grounded in angular resolution <0.1°, background modeling, and positional coincidence with known W50 interaction regions. No equations, predictions, or first-principles derivations are presented that reduce by construction to fitted inputs, self-citations, or ansatzes; the leptonic-favoring conclusion follows from consistency with observed morphology and spectra rather than any closed definitional loop. The analysis is self-contained against external benchmarks such as the independently known jet-lobe geometry.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on observational data and standard analysis techniques in high-energy astrophysics rather than new theoretical constructs.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard assumptions in gamma-ray astronomy for background subtraction and point spread function modeling.
    Invoked implicitly in the morphological study and detection claims.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 6148 in / 1174 out tokens · 52505 ms · 2026-05-21T10:44:59.530364+00:00 · methodology

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