pith. sign in

arxiv: 2604.12602 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-14 · ⚛️ physics.optics · physics.plasm-ph

High intensity attosecond beamline for XUV pump XUV probe measurements with photon energies up to 150 eV

Sajjad Vardast , Alexander Muschet , N. Smijesh , Mohammad Rezaei-Pandari , Fritz Schnur , Robin Weissenbilder , Elisa Appi , Jan Lahl
show 4 more authors
Sylvain Maclot Per Eng-Johnsson Anne L'Huillier Laszlo Veisz
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 15:07 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics physics.plasm-ph
keywords attosecond pulseshigh-harmonic generationXUV beamlinepump-probe spectroscopynonlinear XUV physicsisolated attosecond pulsessoft X-ray
0
0 comments X

The pith

A new beamline produces up to 55 nJ of attosecond XUV pulses in the 65-150 eV range for pump-probe experiments.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper describes the design and characterization of a beamline that upscales high-harmonic generation in a gas medium to create energetic isolated attosecond pulses. It reports measurements of pulse energy, beam profile, spectrum, and divergence, then adds a split-and-delay stage and tight focusing to enable XUV pump XUV probe spectroscopy. A sympathetic reader would care because most attosecond facilities lack the intensity and isolation needed for nonlinear experiments at these photon energies.

Core claim

The source delivers up to 55 nJ of pulse energy within the Zr window (65-150 eV) with high stability and 0.1 mrad divergence. Temporal super-resolution of the driving laser broadens the spectral continuum. The beamline incorporates a split-and-delay stage before focusing the radiation to a spot smaller than 6 micrometers, with spatially resolved ion microscopy used to trace ions at the interaction region.

What carries the argument

The split-and-delay stage combined with dual focusing optics that routes the HHG output into two paths for pump-probe overlap at a sub-6 micrometer focal spot.

If this is right

  • The beamline supports nonlinear XUV studies using isolated attosecond pulses up to 150 eV.
  • Pump-probe delays can be scanned with two distinct XUV pulses focused to the same sub-6 micrometer spot.
  • Spatially resolved ion microscopy provides direct diagnostics of the interaction volume.
  • Numerical simulations of HHG conditions match the experimental output and can guide further optimization.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Such a source could enable time-resolved measurements of inner-shell electron dynamics that were previously inaccessible with lower-energy attosecond pulses.
  • The reported focusing and stability open the possibility of combining the beamline with coincidence detection or photoelectron spectroscopy for more complex targets.
  • If the intensity scales further, the same architecture might support experiments that require multiple XUV photons per pulse.

Load-bearing premise

The measured pulse energy, stability, and divergence remain essentially unchanged after the split-and-delay stage and focusing optics, with no major unaccounted losses.

What would settle it

Direct measurement of pulse energy at the focus below 10 nJ or divergence exceeding 0.5 mrad after the full beamline would falsify the claimed performance for pump-probe use.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.12602 by Alexander Muschet, Anne L'Huillier, Elisa Appi, Fritz Schnur, Jan Lahl, Laszlo Veisz, Mohammad Rezaei-Pandari, N. Smijesh, Per Eng-Johnsson, Robin Weissenbilder, Sajjad Vardast, Sylvain Maclot.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: XUV energy per pulse or train (multiple pulses) for high-order harmonic generation sources that use neon as a medium for HHG with a spectrum over 70 eV. The driving laser’s repetition rate varies from 10 Hz to 250 MHz, with a central wavelength in the 800-1040 nm range, except for two cases having around 1800 nm [17, 18]. Sources marked with ’o’ have reported isolated XUV pulses, while those marked with ’x… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Schematic of AS beamline in the REAL lab. Part of the LWS100 laser system is guided into the beamline. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Temporal and spectral characterization of the fundamental laser pulses using the chirp-scan technique. (a) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: (a) Laser focus at the gas target. The FWHM focus size is 425 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: (a) Simulated (color 2D plot) and measured (3 white rectangles and a dot) HHG conversion efficiency in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Temporal calibration of the split-and-delay stage and out-of-loop temporal delay jitter measurement. (a-c) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: (a) HHG spectrum vs. GDD values of LWS100, where 0 fs [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: (a) Single-shot 2D XUV spectrum. (b) Single-shot XUV spectrum for different CEP values. (c) XUV [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Spectral amplitude modulation for temporal super-resolution. (a) Spectrum of the laser before (red) and after [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Ion distribution of linearly ionized Xe species measured with the ion microscope. (a) Focusing with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: VMI design and simulations for electron energy resolution. (a) Design and simulated electron trajectories for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_11.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The field of attosecond physics has expanded significantly in recent years, yet experimental facilities supporting attosecond pump attosecond probe spectroscopy remain rare. Here, we present a newly constructed beamline for the generation and application of energetic, isolated extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray attosecond pulses via upscaling of high-harmonic generation (HHG) in a gas medium. The fundamental properties of the HHG radiation energy, beam profile, spectrum, and divergence are characterized and optimized. The source delivers up to 55 nJ of pulse energy within the Zr window (65-150 eV) with high stability (~5-10) and a divergence of 0.1 mrad. Numerical simulations identify optimal operating conditions consistent with experimental results. Temporal super-resolution of the driving laser is applied, resulting in a broadened spectral continuum. Furthermore, the beamline includes a split-and-delay stage before focusing the HHG radiation to a <6 um spot for pump-probe experiments using two distinct focusing optics. Spatially resolved ion microscopy is employed to trace the generated ions at the focus. The presented beamline is designed for nonlinear XUV studies with attosecond isolated pulses.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents the design, construction, and initial characterization of a beamline for generating energetic isolated attosecond XUV pulses via high-harmonic generation (HHG) in a gas cell. Key claims include delivery of up to 55 nJ pulse energy in the 65-150 eV Zr window, ~5-10% stability, 0.1 mrad divergence, optimization via numerical simulations and temporal super-resolution of the driving laser, incorporation of a split-and-delay stage, and focusing to a <6 μm spot using two distinct optics for XUV pump-probe experiments, with spatially resolved ion microscopy for diagnostics. The setup targets nonlinear XUV studies.

Significance. If the reported source metrics are verified to hold at the interaction region after all downstream optics, the work would represent a useful addition to the limited number of high-intensity attosecond XUV facilities capable of pump-probe measurements at photon energies up to 150 eV. The practical integration of split-and-delay with tight focusing and ion imaging provides a concrete experimental platform that could enable new nonlinear XUV experiments, provided transmission losses and beam quality preservation are quantified.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The central performance claims (55 nJ energy in the Zr window, ~5-10% stability, 0.1 mrad divergence, <6 μm focus) are stated without accompanying quantitative data, error bars, spectra, or references to specific figures/tables showing the measurements or optimization results. This leaves the characterization and simulation-matching assertions with limited verifiable support in the provided text.
  2. [Beamline description] Beamline description: The reported energy, stability, and divergence are characterized at the HHG source. No measurements or transmission estimates are provided after the split-and-delay stage and the two focusing optics, which are explicitly placed downstream before the interaction region. If cumulative losses exceed ~50% (typical for XUV optics), the delivered energy at the <6 μm spot would fall short of the threshold implied for nonlinear studies; the text does not clarify whether simulations include the full optical train.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The stability figure is given as '~5-10' without units (e.g., percent) or clarification on the measurement method or time scale.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful review and constructive feedback on our manuscript describing the new high-intensity attosecond XUV beamline. We address each major comment below and will revise the manuscript to strengthen the presentation of our results and clarify the optical chain.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The central performance claims (55 nJ energy in the Zr window, ~5-10% stability, 0.1 mrad divergence, <6 μm focus) are stated without accompanying quantitative data, error bars, spectra, or references to specific figures/tables showing the measurements or optimization results. This leaves the characterization and simulation-matching assertions with limited verifiable support in the provided text.

    Authors: We agree that the abstract would be improved by explicit references to the supporting data and figures. In the revised manuscript we will insert citations to the relevant figures and tables (e.g., energy and stability in Fig. 3, divergence in Fig. 4, focus characterization in Fig. 7, and simulation comparisons in Sec. III) for each performance metric. The quantitative measurements, including spectra, error bars, and optimization results, are already presented in the main text; the abstract will now direct readers to these sections. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Beamline description] Beamline description: The reported energy, stability, and divergence are characterized at the HHG source. No measurements or transmission estimates are provided after the split-and-delay stage and the two focusing optics, which are explicitly placed downstream before the interaction region. If cumulative losses exceed ~50% (typical for XUV optics), the delivered energy at the <6 μm spot would fall short of the threshold implied for nonlinear studies; the text does not clarify whether simulations include the full optical train.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the primary source characterization is performed before the downstream optics. In the revision we will add a dedicated paragraph with transmission estimates for the split-and-delay stage and the two focusing optics, based on the measured reflectivities of the XUV mirrors employed. We will explicitly state that the numerical simulations optimize only the HHG generation process and do not model the full optical train. We will also include a discussion of the expected intensity at the interaction region after accounting for these losses, thereby clarifying the conditions available for nonlinear XUV experiments. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental instrumentation report with direct measurements

full rationale

The paper reports construction and characterization of an HHG-based attosecond beamline. All central claims (55 nJ in Zr window, ~5-10% stability, 0.1 mrad divergence, <6 µm focus) rest on direct experimental measurements of the generated radiation and standard HHG physics, with numerical simulations used only for consistency checks on operating conditions. No equations, fitted parameters, predictions, self-citations of uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes appear that reduce any result to its own inputs by construction. Downstream optics (split-and-delay, focusing) are described but do not create a circular derivation chain; performance metrics are presented as measured quantities rather than derived outputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The work is purely experimental and reports measured performance of a constructed apparatus. No free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are introduced; the claims rely on standard high-harmonic generation physics and conventional beamline components.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5572 in / 1265 out tokens · 96335 ms · 2026-05-10T15:07:54.796064+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

76 extracted references · 76 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Multiple-harmonic conversion of 1064 nm radiation in rare gases,

    M. Ferray, A. L’Huillier, X. Li, L. Lompre, G. Mainfray, and C. Manus, “Multiple-harmonic conversion of 1064 nm radiation in rare gases,”Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. 21, no. 3, p. L31, 1988

    work page 1988

  2. [2]

    Studies of multiphoton production of vacuum-ultraviolet radiation in the rare gases,

    A. McPherson, G. Gibson, H. Jara, U. Johann, T. S. Luk, I. McIntyre, K. Boyer, and C. K. Rhodes, “Studies of multiphoton production of vacuum-ultraviolet radiation in the rare gases,”JOSA B, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 595–601, 1987

    work page 1987

  3. [3]

    Attosecond physics,

    F. Krausz and M. Ivanov, “Attosecond physics,”Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 81, no. 1, p. 163, 2009

    work page 2009

  4. [4]

    Streaking of 43-attosecond soft-x-ray pulses generated by a passively cep-stable mid-infrared driver,

    T. Gaumnitz, A. Jain, Y . Pertot, M. Huppert, I. Jordan, F. Ardana-Lamas, and H. J. Wörner, “Streaking of 43-attosecond soft-x-ray pulses generated by a passively cep-stable mid-infrared driver,”Optics Express, vol. 25, no. 22, pp. 27506–27518, 2017

    work page 2017

  5. [5]

    Attosecond science based on high harmonic generation from gases and solids,

    J. Li, J. Lu, A. Chew, S. Han, J. Li, Y . Wu, H. Wang, S. Ghimire, and Z. Chang, “Attosecond science based on high harmonic generation from gases and solids,”Nature Communications, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 2748, 2020

    work page 2020

  6. [6]

    Brilliant source of 19.2-attosecond soft x-ray pulses below the atomic unit of time,

    F. Ardana-Lamas, S. L. Cousin, J. Lignieres, and J. Biegert, “Brilliant source of 19.2-attosecond soft x-ray pulses below the atomic unit of time,”Ultrafast Science, vol. 5, p. 0128, 2025

    work page 2025

  7. [7]

    Attosecond pulse metrology,

    I. Orfanos, I. Makos, I. Liontos, E. Skantzakis, B. Förg, D. Charalambidis, and P. Tzallas, “Attosecond pulse metrology,”APL Photonics, vol. 4, p. 080901, August 2019. Attosecond beamline 17

    work page 2019

  8. [8]

    High-harmonic generation at 250 mhz with photon energies exceeding 100 ev,

    H. Carstens, M. Högner, T. Saule, S. Holzberger, N. Lilienfein, A. Guggenmos, C. Jocher, T. Eidam, D. Esser, V . Tosa, V . Pervak, J. Limpert, A. Tünnermann, U. Kleineberg, F. Krausz, and I. Pupeza, “High-harmonic generation at 250 mhz with photon energies exceeding 100 ev,”Optica, vol. 3, pp. 366–369, Apr 2016

    work page 2016

  9. [9]

    Compact high-repetition-rate source of coherent 100 ev radiation,

    I. Pupeza, S. Holzberger, T. Eidam, H. Carstens, D. Esser, J. Weitenberg, P. Rußbüldt, J. Rauschenberger, J. Limpert, T. Udem, A. Tünnermann, T. W. Hänsch, A. Apolonski, F. Krausz, and E. Fill, “Compact high-repetition-rate source of coherent 100 ev radiation,”Nat. Photonics, vol. 7, pp. 608–612, Aug. 2013

    work page 2013

  10. [10]

    Double optical gating for generating high flux isolated attosecond pulses in the soft x-ray regime,

    J. Li, A. Chew, S. Hu, J. White, X. Ren, S. Han, Y . Yin, Y . Wang, Y . Wu, and Z. Chang, “Double optical gating for generating high flux isolated attosecond pulses in the soft x-ray regime,”Opt. Express, vol. 27, pp. 30280–30286, Oct 2019

    work page 2019

  11. [11]

    Polarization-assisted amplitude gating as a route to tunable, high-contrast attosecond pulses,

    H. Timmers, M. Sabbar, J. Hellwagner, Y . Kobayashi, D. M. Neumark, and S. R. Leone, “Polarization-assisted amplitude gating as a route to tunable, high-contrast attosecond pulses,”Optica, vol. 3, pp. 707–710, Jul 2016

    work page 2016

  12. [12]

    A high-repetition rate attosecond light source for time-resolved coincidence spectroscopy,

    S. Mikaelsson, J. V ogelsang, C. Guo, I. Sytcevich, A.-L. Viotti, F. Langer, Y .-C. Cheng, S. Nandi, W. Jin, A. Olofsson, R. Weissenbilder, J. Mauritsson, A. L’Huillier, M. Gisselbrecht, and C. L. Arnold, “A high-repetition rate attosecond light source for time-resolved coincidence spectroscopy,”Nanophotonics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 117– 128, 2021

    work page 2021

  13. [13]

    Compact 200 khz hhg source driven by a few-cycle opcpa,

    A. Harth, C. Guo, Y .-C. Cheng, A. Losquin, M. Miranda, S. Mikaelsson, C. M. Heyl, O. Prochnow, J. Ahrens, U. Morgner, A. L’Huillier, and C. L. Arnold, “Compact 200 khz hhg source driven by a few-cycle opcpa,”J. Opt., vol. 20, p. 014007, Jan. 2018

    work page 2018

  14. [14]

    Water-window high harmonic generation with 0.8-µm and 2.2-µm opcpas at 100 khz,

    P.-A. Chevreuil, F. Brunner, S. Hrisafov, J. Pupeikis, C. R. Phillips, U. Keller, and L. Gallmann, “Water-window high harmonic generation with 0.8-µm and 2.2-µm opcpas at 100 khz,”Opt. Express, vol. 29, pp. 32996–33008, Oct 2021

    work page 2021

  15. [15]

    Single-cycle nonlinear optics,

    E. Goulielmakis, M. Schultze, M. Hofstetter, V . S. Yakovlev, J. Gagnon, M. Uiberacker, A. L. Aquila, E. M. Gullikson, D. T. Attwood, R. Kienberger, F. Krausz, and U. Kleineberg, “Single-cycle nonlinear optics,”Science, vol. 320, no. 5883, pp. 1614–1617, 2008

    work page 2008

  16. [16]

    Optimizing the photon flux of double optical gated high-order harmonic spectra,

    H. Mashiko, S. Gilbertson, C. Li, E. Moon, and Z. Chang, “Optimizing the photon flux of double optical gated high-order harmonic spectra,”Phys. Rev. A, vol. 77, p. 063423, Jun 2008

    work page 2008

  17. [17]

    Attosecond streaking in the water window: A new regime of attosecond pulse characterization,

    S. L. Cousin, N. Di Palo, B. Buades, S. M. Teichmann, M. Reduzzi, M. Devetta, A. Kheifets, G. Sansone, and J. Biegert, “Attosecond streaking in the water window: A new regime of attosecond pulse characterization,”Phys. Rev. X, vol. 7, p. 041030, Nov 2017

    work page 2017

  18. [18]

    High-flux soft x-ray harmonic generation from ionization-shaped few-cycle laser pulses,

    A. S. Johnson, D. R. Austin, D. A. Wood, C. Brahms, A. Gregory, K. B. Holzner, S. Jarosch, E. W. Larsen, S. Parker, C. S. Strüber, P. Ye, J. W. G. Tisch, and J. P. Marangos, “High-flux soft x-ray harmonic generation from ionization-shaped few-cycle laser pulses,”Science Advances, vol. 4, no. 5, p. eaar3761, 2018

    work page 2018

  19. [19]

    High-energy attosecond light sources,

    G. Sansone, L. Poletto, and M. Nisoli, “High-energy attosecond light sources,”Nature Photonics, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 655–663, 2011

    work page 2011

  20. [20]

    Delay in photoemission,

    M. Schultze, M. Fieß, N. Karpowicz, J. Gagnon, M. Korbman, M. Hofstetter, S. Neppl, A. L. Cavalieri, Y . Komni- nos, T. Mercouris, C. A. Nicolaides, R. Pazourek, S. Nagele, J. Feist, J. Burgdörfer, A. M. Azzeer, R. Ernstorfer, R. Kienberger, U. Kleineberg, E. Goulielmakis, F. Krausz, and V . S. Yakovlev, “Delay in photoemission,”Science, vol. 328, no. 598...

    work page 2010

  21. [21]

    Ultrafast electron dynamics in phenylalanine initiated by attosecond pulses,

    F. Calegari, D. Ayuso, A. Trabattoni, L. Belshaw, S. D. Camillis, S. Anumula, F. Frassetto, L. Poletto, A. Palacios, P. Decleva, J. B. Greenwood, F. Martín, and M. Nisoli, “Ultrafast electron dynamics in phenylalanine initiated by attosecond pulses,”Science, vol. 346, no. 6207, pp. 336–339, 2014

    work page 2014

  22. [22]

    Kramers–kronig relation in attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,

    V . Leshchenko, S. J. Hageman, C. Cariker, G. Smith, A. Camper, B. K. Talbert, P. Agostini, L. Argenti, and L. F. DiMauro, “Kramers–kronig relation in attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,”Optica, vol. 10, pp. 142–146, Feb 2023

    work page 2023

  23. [23]

    Two-electron time-delay interference in atomic double ionization by attosecond pulses,

    A. Palacios, T. N. Rescigno, and C. W. McCurdy, “Two-electron time-delay interference in atomic double ionization by attosecond pulses,”Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 103, p. 253001, 2009

    work page 2009

  24. [24]

    Molecular interferometer to decode attosecond electron–nuclear dynamics,

    A. Palacios, A. González-Castrillo, and F. Martín, “Molecular interferometer to decode attosecond electron–nuclear dynamics,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 111, no. 11, pp. 3973–3978, 2014

    work page 2014

  25. [25]

    Tunable isolated attosecond x-ray pulses with gigawatt peak power from a free-electron laser,

    J. Duris, S. Li, T. Driver, E. G. Champenois, J. P. MacArthur, A. A. Lutman, Z. Zhang, P. Rosenberger, J. W. Aldrich, R. Coffee,et al., “Tunable isolated attosecond x-ray pulses with gigawatt peak power from a free-electron laser,”Nature Photonics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 30–36, 2020

    work page 2020

  26. [26]

    Review of fully coherent free-electron lasers,

    C. Feng and H.-X. Deng, “Review of fully coherent free-electron lasers,”Nuclear Science and Techniques, vol. 29, no. 11, p. 160, 2018. Attosecond beamline 18

    work page 2018

  27. [27]

    Attosecond delays in x-ray molecular ionization,

    T. Driver, M. Mountney, J. Wang, L. Ortmann, A. Al-Haddad, N. Berrah, C. Bostedt, E. G. Champenois, L. F. DiMauro, J. Duris, D. Garratt, J. M. Glownia, Z. Guo, D. Haxton, E. Isele, I. Ivanov, J. Ji, A. Kamalov, S. Li, M.-F. Lin, J. P. Marangos, R. Obaid, J. T. O’Neal, P. Rosenberger, N. H. Shivaram, A. L. Wang, P. Walter, T. J. A. Wolf, H. J. Wörner, Z. Z...

    work page 2024

  28. [28]

    Scale-invariant nonlinear optics in gases,

    C. M. Heyl, H. Coudert-Alteirac, M. Miranda, M. Louisy, K. Kovács, V . Tosa, E. Balogh, K. Varjú, A. L’Huillier, A. Couairon,et al., “Scale-invariant nonlinear optics in gases,”Optica, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 75–81, 2016

    work page 2016

  29. [29]

    A high-flux high-order harmonic source,

    P. Rudawski, C. M. Heyl, F. Brizuela, J. Schwenke, A. Persson, E. Mansten, R. Rakowski, L. Rading, F. Campi, B. Kim, P. Johnsson, and A. L’Huillier, “A high-flux high-order harmonic source,”Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 84, p. 073103, 2013

    work page 2013

  30. [30]

    Attosecond nonlinear optics using gigawatt- scale isolated attosecond pulses,

    E. Takahashi, P. Lan, O. Mücke, Y . Nabekawa, and K. Midorikawa, “Attosecond nonlinear optics using gigawatt- scale isolated attosecond pulses,”Nat. Commun., vol. 4, p. 2691, 2013

    work page 2013

  31. [31]

    Synchronized pulses generated at 20 ev and 90 ev for attosecond pump–probe experiments,

    D. Fabris, T. Witting, W. Okell, D. J. Walke, P. Matia-Hernando, J. Henkel, T. R. Barillot, M. Lein, J. P. Marangos, and J. W. G. Tisch, “Synchronized pulses generated at 20 ev and 90 ev for attosecond pump–probe experiments,” Nature Photonics, vol. 9, p. 383–387, 2015

    work page 2015

  32. [32]

    Tabletop nonlinear optics in the 100-ev spectral region,

    B. Bergues, D. Rivas, M. Weidman, A. Muschet, W. Helml, A. Guggenmos, V . Pervak, U. Kleineberg, G. Marcus, R. Kienberger,et al., “Tabletop nonlinear optics in the 100-ev spectral region,”Optica, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 237–242, 2018

    work page 2018

  33. [33]

    A 10-gigawatt attosecond source for non-linear xuv optics and xuv-pump-xuv-probe studies,

    I. Makos, I. Orfanos, A. Nayak, J. Peschel, B. Major, I. Liontos, E. Skantzakis, N. Papadakis, C. Kalpouzos, M. Dumergue,et al., “A 10-gigawatt attosecond source for non-linear xuv optics and xuv-pump-xuv-probe studies,” Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 3759, 2020

    work page 2020

  34. [34]

    Low-divergence coherent soft x-ray source at 13 nm by high-order harmonics,

    E. J. Takahashi, Y . Nabekawa, and K. Midorikawa, “Low-divergence coherent soft x-ray source at 13 nm by high-order harmonics,”Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 84, pp. 4–6, Jan. 2004

    work page 2004

  35. [35]

    High efficiency ultrafast water-window harmonic generation for single-shot soft x-ray spectroscopy,

    Y . Fu, K. Nishimura, R. Shao, A. Suda, K. Midorikawa, P. Lan, and E. J. Takahashi, “High efficiency ultrafast water-window harmonic generation for single-shot soft x-ray spectroscopy,”Commun. Phys., vol. 3, May 2020

    work page 2020

  36. [36]

    Propagation-enhanced generation of intense high- harmonic continua in the 100-ev spectral region,

    D. E. Rivas, B. Major, M. Weidman, W. Helml, G. Marcus, R. Kienberger, D. Charalambidis, P. Tzallas, E. Balogh, K. Kovács, V . Tosa, B. Bergues, K. Varjú, and L. Veisz, “Propagation-enhanced generation of intense high- harmonic continua in the 100-ev spectral region,”Optica, vol. 5, pp. 1283–1289, Oct 2018

    work page 2018

  37. [37]

    Titanium sapphire lasers,

    K. Wall and A. Sanchez, “Titanium sapphire lasers,”The Lincoln laboratory journal, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 447–462, 1990

    work page 1990

  38. [38]

    Double optical gating of high-order harmonic generation with carrier-envelope phase stabilized lasers,

    H. Mashiko, S. Gilbertson, C. Li, S. D. Khan, M. M. Shakya, E. Moon, and Z. Chang, “Double optical gating of high-order harmonic generation with carrier-envelope phase stabilized lasers,”Physical Review Letters, vol. 100, no. 10, p. 103906, 2008

    work page 2008

  39. [39]

    High-energy few-cycle pulses: post-compression techniques,

    T. Nagy, P. Simon, and L. Veisz, “High-energy few-cycle pulses: post-compression techniques,”Advances in Physics: X, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 1845795, 2021

    work page 2021

  40. [40]

    Thin-disk laser-pumped opcpa system delivering 4.4 tw few-cycle pulses,

    M. Kretschmar, J. Tuemmler, B. Schütte, A. Hoffmann, B. Senfftleben, M. Mero, M. Sauppe, D. Rupp, M. J. J. Vrakking, I. Will, and T. Nagy, “Thin-disk laser-pumped opcpa system delivering 4.4 tw few-cycle pulses,”Opt. Express, vol. 28, pp. 34574–34585, Nov 2020

    work page 2020

  41. [41]

    Generation of sub-three-cycle, 16 tw light pulses by using noncollinear optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification,

    D. Herrmann, L. Veisz, R. Tautz, F. Tavella, K. Schmid, V . Pervak, and F. Krausz, “Generation of sub-three-cycle, 16 tw light pulses by using noncollinear optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification,”Opt. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 2459–2461, Aug 2009

    work page 2009

  42. [42]

    Waveform-controlled field synthesis of sub-two-cycle pulses at the 100 TW peak power level,

    L. Veisz, P. Fischer, S. Vardast, F. Schnur, A. Muschet, A. D. Andres, S. Kaniyeri, H. Li, R. Salh, K. Ferencz, G. N. Nagy, and S. Kahaly, “Waveform-controlled field synthesis of sub-two-cycle pulses at the 100 TW peak power level,”Nature Photonics, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1013–1019, 2025

    work page 2025

  43. [43]

    The ELI-ALPS facility: the next generation of attosecond sources,

    S. Kühn, M. Dumergue, S. Kahaly, S. Mondal, M. Füle, T. Csizmadia, B. Farkas, B. Major, Z. Várallyay, E. Cormier,et al., “The ELI-ALPS facility: the next generation of attosecond sources,”Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. 50, no. 13, p. 132002, 2017

    work page 2017

  44. [44]

    Progress on table-top isolated attosecond light sources,

    K. Midorikawa, “Progress on table-top isolated attosecond light sources,”Nature Photonics, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 267–278, 2022

    work page 2022

  45. [45]

    Attohallen: a new attosecond science facility in Sweden,

    R. J. Squibb, M. Zaki, H. Coudert-Alteirac, S. Maclot, A. H. Roos, N. R. Behera, V . Ideböhn, E. Olsson, M. A. Hashemi, L. Antonsson, A. Gerbandier, Z. B. Duman, C. Arnold, P. Eng-Johnsson, A. L’Huillier, and R. Feifel, “Attohallen: a new attosecond science facility in Sweden,”SPIE, vol. 13537, p. 1353705, 2025. Attosecond beamline 19

    work page 2025

  46. [46]

    Next generation driver for attosecond and laser-plasma physics,

    D. Rivas, A. Borot, D. Cardenas, G. Marcus, X. Gu, D. Herrmann, J. Xu, J. Tan, D. Kormin, G. Ma,et al., “Next generation driver for attosecond and laser-plasma physics,”Scientific reports, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 5224, 2017

    work page 2017

  47. [47]

    Sub-cycle millijoule-level parametric waveform synthesizer for attosecond science,

    G. M. Rossi, R. E. Mainz, Y . Yang, F. Scheiba, M. A. Silva-Toledo, S. H. Chia, P. D. Keathley, S. Fang, O. D. Mücke, C. Manzoni, G. Cerullo, G. Cirmi, and F. X. Kärtner, “Sub-cycle millijoule-level parametric waveform synthesizer for attosecond science,”Nature Photonics, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 629–635, 2020

    work page 2020

  48. [48]

    Dual-chirped optical parametric amplification of high-energy single-cycle laser pulses,

    L. Xu and E. J. Takahashi, “Dual-chirped optical parametric amplification of high-energy single-cycle laser pulses,” Nature Photonics, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 99–106, 2024

    work page 2024

  49. [49]

    Design and test of a broadband split-and-delay unit for attosecond xuv-xuv pump-probe experiments,

    F. Campi, H. Coudert-Alteirac, M. Miranda, L. Rading, B. Manschwetus, P. Rudawski, A. L’Huillier, and P. Johnsson, “Design and test of a broadband split-and-delay unit for attosecond xuv-xuv pump-probe experiments,” Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 87, p. 023106, 02 2016

    work page 2016

  50. [50]

    Towards attosecond xuv-pump xuv-probe measurements in the 100-ev region,

    B. Bergues, D. Rivas, M. Weidman, A. Muschet, W. Helml, A. Guggenmos, V . Pervak, P. Matyba, U. Kleineberg, G. Marcus,et al., “Towards attosecond xuv-pump xuv-probe measurements in the 100-ev region,” in2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe- EQEC), pp. 1–1, IEEE, 2017

    work page 2017

  51. [51]

    Muschet,Non-linear attosecond physics at 100 eV

    A. Muschet,Non-linear attosecond physics at 100 eV. PhD thesis, Umeå University, 2021

    work page 2021

  52. [52]

    Generation and characterisation of few-pulse attosecond pulse trains at 100 khz repetition rate,

    M. Osolodkov, F. J. Furch, F. Schell, P. Šušnjar, F. Cavalcante, C. S. Menoni, C. P. Schulz, T. Witting, and M. J. J. Vrakking, “Generation and characterisation of few-pulse attosecond pulse trains at 100 khz repetition rate,” Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. 53, p. 194003, sep 2020

    work page 2020

  53. [53]

    High-order harmonic generation using a high-repetition-rate turnkey laser,

    E. Lorek, E. W. Larsen, C. M. Heyl, S. Carlström, D. Pale ˇcek, D. Zigmantas, and J. Mauritsson, “High-order harmonic generation using a high-repetition-rate turnkey laser,”Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 85, no. 12, p. 123106, 2014

    work page 2014

  54. [54]

    High-repetition-rate and high-photon-flux 70 ev high-harmonic source for coincidence ion imaging of gas-phase molecules,

    J. Rothhardt, S. Hädrich, Y . Shamir, M. Tschnernajew, R. Klas, A. Hoffmann, G. K. Tadesse, A. Klenke, T. Gottschall, T. Eidam, J. Limpert, A. Tünnermann, R. Boll, C. Bomme, H. Dachraoui, B. Erk, M. D. Fraia, D. A. Horke, T. Kierspel, T. Mullins, A. Przystawik, E. Savelyev, J. Wiese, T. Laarmann, J. Küpper, and D. Rolles, “High-repetition-rate and high-ph...

    work page 2016

  55. [55]

    Controlling attosecond electron dynamics by phase-stabilized polarization gating,

    I. Sola, E. Mével, L. Elouga, E. Constant, V . Strelkov, L. Poletto, P. Villoresi, E. Benedetti, J.-P. Caumes, S. Stagira, et al., “Controlling attosecond electron dynamics by phase-stabilized polarization gating,”Nature Physics, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 319–322, 2006

    work page 2006

  56. [56]

    Isolated attosecond pulses from ionization gating of high-harmonic emission,

    M. J. Abel, T. Pfeifer, P. M. Nagel, W. Boutu, M. J. Bell, C. P. Steiner, D. M. Neumark, and S. R. Leone, “Isolated attosecond pulses from ionization gating of high-harmonic emission,”Chemical Physics, vol. 366, no. 1-3, pp. 9–14, 2009

    work page 2009

  57. [57]

    Direct measurement of spectral phase for ultrashort laser pulses,

    V . V . Lozovoy, B. Xu, Y . Coello, and M. Dantus, “Direct measurement of spectral phase for ultrashort laser pulses,” Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 592–597, 2008

    work page 2008

  58. [58]

    Self-referenced characterization of femtosecond laser pulses by chirp scan,

    V . Loriot, G. Gitzinger, and N. Forget, “Self-referenced characterization of femtosecond laser pulses by chirp scan,”Optics Express, vol. 21, no. 21, pp. 24879–24893, 2013

    work page 2013

  59. [59]

    Advanced phase retrieval for dispersion scan: a comparative study,

    E. Escoto, A. Tajalli, T. Nagy, and G. Steinmeyer, “Advanced phase retrieval for dispersion scan: a comparative study,”JOSA B, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 8–19, 2018

    work page 2018

  60. [60]

    Calculations of high-order harmonic- generation processes in xenon at 1064 nm,

    A. L’Huillier, P. Balcou, S. Candel, K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, “Calculations of high-order harmonic- generation processes in xenon at 1064 nm,”Phys. Rev. A, vol. 46, pp. 2778–2790, Sep 1992

    work page 1992

  61. [61]

    How to optimize high-order harmonic generation in gases,

    R. Weissenbilder, S. Carlström, L. Rego, C. Guo, C. M. Heyl, P. Smorenburg, E. Constant, C. L. Arnold, and A. L’Huillier, “How to optimize high-order harmonic generation in gases,”Nature Reviews Physics, vol. 4, p. 713–722, Oct 2022

    work page 2022

  62. [62]

    X-ray interactions: Photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at e = 50-30,000 ev, z = 1-92,

    B. Henke, E. Gullikson, and J. Davis, “X-ray interactions: Photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at e = 50-30,000 ev, z = 1-92,”Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 181–342, 1993

    work page 1993

  63. [63]

    D. E. Rivas,Generation of intense isolated attosecond pulses at 100 eV. PhD thesis, lmu, 2016

    work page 2016

  64. [64]

    Utilizing the temporal superresolution approach in an optical parametric synthesizer to generate multi-tw sub-4-fs light pulses,

    A. A. Muschet, A. D. Andres, P. Fischer, R. Salh, , and L. Veisz, “Utilizing the temporal superresolution approach in an optical parametric synthesizer to generate multi-tw sub-4-fs light pulses,”Optics Express, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 4374–4380, 2022

    work page 2022

  65. [65]

    An easy technique for focus characterization and optimization of xuv and soft x-ray pulses,

    A. A. Muschet, A. De Andres, N. Smijesh, and L. Veisz, “An easy technique for focus characterization and optimization of xuv and soft x-ray pulses,”Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 11, 2022. Attosecond beamline 20

    work page 2022

  66. [66]

    How to focus an attosecond pulse,

    C. Bourassin-Bouchet, M. M. Mang, F. Delmotte, P. Chavel, and S. De Rossi, “How to focus an attosecond pulse,” Optics Express, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 2506–2520, 2013

    work page 2013

  67. [67]

    Multilayer interference mirrors for the xuv range around 100 ev photon energy,

    R.-P. Haelbich and C. Kunz, “Multilayer interference mirrors for the xuv range around 100 ev photon energy,” Optics Communications, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 287–292, 1976

    work page 1976

  68. [68]

    Lanthanum–molybdenum multilayer mirrors for attosecond pulses between 80 and 130 ev,

    M. Hofstetter, A. Aquila, M. Schultze, A. Guggenmos, S. Yang, E. Gullikson, M. Huth, B. Nickel, J. Gagnon, V . S. Yakovlev,et al., “Lanthanum–molybdenum multilayer mirrors for attosecond pulses between 80 and 130 ev,” New Journal of Physics, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 063038, 2011

    work page 2011

  69. [69]

    The ion microscope as a tool for quantitative measurements in the extreme ultraviolet,

    N. Tsatrafyllis, B. Bergues, H. Schröder, L. Veisz, E. Skantzakis, D. Gray, B. Bodi, S. Kuhn, G. D. Tsakiris, D. Charalambidis,et al., “The ion microscope as a tool for quantitative measurements in the extreme ultraviolet,” Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 21556, 2016

    work page 2016

  70. [70]

    Spatially resolved measurement of ionization yields in the focus of an intense laser pulse,

    M. Schultze, B. Bergues, H. Schröder, F. Krausz, and K. L. Kompa, “Spatially resolved measurement of ionization yields in the focus of an intense laser pulse,”New Journal of Physics, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 033001, 2011

    work page 2011

  71. [71]

    Time gated ion microscopy of light-atom interactions,

    P. Tzallas, B. Bergues, D. Rompotis, N. Tsatrafyllis, S. Chatziathanassiou, A. Muschet, L. Veisz, H. Schröder, and D. Charalambidis, “Time gated ion microscopy of light-atom interactions,”Journal of Optics, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 024018, 2018

    work page 2018

  72. [72]

    Single-shot autocorrelator for extreme-ultraviolet radiation,

    G. Kolliopoulos, P. Tzallas, B. Bergues, P. Carpeggiani, P. Heissler, H. Schröder, L. Veisz, D. Charalambidis, and G. D. Tsakiris, “Single-shot autocorrelator for extreme-ultraviolet radiation,”JOSA B, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 926–938, 2014

    work page 2014

  73. [73]

    Two-photon double ionization of neon using an intense attosecond pulse train,

    B. Manschwetus, L. Rading, F. Campi, S. Maclot, H. Coudert-Alteirac, J. Lahl, H. Wikmark, P. Rudawski, C. M. Heyl, B. Farkas, T. Mohamed, A. L’Huillier, and P. Johnsson, “Two-photon double ionization of neon using an intense attosecond pulse train,”Phys. Rev. A, vol. 93, p. 061402, Jun 2016

    work page 2016

  74. [74]

    Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Appli- cation in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen,

    A. T. J. B. Eppink and D. H. Parker, “Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Appli- cation in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen,”Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 68, pp. 3477–3484, 09 1997

    work page 1997

  75. [75]

    A versatile velocity map ion-electron covariance imaging spectrometer for high-intensity xuv experiments,

    L. Rading, J. Lahl, S. Maclot, F. Campi, H. Coudert-Alteirac, B. Oostenrijk, J. Peschel, H. Wikmark, P. Rudawski, M. Gisselbrecht, and P. Johnsson, “A versatile velocity map ion-electron covariance imaging spectrometer for high-intensity xuv experiments,”Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 6, 2018

    work page 2018

  76. [76]

    Simion 3d version 7.0 user’s manual,

    D. A. Dahl, “Simion 3d version 7.0 user’s manual,”Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, pp. 2–1, 2000

    work page 2000