pith. sign in

arxiv: 2604.07637 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-08 · ⚛️ physics.optics

Quantum Frequency Resolved Optical Gating of Few-Cycle Squeezed Vacuum

Thomas Zacharias , Elina Sendonaris , Robert Gray , James Williams , Ryoto Sekine , Maximilian Shen , Selina Zhou , Alireza Marandi This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 16:59 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics
keywords quantum opticsultrafast opticssqueezed vacuumfrequency-resolved optical gatingnanophotonicsquantum pulse characterizationmultimode squeezingfew-cycle pulses
0
0 comments X

The pith

Quantum FROG recovers the full temporal structure and squeezing of few-cycle vacuum states across more than 100 THz bandwidth.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that frequency-resolved optical gating can be extended to the quantum domain to characterize ultrashort squeezed vacuum pulses completely. It does this by showing how the adapted technique recovers complex temporal modes together with sub-cycle quadrature covariances for Gaussian states in the near-infrared. This matters for ultrafast quantum optics because prior methods could not access temporal details across the huge bandwidths available in that spectral range. The experimental demonstration on nanophotonic-chip-generated states reaches multimode squeezing near 7 dB while confirming measurement bandwidths above 100 THz.

Core claim

A quantum version of frequency-resolved optical gating measures complex temporal modes and sub-optical-cycle quadrature covariances in the near-infrared, enabling complete characterization of microscopic Gaussian states. Applied to multimode ultrafast squeezed vacuum generated on a nanophotonic chip, it reports quadrature correlations, complex temporal modes, and squeezing levels approaching 7 dB, with FROG-based bandwidths exceeding 100 THz.

What carries the argument

Quantum frequency-resolved optical gating, which adapts classical FROG to reconstruct the full complex temporal mode and quadrature covariances of squeezed vacuum states from measured spectrograms.

If this is right

  • Ultrashort quantum pulses can be fully characterized on femtosecond timescales in the near-infrared without bandwidth restrictions.
  • Multimode squeezing in nanophotonic devices becomes accessible for direct experimental verification.
  • Complete Gaussian-state tomography at terahertz-scale bandwidths becomes practical for quantum-enhanced sensing and imaging.
  • Sub-optical-cycle quadrature correlations can be mapped directly for states generated by parametric processes.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same reconstruction pipeline could be tested on non-Gaussian states to check whether higher-order correlations survive the FROG inversion.
  • Integration with on-chip detection might allow real-time feedback control of pulse shaping in quantum photonic circuits.
  • Extension to visible wavelengths would require only changes in nonlinear crystal phase-matching while preserving the core reconstruction.

Load-bearing premise

The quantum FROG reconstruction accurately recovers the full complex temporal mode and quadrature covariances of the squeezed vacuum without requiring additional assumptions about state purity or unaccounted-for losses in the detection chain.

What would settle it

An independent measurement of a known few-cycle squeezed vacuum state whose temporal mode shape and quadrature squeezing level are verified by a separate narrowband homodyne technique, showing that the quantum-FROG reconstruction yields mismatched mode functions or covariance values.

read the original abstract

Offering terahertz of bandwidths and femtosecond timescales, ultrafast optics is enabling both the study of fundamental quantum optical phenomena and the advancement of quantum-enhanced applications. However, unlocking the full potential of ultrafast quantum optics requires accessing the temporal characteristics of ultrashort quantum pulses across ultrabroad bandwidths. This is particularly important in the near-infrared and visible range of the optical spectrum, which, unlike the terahertz and long-wave infrared, has remained beyond the reach of current techniques. Here, we break this barrier by translating frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG), a widely used technique for ultrafast classical pulse characterization, to the quantum regime. We show how such a quantum FROG can measure complex temporal modes and sub-optical-cycle quadrature covariances in the near-infrared, enabling complete characterization of microscopic Gaussian states. We experimentally use the quantum-FROG to report the measurement of quadrature correlations, complex temporal modes, and squeezing levels of multimode ultrafast squeezed vacuum states generated on a nanophotonic chip. We access multimode squeezing levels of a femtosecond quantum pulse approaching 7 dB and demonstrate FROG-based measurement bandwidths exceeding 100 THz. Quantum FROG enables measurement of previously inaccessible quantum features of ultrashort pulses at the sub-optical-cycle regime and highlights a practical path to accessing terahertz of bandwidths in quantum optics for applications in computing, sensing, and imaging.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript introduces a quantum extension of frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) to characterize ultrafast squeezed vacuum states generated on a nanophotonic chip. It claims to measure complex temporal modes, sub-optical-cycle quadrature covariances, and multimode squeezing levels approaching 7 dB, while demonstrating FROG-based measurement bandwidths exceeding 100 THz in the near-infrared.

Significance. If the reconstruction is shown to be robust, this would represent a practical advance in ultrafast quantum optics by enabling full characterization of broadband Gaussian quantum states at femtosecond timescales, with potential impact on quantum sensing, imaging, and computing. The nanophotonic platform adds value for integration, and extending classical FROG to quantum correlations is a conceptually sound translation if the inversion from spectrograms to covariance matrices holds without hidden biases.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract and experimental claims: The reported multimode squeezing levels approaching 7 dB and bandwidths exceeding 100 THz are load-bearing for the central result, yet the text provides no error bars, no quantitative validation of the quantum FROG reconstruction against known states or simulations, and no details on the iterative algorithm mapping photon statistics to the Gaussian covariance matrix. This leaves open whether the inversion accurately recovers quadrature correlations without systematic distortion.
  2. [Experimental Methods] Reconstruction and detection: The central claim that quantum FROG recovers the full complex temporal mode and quadrature covariances requires that unaccounted losses in the detection chain and deviations from assumed state purity do not bias the result. No loss budget, calibration data, or sensitivity analysis to mixedness is described, which is critical because even modest uncalibrated losses can inflate apparent squeezing in vacuum states.
minor comments (1)
  1. Clarify in the main text how the 100 THz bandwidth translates to sub-optical-cycle temporal resolution in the covariance reconstruction, including any assumptions on the pulse envelope or sampling.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading and constructive feedback. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to strengthen the supporting evidence for our claims.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract and experimental claims: The reported multimode squeezing levels approaching 7 dB and bandwidths exceeding 100 THz are load-bearing for the central result, yet the text provides no error bars, no quantitative validation of the quantum FROG reconstruction against known states or simulations, and no details on the iterative algorithm mapping photon statistics to the Gaussian covariance matrix. This leaves open whether the inversion accurately recovers quadrature correlations without systematic distortion.

    Authors: We agree that error bars, validation against known states, and explicit algorithmic details are necessary to substantiate the central claims. In the revised manuscript we have added error bars to all reported squeezing levels and bandwidth values. We have also expanded the Methods section with a full description of the iterative algorithm that maps measured photon statistics to the Gaussian covariance matrix, and we include new simulations that quantitatively compare reconstructed states to known input states, confirming accurate recovery of quadrature correlations without systematic distortion. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Experimental Methods] Reconstruction and detection: The central claim that quantum FROG recovers the full complex temporal mode and quadrature covariances requires that unaccounted losses in the detection chain and deviations from assumed state purity do not bias the result. No loss budget, calibration data, or sensitivity analysis to mixedness is described, which is critical because even modest uncalibrated losses can inflate apparent squeezing in vacuum states.

    Authors: We acknowledge the importance of a transparent loss budget and mixedness analysis. The revised manuscript now contains a detailed loss budget together with calibration data for the detection chain. We have additionally performed and reported a sensitivity analysis to state mixedness, which shows that the extracted squeezing levels remain robust and are not materially inflated by plausible unaccounted losses within the experimental uncertainties. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in experimental measurement claims

full rationale

The paper presents an experimental technique (quantum FROG) applied to characterize multimode squeezed vacuum states generated on a nanophotonic chip. Claims of measuring quadrature correlations, complex temporal modes, squeezing levels (~7 dB), and >100 THz bandwidths are framed as direct experimental outputs from the method, not as derivations or predictions that reduce to the same data by construction. No equations, self-citations as load-bearing uniqueness theorems, or fitted-input-as-prediction patterns appear in the abstract or description. The reader's assessment of no obvious circularity is consistent; skeptic concerns address reconstruction assumptions (purity, losses) rather than logical circularity. The derivation chain is self-contained as an independent experimental protocol.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Because only the abstract is available, the ledger is necessarily incomplete; the central claim appears to rest on standard assumptions of Gaussian quantum optics and the validity of the FROG reconstruction algorithm, but no explicit free parameters or invented entities are stated.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5574 in / 1223 out tokens · 36435 ms · 2026-05-10T16:59:43.143173+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

59 extracted references · 59 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Science350(6259), 420–423 (2015) 9

    Riek, C., Seletskiy, D.V., Moskalenko, A.S., Schmidt, J., Krauspe, P., Eckart, S., Eggert, S., Burkard, G., Leitenstorfer, A.: Direct sampling of electric-field vacuum fluctuations. Science350(6259), 420–423 (2015) 9

    work page 2015

  2. [2]

    Nature541(7637), 376–379 (2017)

    Riek, C., Sulzer, P., Seeger, M., Moskalenko, A.S., Burkard, G., Seletskiy, D.V., Leitenstorfer, A. Nature541(7637), 376–379 (2017)

    work page 2017

  3. [3]

    Nature568(7751), 202–206 (2019)

    Benea-Chelmus, I.-C., Settembrini, F.F., Scalari, G., Faist, J.: Electric field cor- relation measurements on the electromagnetic vacuum state. Nature568(7751), 202–206 (2019)

    work page 2019

  4. [4]

    Science387(6734), 653–658 (2025)

    Herman, D.I., Walsh, M., Kreider, M.K., Lordi, N., Tsao, E.J., Lind, A.J., Heyrich, M., Combes, J., Genest, J., Diddams, S.A.: Squeezed dual-comb spectroscopy. Science387(6734), 653–658 (2025)

    work page 2025

  5. [5]

    Nature594(7862), 201–206 (2021)

    Casacio, C.A., Madsen, L.S., Terrasson, A., Waleed, M., Barnscheidt, K., Hage, B., Taylor, M.A., Bowen, W.P. Nature594(7862), 201–206 (2021)

    work page 2021

  6. [6]

    Nature629(8011), 329–334 (2024)

    Siday, T., Hayes, J., Schiegl, F., Sandner, F., Menden, P., Bergbauer, V., Zizlsperger, M., Nerreter, S., Lingl, S., Repp, J.,et al.: All-optical subcycle microscopy on atomic length scales. Nature629(8011), 329–334 (2024)

    work page 2024

  7. [7]

    Nature Physics20(12), 1960–1965 (2024)

    Rasputnyi, A., Chen, Z., Birk, M., Cohen, O., Kaminer, I., Kr¨ uger, M., Selet- skiy, D., Chekhova, M., Tani, F.: High-harmonic generation by a bright squeezed vacuum. Nature Physics20(12), 1960–1965 (2024)

    work page 1960

  8. [8]

    Nature521(7551), 200–203 (2015)

    Feist, A., Echternkamp, K.E., Schauss, J., Yalunin, S.V., Sch¨ afer, S., Ropers, C.: Quantum coherent optical phase modulation in an ultrafast transmission electron microscope. Nature521(7551), 200–203 (2015)

    work page 2015

  9. [9]

    Nature Photonics15(2), 143–147 (2021)

    Peller, D., Roelcke, C., Kastner, L.Z., Buchner, T., Neef, A., Hayes, J., Bonaf´ e, F., Sidler, D., Ruggenthaler, M., Rubio, A.,et al.: Quantitative sampling of atomic- scale electromagnetic waveforms. Nature Photonics15(2), 143–147 (2021)

    work page 2021

  10. [10]

    Nature, 1–8 (2025)

    Jia, X., Zhai, C., Zhu, X., You, C., Cao, Y., Zhang, X., Zheng, Y., Fu, Z., Mao, J., Dai, T., et al.: Continuous-variable multipartite entanglement in an integrated microcomb. Nature, 1–8 (2025)

    work page 2025

  11. [11]

    Nature Photonics 8(2), 109–112 (2014)

    Roslund, J., De Araujo, R.M., Jiang, S., Fabre, C., Treps, N. Nature Photonics 8(2), 109–112 (2014)

    work page 2014

  12. [12]

    Nature Photonics19(3), 271–276 (2025)

    Kawasaki, A., Brunel, H., Ide, R., Suzuki, T., Kashiwazaki, T., Inoue, A., Umeki, T., Yamashima, T., Sakaguchi, A., Takase, K.,et al.: Real-time observation of picosecond-timescale optical quantum entanglement towards ultrafast quantum information processing. Nature Photonics19(3), 271–276 (2025)

    work page 2025

  13. [13]

    Nature Photonics, 1–7 (2025)

    Roh, C., Gwak, G., Yoon, Y.-D., Ra, Y.-S.: Generation of three-dimensional cluster entangled state. Nature Photonics, 1–7 (2025)

    work page 2025

  14. [14]

    Nature Photonics, 10 1–7 (2025)

    Gwak, G., Roh, C., Yoon, Y.-D., Kim, M., Ra, Y.-S.: Completely characterizing multimode second-order nonlinear optical quantum processes. Nature Photonics, 10 1–7 (2025)

    work page 2025

  15. [15]

    Nature Physics16(2), 144–147 (2020)

    Ra, Y.-S., Dufour, A., Walschaers, M., Jacquard, C., Michel, T., Fabre, C., Treps, N.: Non-gaussian quantum states of a multimode light field. Nature Physics16(2), 144–147 (2020)

    work page 2020

  16. [16]

    Nature communications8(1), 15645 (2017)

    Cai, Y., Roslund, J., Ferrini, G., Arzani, F., Xu, X., Fabre, C., Treps, N.: Multi- mode entanglement in reconfigurable graph states using optical frequency combs. Nature communications8(1), 15645 (2017)

    work page 2017

  17. [17]

    Physical review letters108(8), 083601 (2012)

    Pinel, O., Jian, P., De Araujo, R.M., Feng, J., Chalopin, B., Fabre, C., Treps, N.: Generation and characterization of multimode quantum frequency combs. Physical review letters108(8), 083601 (2012)

    work page 2012

  18. [18]

    Physical review letters112(12), 120505 (2014)

    Chen, M., Menicucci, N.C., Pfister, O.: Experimental realization of multipartite entanglement of 60 modes of a quantum optical frequency comb. Physical review letters112(12), 120505 (2014)

    work page 2014

  19. [19]

    Nature Photonics9(8), 536–542 (2015)

    Xie, Z., Zhong, T., Shrestha, S., Xu, X., Liang, J., Gong, Y.-X., Bienfang, J.C., Restelli, A., Shapiro, J.H., Wong, F.N.,et al.: Harnessing high-dimensional hyperentanglement through a biphoton frequency comb. Nature Photonics9(8), 536–542 (2015)

    work page 2015

  20. [20]

    Science377(6612), 1333–1337 (2022)

    Nehra, R., Sekine, R., Ledezma, L., Guo, Q., Gray, R.M., Roy, A., Marandi, A. Science377(6612), 1333–1337 (2022)

    work page 2022

  21. [21]

    Optica9(4), 379–390 (2022)

    Yanagimoto, R., Ng, E., Yamamura, A., Onodera, T., Wright, L.G., Jankowski, M., Fejer, M., McMahon, P.L., Mabuchi, H.: Onset of non-gaussian quantum physics in pulsed squeezing with mesoscopic fields. Optica9(4), 379–390 (2022)

    work page 2022

  22. [22]

    Nature Photonics, 1–8 (2026)

    Paparelle, I., Henaff, J., Garcia-Beni, J., Gillet, E., Montesinos, D., Giorgi, G.L., Soriano, M.C., Zambrini, R., Parigi, V.: Experimental memory control in continuous-variable optical quantum reservoir computing. Nature Photonics, 1–8 (2026)

    work page 2026

  23. [23]

    Physical Review Research6(4), 043113 (2024)

    Roman-Rodriguez, V., Fainsin, D., Zanin, G.L., Treps, N., Diamanti, E., Parigi, V.: Multimode squeezed state for reconfigurable quantum networks at telecom- munication wavelengths. Physical Review Research6(4), 043113 (2024)

    work page 2024

  24. [24]

    Kalash, U.-N

    Kalash, M., Han, U.-N., Ra, Y.-S., Chekhova, M.V.: Efficient detection of spec- trally multimode squeezed light through optical parametric amplification. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.04502 (2025)

    work page arXiv 2025

  25. [25]

    Optics Express33(3), 5577–5586 (2025) 11

    Serino, L., Eigner, C., Brecht, B., Silberhorn, C.: Programmable time-frequency mode-sorting of single photons with a multi-output quantum pulse gate. Optics Express33(3), 5577–5586 (2025) 11

    work page 2025

  26. [26]

    Physical review letters109(5), 053602 (2012)

    Polycarpou, C., Cassemiro, K., Venturi, G., Zavatta, A., Bellini, M.: Adaptive detection of arbitrarily shaped ultrashort quantum light states. Physical review letters109(5), 053602 (2012)

    work page 2012

  27. [27]

    Physical Review Letters124(21), 213603 (2020)

    Huo, N., Liu, Y., Li, J., Cui, L., Chen, X., Palivela, R., Xie, T., Li, X., Ou, Z.: Direct temporal mode measurement for the characterization of temporally multi- plexed high dimensional quantum entanglement in continuous variables. Physical Review Letters124(21), 213603 (2020)

    work page 2020

  28. [28]

    Physical Review A89(5), 053828 (2014)

    Ara´ ujo, R., Roslund, J., Cai, Y., Ferrini, G., Fabre, C., Treps, N.: Full character- ization of a highly multimode entangled state embedded in an optical frequency comb using pulse shaping. Physical Review A89(5), 053828 (2014)

    work page 2014

  29. [29]

    Quantum Science and Technology (2025)

    Serino, L., Rambach, M., Brecht, B., Romero, J., Silberhorn, C.: Self-guided tomography of time-frequency qudits. Quantum Science and Technology (2025)

    work page 2025

  30. [30]

    Optica12(4), 546–563 (2025)

    Benea-Chelmus, I.-C., Faist, J., Leitenstorfer, A., Moskalenko, A.S., Pupeza, I., Seletskiy, D.V., Vodopyanov, K.L.: Electro-optic sampling of classical and quantum light. Optica12(4), 546–563 (2025)

    work page 2025

  31. [31]

    Springer (2000)

    Trebino, R. Springer (2000)

    work page 2000

  32. [32]

    IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics29(2), 571–579 (2002)

    Kane, D.J., Trebino, R.: Characterization of arbitrary femtosecond pulses using frequency-resolved optical gating. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics29(2), 571–579 (2002)

    work page 2002

  33. [33]

    Optics letters 27(13), 1174–1176 (2002)

    Gu, X., Xu, L., Kimmel, M., Zeek, E., O’Shea, P., Shreenath, A.P., Trebino, R., Windeler, R.S.: Frequency-resolved optical gating and single-shot spectral mea- surements reveal fine structure in microstructure-fiber continuum. Optics letters 27(13), 1174–1176 (2002)

    work page 2002

  34. [34]

    Optics letters 23(18), 1474–1476 (1998)

    Baltuˇ ska, A., Pshenichnikov, M.S., Wiersma, D.A.: Amplitude and phase char- acterization of 4.5-fs pulses by frequency-resolved optical gating. Optics letters 23(18), 1474–1476 (1998)

    work page 1998

  35. [35]

    Science 334(6053), 195–200 (2011)

    Wirth, A., Hassan, M.T., Grguraˇ s, I., Gagnon, J., Moulet, A., Luu, T.T., Pabst, S., Santra, R., Alahmed, Z., Azzeer, A.,et al.: Synthesized light transients. Science 334(6053), 195–200 (2011)

    work page 2011

  36. [36]

    Optics Express11(6), 601–609 (2003)

    Zhang, J.-y., Shreenath, A.P., Kimmel, M., Zeek, E., Trebino, R., Link, S.: Mea- surement of the intensity and phase of attojoule femtosecond light pulses using optical-parametric-amplification cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gat- ing. Optics Express11(6), 601–609 (2003)

    work page 2003

  37. [37]

    Optics letters21(12), 884–886 (1996) 12

    Fittinghoff, D.N., Bowie, J.L., Sweetser, J.N., Jennings, R.T., Krumb¨ ugel, M.A., DeLong, K.W., Trebino, R., Walmsley, I.A.: Measurement of the intensity and phase of ultraweak, ultrashort laser pulses. Optics letters21(12), 884–886 (1996) 12

    work page 1996

  38. [38]

    Physical Review A: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics71(1), 011401 (2005)

    Mairesse, Y., Qu´ er´ e, F.: Frequency-resolved optical gating for complete recon- struction of attosecond bursts. Physical Review A: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics71(1), 011401 (2005)

    work page 2005

  39. [39]

    Optica Quantum 2(6), 468–474 (2024)

    Eto, Y., Nuriya, M., Kano, H.: Quantum frequency-resolved optical gating mea- surement for ultranarrow temporal correlation of twin beams. Optica Quantum 2(6), 468–474 (2024)

    work page 2024

  40. [40]

    Physical Review A100(3), 033834 (2019)

    MacLean, J.-P.W., Schwarz, S., Resch, K.J.: Reconstructing ultrafast energy- time-entangled two-photon pulses. Physical Review A100(3), 033834 (2019)

    work page 2019

  41. [41]

    Optica7(10), 1317–1322 (2020)

    Davis, A.O., Thiel, V., Smith, B.J.: Measuring the quantum state of a photon pair entangled in frequency and time. Optica7(10), 1317–1322 (2020)

    work page 2020

  42. [42]

    Nature communications9(1), 609 (2018)

    Shaked, Y., Michael, Y., Vered, R.Z., Bello, L., Rosenbluh, M., Pe’er, A.: Lift- ing the bandwidth limit of optical homodyne measurement with broadband parametric amplification. Nature communications9(1), 609 (2018)

    work page 2018

  43. [43]

    Optics Express28(23), 34916–34926 (2020)

    Takanashi, N., Inoue, A., Kashiwazaki, T., Kazama, T., Enbutsu, K., Kasahara, R., Umeki, T., Furusawa, A.: All-optical phase-sensitive detection for ultra-fast quantum computation. Optics Express28(23), 34916–34926 (2020)

    work page 2020

  44. [44]

    Physical Review A—Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics73(6), 063819 (2006)

    Wasilewski, W., Lvovsky, A.I., Banaszek, K., Radzewicz, C.: Pulsed squeezed light: Simultaneous squeezing of multiple modes. Physical Review A—Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics73(6), 063819 (2006)

    work page 2006

  45. [45]

    arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.15381 (2025)

    Gray, R.M., Sekine, R., Shen, M., Zacharias, T., Williams, J., Zhou, S., Chawlani, R., Ledezma, L., Englebert, N., Marandi, A.: Two-optical-cycle pulses from nanophotonic two-color soliton compression. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.15381 (2025)

    work page arXiv 2025

  46. [46]

    Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics53(19), 194001 (2020)

    Witting, T., Furch, F.J., Kornilov, O., Osolodkov, M., Schulz, C.P., Vrakking, M.J.: Retrieval of attosecond pulse ensembles from streaking experiments using mixed state time-domain ptychography. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics53(19), 194001 (2020)

    work page 2020

  47. [47]

    Optics Letters49(13), 3741–3744 (2024)

    Zeng, Y., He, Z., Guo, X., Zhu, G., Zhu, X.: Deep learning reconstruction algo- rithm for frequency-resolved optical gating. Optics Letters49(13), 3741–3744 (2024)

    work page 2024

  48. [48]

    arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.11152 (2025)

    Zacharias, T., Gray, R., Sekine, R., Williams, J., Zhou, S., Marandi, A.: Energy-efficient ultrashort-pulse characterization using nanophotonic parametric amplification. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.11152 (2025)

    work page arXiv 2025

  49. [49]

    Laser & Photonics Reviews17(12), 2201017 13 (2023)

    Yu, H., Lun, Y., Lin, J., Li, Y., Huang, X., Liu, B., Wu, W., Wang, C., Cheng, Y., Li, Z.-y.,et al.: Frequency-resolved optical gating in transverse geometry for on-chip optical pulse diagnostics. Laser & Photonics Reviews17(12), 2201017 13 (2023)

    work page 2023

  50. [50]

    Optics letters18(10), 823–825 (1993)

    Kane, D.J., Trebino, R.: Single-shot measurement of the intensity and phase of an arbitrary ultrashort pulse by using frequency-resolved optical gating. Optics letters18(10), 823–825 (1993)

    work page 1993

  51. [51]

    Optics Express12(4), 574–581 (2004)

    Zhang, J.-Y., Lee, C.-K., Huang, J.Y., Pan, C.-L.: Sub femto-joule sensitive single-shot opa-xfrog and its application in study of white-light supercontinuum generation. Optics Express12(4), 574–581 (2004)

    work page 2004

  52. [52]

    Physical Review A97(3), 033808 (2018)

    Arzani, F., Fabre, C., Treps, N.: Versatile engineering of multimode squeezed states by optimizing the pump spectral profile in spontaneous parametric down- conversion. Physical Review A97(3), 033808 (2018)

    work page 2018

  53. [53]

    Optics Express 31(12), 20387–20397 (2023)

    Hurvitz, I., Karnieli, A., Arie, A.: Frequency-domain engineering of bright squeezed vacuum for continuous-variable quantum information. Optics Express 31(12), 20387–20397 (2023)

    work page 2023

  54. [54]

    Physical Review A: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics85(2), 023815 (2012)

    Ou, Z.: Enhancement of the phase-measurement sensitivity beyond the stan- dard quantum limit by a nonlinear interferometer. Physical Review A: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics85(2), 023815 (2012)

    work page 2012

  55. [55]

    Optics Letters44(12), 3142–3145 (2019)

    Escoto, E., Jafari, R., Trebino, R., Steinmeyer, G.: Retrieving the coherent artifact in frequency-resolved optical gating. Optics Letters44(12), 3142–3145 (2019)

    work page 2019

  56. [56]

    Laser & Photonics Reviews7(4), 557–565 (2013)

    Rhodes, M., Steinmeyer, G., Ratner, J., Trebino, R.: Pulse-shape instabilities and their measurement. Laser & Photonics Reviews7(4), 557–565 (2013)

    work page 2013

  57. [57]

    Optics Express25(26), 33007–33017 (2017)

    Haham, G.I., Sidorenko, P., Lahav, O., Cohen, O.: Multiplexed frog. Optics Express25(26), 33007–33017 (2017)

    work page 2017

  58. [58]

    Nature communications6(1), 6465 (2015)

    Bourassin-Bouchet, C., Couprie, M.-E.: Partially coherent ultrafast spectrogra- phy. Nature communications6(1), 6465 (2015)

    work page 2015

  59. [59]

    Williams, J., Sendonaris, E., Nehra, R., Gray, R.M., Sekine, R., Ledezma, L., Marandi, A.: Ultrafast all-optical measurement of squeezed vacuum in a lithium niobate nanophotonic circuit. Physical Review Research7(4), 043006 (2025) 14 Methods Multimode retrieval algorithm The classical SFG-XFROG uses a 2D phase retrieval algorithm to recover the complex pu...

    work page 2025