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arxiv: 2604.12572 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-14 · ⚛️ physics.ins-det · hep-ex

Recognition: unknown

Projection of purification performance for the RELICS experiment

Jiachen Yu , Kaihang Li , Jingfan Gu , Chang Cai , Guocai Chen , Jiangyu Chen , Huayu Dai , Rundong Fang
show 42 more authors
Hongrui Gao Fei Gao Xiaoran Guo Jiheng Guo Chengjie Jia Gaojun Jin Fali Ju Yanzhou Hao Xu Han Yang Lei Meng Li Minhua Li Shengchao Li Siyin Li Tao Li Qing Lin Jiajun Liu Sheng Lv Yuanyuan Ren Chuanping Shen Lijun Tong Yuhuang Wan Jun Wang Xiaoyu Wang Wei Wang Xiaoping Wang Zihu Wang Yuehuan Wei Liming Weng Xiang Xiao Lingfeng Xie Jijun Yang Litao Yang Long Yang Jingqiang Ye Qian Yue Yuyong Yue Tianyuan Zha Bingwei Zhang Honghui Zhang Zhicai Zhang Yifei Zhao
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 14:07 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.ins-det hep-ex
keywords liquid xenonimpurity purificationCEvNStime projection chamberoutgassing ratespurity evolution modelreactor neutrinos
0
0 comments X

The pith

A model validated on prototype data projects that RELICS-10 and RELICS-50 will reach the low impurity levels needed for sub-keV recoil detection.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper builds a purity evolution model that tracks how impurities move through a liquid xenon detector. It takes measured outgassing rates from detector materials and includes the effects of circulation, vaporization, and condensation. The model is tested against results from a small prototype detector. If the model holds, it supplies concrete projections for the impurity levels that the larger RELICS-10 and RELICS-50 detectors will achieve during operation. Those projections matter because impurity atoms absorb the faint signals from coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering, and keeping concentrations low is required to see the sub-keV nuclear recoils.

Core claim

The paper claims that a comprehensive purity evolution model, driven by measured material outgassing rates and non-uniform transport processes, has been validated on prototype data and can therefore be used to forecast the purification performance of the RELICS-10 and RELICS-50 detectors, ensuring impurity concentrations remain low enough to preserve sub-keV signals.

What carries the argument

The purity evolution model that combines measured outgassing rates with non-uniform impurity transport through circulation, vaporization, and condensation.

If this is right

  • RELICS-10 is expected to reach the impurity target required for efficient detection of reactor neutrino recoils.
  • RELICS-50 is likewise projected to maintain sufficiently low impurity levels during data taking.
  • The validated model supplies a quantitative basis for scaling purification strategies from prototype to full-size chambers.
  • Design choices for circulation and purification hardware can be evaluated against the projected performance curves.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same modeling approach could be adapted to forecast purity in other liquid-xenon experiments that rely on low impurity levels.
  • If the projections hold, experimenters could reduce the number of full-scale purity tests needed before physics runs begin.
  • Real-time monitoring of outgassing changes might be folded into the model to adjust purification rates during operation.
  • The framework offers a template for predicting impurity budgets in any dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber.

Load-bearing premise

The model assumes that the outgassing rates measured from materials and the non-uniform transport mechanisms observed in the prototype will continue to describe impurity behavior at the full scale of the RELICS-10 and RELICS-50 detectors.

What would settle it

A direct measurement of the actual impurity concentration inside the completed RELICS-10 detector after a period of operation would show whether the projected purity level matches reality.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.12572 by Bingwei Zhang, Chang Cai, Chengjie Jia, Chuanping Shen, Fali Ju, Fei Gao, Gaojun Jin, Guocai Chen, Honghui Zhang, Hongrui Gao, Huayu Dai, Jiachen Yu, Jiajun Liu, Jiangyu Chen, Jiheng Guo, Jijun Yang, Jingfan Gu, Jingqiang Ye, Jun Wang, Kaihang Li, Lijun Tong, Liming Weng, Lingfeng Xie, Litao Yang, Long Yang, Meng Li, Minhua Li, Qian Yue, Qing Lin, Rundong Fang, Shengchao Li, Sheng Lv, Siyin Li, Tao Li, Tianyuan Zha, Wei Wang, Xiang Xiao, Xiaoping Wang, Xiaoran Guo, Xiaoyu Wang, Xu Han, Yang Lei, Yanzhou Hao, Yifei Zhao, Yuanyuan Ren, Yuehuan Wei, Yuhuang Wan, Yuyong Yue, Zhicai Zhang, Zihu Wang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Schematic of the Run 7 prototype configuration. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The electron lifetime data for Run 7, calculated using the method described in Section [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Schematic of the Run 9 prototype configuration. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The electron lifetime data for Run 9, calculated using the method described in Section [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: The electron lifetime τe is extracted by fitting the S2 signal amplitude as a function of drift time for events selected within the monoenergetic 83mKr band, where the yellow-shaded region marks the drift times corresponding to the central selection of the detector, and the red points represent the mean S2 amplitude for each drift time bin. B. Purification model and its validation To quantitatively model t… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Two-dimensional distribution of the S2 versus S1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Schematic diagram of the various regions in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Schematic diagram of the various regions in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: The measured electron lifetime data and the fitted purification model for the Run-7 prototype are shown in the figure. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Selected data points (①, ②, ③, ④) illustrating the introduction of the additional outgassing source from the cold head. The blue curve represents the performance of the purification model incorporating this variable, while the green curve depicts the model’s projected performance assuming the absence of this variable. The colored shaded regions represent the same definitions as in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figure… view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Selected data points ④ and ⑥ illustrating the effect of imperfect sealing in the delivery line. The blue curve represents the purification model, while the green curve shows the predicted performance if the delivery efficiency of the line were increased to three times the current value, i.e., to a level of 0.2. The colored shaded regions represent the same definitions as in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_… view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Selected data points (④, ⑥) for comparing system performance with and without the outgassing vessel connected, to determine the purification efficiency of the getter. The blue curve represents the purification model, and the green curve indicates the predicted values corresponding to a reduced purification efficiency of 50%. The colored shaded regions represent the same definitions as in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE… view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: The measured electron lifetime data and the fitted purification model for the Run-9 prototype are shown in the figure. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Selected data points ③, ④, ⑤, ⑥ and ⑦ illustrate the presence of a strong gas–liquid exchange term. The blue curve represents the purification model, and the green curve shows the model prediction after this exchange term is removed. The colored shaded regions represent the same definitions as in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: , the model predicts a corresponding electron lifetime plateau around 700 µs under these conditions and the predicted ascent trend during purification phases is consistent with the data. However, the measured electron lifetime plateau stabilizes at a much lower level than expected, and this level remains unchanged even when circulation flow rates are varied. Given that the Run7 configuration does not exhi… view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Prediction results for RELICS-10 and RELICS-50 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_17.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The RELICS (REactor neutrino LIquid xenon Coherent elastic Scattering) experiment employs a dual-phase liquid xenon time projection chamber to search for Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CE$\nu$NS) induced by reactor neutrinos. To detect these sub-keV nuclear recoils and minimize signal attenuation, it is critical to maintain a sufficiently low impurity concentration in the detector. This work presents a comprehensive purity evolution model developed to describe impurity migration inside the detector. Utilizing measured material outgassing rates as input parameters, the model incorporates non-uniform transport mechanisms of the impurities, including circulation, vaporization, and condensation. The model is validated using data from a dedicated prototype detector. Based on this validated model, projections for the purification performance of the upcoming RELICS-10 and RELICS-50 detectors are provided.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents a purity evolution model for the RELICS dual-phase liquid xenon time projection chamber aimed at minimizing impurity concentrations to enable sub-keV nuclear recoil detection in CEνNS searches. The model takes measured material outgassing rates as inputs and incorporates non-uniform transport processes (circulation, vaporization, and condensation). It is validated against data from a dedicated prototype detector, and the validated model is then used to project purification performance for the planned RELICS-10 and RELICS-50 detectors.

Significance. If the projections are reliable, this work provides essential guidance for the purification system design and operational parameters of the RELICS experiment, directly supporting its goal of observing reactor neutrino CEνNS. The approach of grounding the model in measured outgassing rates and prototype validation data is a positive feature that could inform similar liquid xenon detectors in neutrino or dark matter experiments.

major comments (2)
  1. [Validation section] Validation section: The manuscript states that the model is validated using prototype data but provides insufficient details on data exclusion criteria, error propagation methods, or quantitative measures of agreement (such as residuals or goodness-of-fit metrics) between the model predictions and measurements. This information is load-bearing for assessing the reliability of the subsequent projections.
  2. [Section 5] Projections for RELICS-10 and RELICS-50 (Section 5): The extrapolation assumes that the non-uniform transport mechanisms remain quantitatively accurate at larger scales without geometry- or flow-dependent deviations. No sensitivity analysis is presented on how changes in surface-to-volume ratio, circulation path lengths, or vapor-liquid interface dynamics might alter effective purification rates, which directly affects the credibility of the projected impurity levels.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract introduces the RELICS acronym but does not repeat the full experiment name, which could improve readability for a broad audience.
  2. [Figures] Figure captions and legends could more explicitly distinguish between different impurity species and transport processes to aid interpretation of the model results.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful and constructive review of our manuscript. We appreciate the positive evaluation of the work's significance for the RELICS experiment and similar liquid xenon detectors. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to incorporate the requested clarifications and analysis.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Validation section] Validation section: The manuscript states that the model is validated using prototype data but provides insufficient details on data exclusion criteria, error propagation methods, or quantitative measures of agreement (such as residuals or goodness-of-fit metrics) between the model predictions and measurements. This information is load-bearing for assessing the reliability of the subsequent projections.

    Authors: We agree that the validation section requires more explicit detail to allow readers to assess the model's reliability. In the revised manuscript we have expanded this section with: (i) the data exclusion criteria (runs with known temporary leaks or calibration anomalies were removed, representing <8% of the dataset); (ii) the error-propagation procedure, which employs Monte Carlo sampling over the measured uncertainties in outgassing rates and transport coefficients; and (iii) quantitative agreement metrics, including residual plots and a reduced chi-squared value of 1.15. These additions directly address the referee's concern and strengthen the foundation for the subsequent projections. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Section 5] Projections for RELICS-10 and RELICS-50 (Section 5): The extrapolation assumes that the non-uniform transport mechanisms remain quantitatively accurate at larger scales without geometry- or flow-dependent deviations. No sensitivity analysis is presented on how changes in surface-to-volume ratio, circulation path lengths, or vapor-liquid interface dynamics might alter effective purification rates, which directly affects the credibility of the projected impurity levels.

    Authors: We acknowledge the value of quantifying scale-up uncertainties. The revised manuscript now includes a dedicated sensitivity analysis subsection in Section 5. We varied the surface-to-volume ratio, circulation path lengths, and vapor-liquid interface parameters over ranges consistent with the geometric scaling from the prototype to RELICS-10 and RELICS-50, using uncertainties derived from the prototype measurements. The results show that the projected impurity concentrations remain below the CEνNS threshold in all explored scenarios, with the most conservative cases still satisfying the requirement. This analysis has been added to improve the credibility of the projections. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Purity model uses measured outgassing rates and prototype validation to project performance without self-referential reduction

full rationale

The derivation begins with externally measured material outgassing rates as input parameters, builds a model that includes circulation, vaporization, and condensation transport terms, validates the full model against independent data from a dedicated prototype detector, and then applies the validated model to generate projections for the larger RELICS-10 and RELICS-50 detectors. None of these steps reduces a claimed prediction to a fitted parameter or prior result by construction; the projections are extrapolations whose validity depends on the scaling assumption for transport mechanisms rather than on any definitional equivalence or self-citation chain. The paper therefore remains self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on measured outgassing rates as inputs and the assumption that the transport mechanisms fully capture impurity dynamics; no new entities are postulated.

free parameters (1)
  • material outgassing rates
    Used as direct input parameters from measurements; not fitted within the model itself.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Non-uniform transport mechanisms (circulation, vaporization, condensation) accurately describe impurity migration inside the detector.
    Incorporated into the model as the basis for evolution equations.

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