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arxiv: 2604.26408 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-29 · 📡 eess.SP

A Comparative study on THz Communication Systems: Photonics versus Electronics Approaches

Talha Rahman , Murat Uysal This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 11:27 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 📡 eess.SP
keywords THz communication6G networkselectronics-based THzphotonics-based THzhardware impairmentsSNR analysisBER performancesignal modeling
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The pith

Distinct impairment mechanisms in electronics- and photonics-based THz systems determine their respective link performances for 6G applications.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper compares electronics-based and photonics-based approaches to THz communication for high-bandwidth 6G networks. It reviews experimental demonstrations and existing modeling efforts before introducing comprehensive signal models that incorporate the specific hardware impairments of each technology. Analytical expressions for SNR and bit error rate are then derived and evaluated under realistic parameters. The resulting comparison shows how phase noise, frequency offsets, and nonlinearities affect electronics systems while intensity noise, amplified spontaneous emission, shot noise, and thermal noise shape photonics performance.

Core claim

By developing detailed signal models for both electronics- and photonics-based THz front-ends and deriving closed-form SNR and BER expressions, the study demonstrates that the unique impairment sources in each technology—such as oscillator phase noise and multiplier nonlinearities for electronics, and laser intensity noise, amplified spontaneous emission, and photomixer shot noise for photonics—lead to distinct performance characteristics under realistic operating conditions.

What carries the argument

Comprehensive signal models incorporating hardware-specific impairments for electronics- and photonics-based THz systems, from which analytical SNR and BER performance metrics are derived.

If this is right

  • Electronics-based THz links require specific mitigation strategies for phase noise and nonlinearities to maintain reliable performance.
  • Photonics-based systems gain from carrier tunability but must manage contributions from laser and photomixer noise sources.
  • Hybrid architectures can be designed to combine the mature platforms of electronics with the spectral purity of photonics.
  • The comparative insights guide selection of transceiver architectures for targeted 6G applications such as holographic telepresence.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The models could be extended to incorporate propagation effects such as atmospheric absorption for outdoor link evaluations.
  • Direct experimental validation against current prototype hardware would test the accuracy of the closed-form expressions.
  • Similar impairment-driven modeling could be applied to related high-frequency technologies like sub-THz or free-space optical links.

Load-bearing premise

The developed signal models and chosen realistic system parameters sufficiently capture real-world hardware behavior and that the analytical SNR and BER expressions accurately predict performance without unmodeled effects.

What would settle it

Bit error rate measurements from actual electronics- and photonics-based THz hardware links that deviate substantially from the derived analytical curves at the modeled parameters and SNR values.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.26408 by Murat Uysal, Talha Rahman.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Photonics based THz system (a) Transmitter (b) Receiver. view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Sub-blocks of DSP. (a) Transmitter DSP block diagram (b) view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Electronics based THz system, (a) Transmitter, (b) Receiver. view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Case I: fixed EDFA gain G = 20dB (a) Transmit SNR versus optical input (b) Signal power and noise powers (see (30)). -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Input power to EDFA (P1 +P2 )/G [dBm] 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 SNRTx [dB] (a) -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Input power to EDFA (P1 +P2 )/G [dBm] -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 Power [dBm] Signal: PTHz Shot noise: sh,Tx 2 Other noises: R2 ( Opt 4 +2 Opt 2 (P1 +P2 ))/4 (b) view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Case II: fixed output power (P1 + P2 = 23 dBm) (a) Transmit SNR versus optical input (b) Signal power and noise powers (see (30)). power for both the signal and the unmodulated laser (a total of 3 dBm into the EDFA) is sufficient and still falls within the linear operating region shown in Fig. 4a. Under these conditions, the resulting SNR is approximately 33 dB, though this value depends on the specific RI… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Impact of RIN on (a) transmitter SNR and (b) power of noise due to ASE and RIN. view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Received SNR versus optical input to the LO photomixer. view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Received signal constellation. following analysis, it is essential to define different groups of symbols in a 256QAM format. In Fig. 8a, we plot the constellation diagram of the 256QAM as well as the circles highlighting the symbols which are equidistant from the origin and hence have the same power. We categorize the 256QAM symbols in 32 different groups based on their power level. The power of a 256QAM s… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: (a) Constellation diagram of 256QAM. Circles represent the view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: PDF of noise for RIN = −135 dB/Hz (a) corresponding to lowest and highest power symbols only (b) Gaussian equivalent of noise PDFs for all symbol groups of 256QAM constellation. bandpass filter induces optical power loss; which may not be desired for energy efficiency perspective. Next, we analyze the statistical distribution of the noise across different symbol groups of a 256QAM constellation, using the… view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: BER versus received THz power for photonics-based THz view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: (a) Magnitude of SIN and SDN terms and (b) Percentage contribution of SDN and SIN to the total noise for several view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Phase noise of a laser with linewidth 100 kHz and 400 kHz (a) Time domain phase noise evolution (sampling period τ = 250 ps) (b) PSD of phase noise (c) Magnitude response of the PLL used for carrier recovery. mitters. For example, high-quality external cavity lasers typically exhibit linewidths on the order of ∆ν = 10 kHz, while distributed feedback (DFB) lasers commonly achieve linewidths around ∆ν = 1 M… view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Impact of laser phase noise on performance of square QAM formats (a) QPSK, (b) 16QAM, (c) 64QAM, (d) 256QAM. view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Impact of I/Q imbalance in photonics-based THz system on the performance of square QAM formats (a) QPSK, (b) 16QAM, (c) view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: (a) Transmit SNR versus noise floor of base oscillator (b) view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: Receive SNR for electronics-based THz transmission system. view at source ↗
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: Noise power versus symbol power view at source ↗
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: PDF of noise in electronics-based THz system. view at source ↗
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: BER versus received THz power for electronics-based THz view at source ↗
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: (a) Magnitude of different noise terms and (b) Contribution of SDN and SIN to the total noise for several view at source ↗
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: Phase noise PSD with varying K2. TABLE X Relation between value of K2 and the corresponding value of phase noise PSD. K2 Phase Noise PSD at 1 MHz offset 10 −110 dBc/Hz 100 −100 dBc/Hz 1000 −90 dBc/Hz observed with the inclusion of phase noise in simulations. Next, we evaluate the performance by simulating the white noise floor of the RF oscillator represented by K0 in the phase noise model. Depending on t… view at source ↗
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: (a) Phase noise evolution in time domain (sampling view at source ↗
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: BER performance of square QAM formats due to near view at source ↗
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: BER Performance of square QAM formats due to the white noise floor of the oscillator phase noise. (a) QPSK, (b) 16QAM, (c) view at source ↗
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: Impact of I/Q imbalance in electronics-based THz system on performance of square QAM formats (a) QPSK, (b) 16QAM, (c) view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Terahertz (THz) communication has emerged as a key enabler for sixth-generation (6G) networks, offering ultrawide bandwidths to support data-intensive applications such as holographic telepresence and immersive extended reality. Recent advances have enabled both electronics-based and photonics-based THz front-ends, each with distinct advantages and hardware limitations. While electronics-based solutions leverage mature semiconductor platforms, they suffer from amplified oscillator phase noise, frequency offsets, and nonlinearities introduced by multiplier and amplifier chains. Photonics-based systems, in turn, enable highly tunable and spectrally pure carriers but are subject to laser intensity noise, amplified spontaneous emission, shot noise in photomixers, and thermal noise in RF mixers. This article provides a comprehensive review of experimental demonstrations in electronics-, photonics-, and hybrid-based THz links, highlighting their hardware architectures, performance metrics, and implementation trade-offs. We then survey theoretical modeling efforts, emphasizing how hardware impairments affect system reliability and identifying limitations in existing studies. Building on this, we develop comprehensive signal models for both approaches, derive analytical expressions for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and evaluate bit error rate (BER) performance under realistic system parameters. Comparative results demonstrate how distinct impairment mechanisms shape the overall link performance of electronics- versus photonics-based THz systems. The insights offered aim to guide the design of robust transceiver architectures and accelerate the integration of THz technologies into future 6G deployments.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper reviews experimental demonstrations of electronics-, photonics-, and hybrid-based THz communication links, surveys theoretical modeling efforts on hardware impairments, develops comprehensive signal models for both electronics and photonics approaches, derives analytical SNR expressions, and evaluates BER performance under realistic system parameters to demonstrate how distinct impairment mechanisms (phase noise/frequency offset/nonlinearity vs. RIN/ASE/shot/thermal noise) shape link performance.

Significance. If the models and comparisons hold, the work could guide 6G THz transceiver design by clarifying performance trade-offs between the two approaches. The review component synthesizes experimental and modeling literature effectively, but the new analytical contributions require validation to deliver on the comparative claims.

major comments (2)
  1. [Signal models and performance evaluation sections] The manuscript develops signal models and derives analytical SNR expressions (abstract and performance evaluation section) but provides neither the full derivations nor any simulation/measurement validation of the resulting SNR and BER formulas. This is load-bearing for the central claim, as the comparative results rest on these expressions accurately predicting real-world differences without unmodeled effects.
  2. [Comparative results and parameter selection] The choice and justification of 'realistic system parameters' for the BER comparisons are not stress-tested (e.g., no sensitivity analysis to variations in phase noise variance, RIN levels, or antenna losses). This weakens the ability to conclude that the distinct impairment mechanisms definitively shape performance as claimed.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and introduction] The abstract and introduction would benefit from an explicit list of the key assumptions underlying the signal models (e.g., independence of impairments, specific noise distributions).
  2. [Results figures] Figure captions and axis labels in the performance comparison plots should include the exact parameter values used to enable reproducibility.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive and detailed feedback. We address each major comment below and outline the revisions planned for the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Signal models and performance evaluation sections] The manuscript develops signal models and derives analytical SNR expressions (abstract and performance evaluation section) but provides neither the full derivations nor any simulation/measurement validation of the resulting SNR and BER formulas. This is load-bearing for the central claim, as the comparative results rest on these expressions accurately predicting real-world differences without unmodeled effects.

    Authors: We agree that the absence of explicit derivations limits the transparency of the analytical contributions. In the revised version we will add a new appendix that provides the complete derivations of the SNR expressions for both the electronics and photonics models, beginning from the respective signal models and successively incorporating each impairment term (phase noise, frequency offset and nonlinearity for electronics; RIN, ASE, shot and thermal noise for photonics). For validation, the manuscript is primarily an analytical modeling study rather than an experimental one; however, we will include Monte-Carlo simulations that compare the closed-form BER expressions against empirical BER obtained from the same signal models under identical parameter sets. This will confirm that the derived formulas correctly capture the modeled impairments. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Comparative results and parameter selection] The choice and justification of 'realistic system parameters' for the BER comparisons are not stress-tested (e.g., no sensitivity analysis to variations in phase noise variance, RIN levels, or antenna losses). This weakens the ability to conclude that the distinct impairment mechanisms definitively shape performance as claimed.

    Authors: The nominal parameter values were drawn directly from the experimental demonstrations surveyed in Section II. To address the lack of stress-testing, the revised performance-evaluation section will contain a dedicated sensitivity-analysis subsection. We will vary phase-noise variance, RIN level and antenna loss over realistic ranges (e.g., ±10 dB around the nominal values) and present the resulting BER curves for both architectures. This will show the conditions under which the comparative conclusions remain valid and will strengthen the claim that the distinct impairment mechanisms shape link performance. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: derivations build independently on surveyed literature

full rationale

The paper first surveys experimental THz demonstrations and existing theoretical models from the broader literature, then constructs its own signal models for electronics- and photonics-based impairments before deriving closed-form SNR and BER expressions. These steps rely on standard noise and distortion statistics rather than re-using fitted parameters or self-citations as load-bearing premises. Comparative performance claims follow directly from evaluating the independently derived expressions at stated parameter values; no equation reduces to its own input by construction, and no uniqueness theorem or ansatz is imported solely via self-citation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Based solely on the abstract, the work relies on standard communication theory noise models and 'realistic system parameters' whose specific values or fitting process are not detailed; no new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (1)
  • realistic system parameters
    Used to evaluate BER performance; chosen to represent practical hardware but not specified or derived in the abstract.

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discussion (0)

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