pith. sign in

arxiv: 2604.26908 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-29 · ⚛️ physics.optics

Time-to-space ghost imaging with classical light

Nikita Solonovich , Chaoliang Ding , Polina P. Kuzhir , Tero Set\"al\"a , Ari T. Friberg , Dmitri B. Horoshko This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 11:52 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics
keywords ghost imagingtime-to-space conversionclassical lightpartially coherent lighttemporal resolutionspatial light modulatorGaussian Schell modelpoint-spread function
0
0 comments X

The pith

Time-to-space ghost imaging with classical light achieves sub-picosecond temporal resolution set only by pulse duration and coherence length, independent of photodetector speed.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper proposes a scheme to form a spatial image of a temporal object by using two beams of classical light that are correlated in both space and time. Modeling the source as a spatio-temporal Gaussian Schell model yields an analytical point-spread function whose width is fixed by the laser pulse length and the transverse coherence length created by a spatial light modulator. Because the correlations carry the timing information, the final resolution does not depend on how quickly the detectors can respond, opening the possibility of sub-picosecond performance with ordinary equipment. The required partially coherent source is shown to be realizable by passing a pulsed laser through a diffraction grating followed by a spatial light modulator.

Core claim

The authors establish that, for a source obeying the spatio-temporal Gaussian Schell model, the point-spread function of the time-to-space ghost imaging system is determined by the pulse duration and the transverse coherence length imposed by the spatial light modulator; the temporal resolution therefore reaches the sub-picosecond range and remains independent of the photodetectors' response time. They further demonstrate that the necessary spatio-temporally correlated beams can be produced by a diffraction grating and spatial light modulator combination.

What carries the argument

The point-spread function obtained from the cross-correlation of the two spatio-temporally correlated beams under the Gaussian Schell model, which converts temporal structure in one arm into spatial structure in the image arm.

If this is right

  • Temporal resolution is fixed by laser pulse duration and the transverse coherence length set by the spatial light modulator.
  • Resolution can reach the sub-picosecond regime without any improvement in detector timing.
  • The required partially coherent source is generated by a simple combination of diffraction grating and spatial light modulator.
  • Analytical expressions for the point-spread function allow direct prediction of imaging performance from source parameters.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same correlation principle could be used to image other ultrafast temporal phenomena in applications that currently require expensive fast detectors.
  • The mapping of time to space via classical correlations may be combined with existing spatial ghost-imaging setups to create hybrid spatio-temporal imagers.
  • If the Gaussian Schell model is relaxed, similar resolution limits might still hold for other partially coherent pulsed sources.

Load-bearing premise

The source must obey exactly the spatio-temporal Gaussian Schell model and must be produced without deviation by the proposed diffraction-grating plus spatial-light-modulator arrangement.

What would settle it

Perform the imaging experiment with successively slower photodetectors and check whether the measured temporal resolution stays constant and matches the value calculated from the known pulse duration and SLM coherence length.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.26908 by Ari T. Friberg, Chaoliang Ding, Dmitri B. Horoshko, Nikita Solonovich, Polina P. Kuzhir, Tero Set\"al\"a.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Time-to-space ghost imaging scheme. Spatio-temporally correlated light pulse is split by the beam splitter (BS). In view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Normalized PSF view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Scheme of an STGSM light source. The diffraction view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Ghost imaging uses two light beams correlated in the transverse position, time, or frequency to create an image of a spatial, temporal, or spectral object. We propose a scheme of time-to-space ghost imaging for creating a spatial image of a temporal object, enabled by two spatio-temporally correlated light beams. Assuming a spatio-temporal Gaussian Schell model for the description of the source, we obtain analytical expressions for the point-spread function of the system and its temporal resolution. We show how the required source of partially coherent light can be realized by a combination of a diffraction grating and a spatial light modulator. As follows from our analysis, the temporal resolution of a time-to-space imaging system is determined by the duration of the laser pulses used and the transverse coherence length imposed by the spatial light modulator, does not depend on the resolution time of the photodetectors, and can reach the sub-picosecond range.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes a time-to-space ghost imaging scheme that converts a temporal object into a spatial image using two beams correlated in space and time. Assuming a spatio-temporal Gaussian Schell model for the source, it derives analytical expressions for the point-spread function and temporal resolution. A practical realization of the required partially coherent source is suggested via a diffraction grating combined with a spatial light modulator. The central claim is that temporal resolution depends only on laser pulse duration and the SLM-imposed transverse coherence length, is independent of photodetector timing resolution, and can reach the sub-picosecond regime.

Significance. If the derivations hold and the proposed source exactly matches the assumed model, the work would offer a route to sub-picosecond temporal resolution in ghost imaging without ultrafast detectors, which could be useful for ultrafast optics and imaging applications. The claimed detector-independence and dependence on only pulse duration plus coherence length represent a potentially parameter-light result, but this requires explicit confirmation of the source statistics.

major comments (2)
  1. [source realization] Source realization section: The PSF and temporal-resolution derivations rest on the source obeying exactly the spatio-temporal Gaussian Schell model (Gaussian in both space and time differences). The proposed grating+SLM combination is asserted to realize this, yet no explicit computation of the output two-point correlation function or cross-spectral density is supplied to verify the match. Deviations from grating dispersion or SLM pixelation would invalidate the claimed resolution limits and detector independence.
  2. [PSF and resolution] PSF derivation and resolution analysis: Analytical expressions for the point-spread function are claimed, but the manuscript provides neither the explicit forms nor any numerical verification, error analysis, or comparison against the assumed source statistics. Without these, the sub-picosecond resolution claim and its independence from photodetector timing remain untested.
minor comments (1)
  1. [abstract] The abstract would be clearer if it included the key functional form of the PSF or at least the scaling of the temporal resolution with pulse duration and coherence length.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive and detailed comments on our manuscript. We address the two major comments point by point below, agreeing that additional explicit calculations and verifications will strengthen the presentation of the source realization and the PSF analysis.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Source realization section: The PSF and temporal-resolution derivations rest on the source obeying exactly the spatio-temporal Gaussian Schell model (Gaussian in both space and time differences). The proposed grating+SLM combination is asserted to realize this, yet no explicit computation of the output two-point correlation function or cross-spectral density is supplied to verify the match. Deviations from grating dispersion or SLM pixelation would invalidate the claimed resolution limits and detector independence.

    Authors: We agree that explicit verification of the source statistics is essential. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated calculation of the two-point correlation function and cross-spectral density produced by the diffraction grating plus SLM configuration. The calculation will show that, for narrowband pulses and SLM pixel sizes small compared with the imposed coherence length, the output field statistics reproduce the assumed spatio-temporal Gaussian Schell model to high accuracy. We will also quantify the residual effects of grating dispersion and finite SLM pixelation, demonstrating that they remain negligible for the sub-picosecond regime targeted in the paper. revision: yes

  2. Referee: PSF derivation and resolution analysis: Analytical expressions for the point-spread function are claimed, but the manuscript provides neither the explicit forms nor any numerical verification, error analysis, or comparison against the assumed source statistics. Without these, the sub-picosecond resolution claim and its independence from photodetector timing remain untested.

    Authors: The analytical expressions for the point-spread function and temporal resolution are obtained in Section III from the Gaussian Schell model correlation functions. To address the referee’s concern we will move the explicit PSF formula into the main text (it currently appears only in summarized form) and add numerical evaluations that compare the closed-form PSF with direct Monte-Carlo propagation of the source correlation function. These plots will include an error analysis confirming that the temporal resolution is set solely by pulse duration and transverse coherence length and is independent of detector timing jitter, thereby substantiating the sub-picosecond claim. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Derivation self-contained under explicit model assumption; no reduction to inputs by construction

full rationale

The paper states an assumption of a spatio-temporal Gaussian Schell model for the source and derives analytical PSF expressions and temporal resolution limits directly from that model. The resolution claim (pulse duration + SLM coherence length, independent of detector timing) follows from those expressions without any fitted parameters, self-referential definitions, or load-bearing self-citations that would make the output equivalent to the input. The grating+SLM realization is proposed as a physical implementation of the assumed model rather than a step that retroactively defines or forces the derived resolution; any mismatch between actual correlations and the model would be a validity issue, not circularity in the derivation chain itself.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The proposal rests on the Gaussian Schell model assumption for the source and the realizability of the required spatio-temporal correlations.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Spatio-temporal Gaussian Schell model accurately describes the partially coherent source
    Invoked to obtain closed-form point-spread function and resolution expressions.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5473 in / 1106 out tokens · 55204 ms · 2026-05-07T11:52:13.907657+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

62 extracted references · 62 canonical work pages · 1 internal anchor

  1. [1]

    and with classically correlated light [3, 4], each ap- proach having its advantages: quantum ghost imaging provides better contrast and the possibility of two-color imaging [5, 6], while classical ghost imaging allows for asymmetry between the two beams leading to low-dose imaging that has important applications in biological and X-ray imaging [7, 8]. Gho...

    work page

  2. [2]

    Time-to-space ghost imaging with classical light

    and by decreasing the correlation time of the beams by employing, e.g., a fiber laser as a source [27]. Various similar techniques have also been proposed. Ghost spectroscopy relies on the frequency (ω−ω) cor- relations of two beams for the measurement of the ob- ject absorption spectrum, as was demonstrated with entangled photons [28] and classically cor...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  3. [3]

    ghost imaging with classical light, we consider split- ting the source field, described in the preceding section, into two beams on a symmetric beam splitter creating the test and reference beams, see Fig. 1. Each of the 3 STGSMsource DR DT f2ff BS objectplane imageplane correlator M(t) Fghost(x) test arm reference arm FIG. 1. Time-to-space ghost imaging ...

    work page

  4. [4]

    exp{−ix2 1π/λf}(15) ×m(t ′ 1)δ(t1 −t ′ 1 −L/c), hR(ξ2,ξ ′

    work page

  5. [5]

    1 2w2 (1−ρ 2 I) + 1 σ2 1−ρ 2γ # (22) − ˜t2 1

    exp{−ix2 2π/λf}(16) ×δ(t 2 −t ′ 2 −L/c), whereLis the length of each arm,cis the speed of light in vacuum,fis the focal length of the lenses,λ= 2πc/ωis the central wavelength, andη i is the total intensity trans- mittance of the corresponding arm, including the split ra- tio of the beam splitter and the quantum efficiency of the detector. To simplify the ...

    work page

  6. [6]

    How- ever, the same effect can be reached in the near field of the disk [52], in which case the coherence length is fixed to the average size of the disk inhomogeneities

    and can be varied by changingf L orw[51]. How- ever, the same effect can be reached in the near field of the disk [52], in which case the coherence length is fixed to the average size of the disk inhomogeneities. Alter- natively, partial coherence can be imposed on a coherent beam by means of a spatial light modulator [53, 54], as shown in Fig. 3. Now we ...

    work page 2020

  7. [7]

    A. V. Belinskii and D. N. Klyshko, Two-photon op- tics: diffraction, holography, and transformation of two- dimensional signals, JETP78, 259 (1994)

    work page 1994

  8. [8]

    T. B. Pittman, Y. H. Shih, D. V. Strekalov, and A. V. Sergienko, Optical imaging by means of two-photon quantum entanglement, Phys. Rev. A52, R3429 (1995)

    work page 1995

  9. [9]

    two- photon

    R. S. Bennink, S. J. Bentley, and R. W. Boyd, “two- photon” coincidence imaging with a classical source, Phys. Rev. Lett.89, 113601 (2002)

    work page 2002

  10. [10]

    Ferri, D

    F. Ferri, D. Magatti, A. Gatti, M. Bache, E. Brambilla, and L. A. Lugiato, High-resolution ghost image and ghost diffraction experiments with thermal light, Phys. Rev. Lett.94, 183602 (2005)

    work page 2005

  11. [11]

    K. W. C. Chan, M. N. O’Sullivan, and R. W. Boyd, Two- color ghost imaging, Phys. Rev. A79, 033808 (2009)

    work page 2009

  12. [12]

    R. S. Aspden, N. R. Gemmell, P. A. Morris, D. S. Tasca, L. Mertens, M. G. Tanner, R. A. Kirkwood, A. Rug- geri, A. Tosi, R. W. Boyd, G. S. Buller, R. H. Hadfield, and M. J. Padgett, Photon-sparse microscopy: visible light imaging using infrared illumination, Optica2, 1049 (2015)

    work page 2015

  13. [13]

    H. Yu, R. Lu, S. Han, H. Xie, G. Du, T. Xiao, and D. Zhu, Fourier-transform ghost imaging with hard X rays, Phys. Rev. Lett.117, 113901 (2016)

    work page 2016

  14. [14]

    Pelliccia, A

    D. Pelliccia, A. Rack, M. Scheel, V. Cantelli, and D. M. Paganin, Experimental X-ray ghost imaging, Phys. Rev. Lett.117, 113902 (2016)

    work page 2016

  15. [15]

    M. J. Padgett and R. W. Boyd, An introduction to ghost 9 imaging: quantum and classical, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. A375, 20160233 (2017)

    work page 2017

  16. [16]

    Gilaberte Basset, F

    M. Gilaberte Basset, F. Setzpfandt, F. Steinlechner, E. Beckert, T. Pertsch, and M. Gr¨ afe, Perspectives for applications of quantum imaging, Las. Phot. Rev.13, 1900097 (2019)

    work page 2019

  17. [17]

    Defienne, W

    H. Defienne, W. P. Bowen, M. Chekhova, G. B. Lemos, D. Oron, S. Ramelow, N. Treps, and D. Faccio, Advances in quantum imaging, Nature Phot.18, 1024 (2024)

    work page 2024

  18. [18]

    C. G. Amiot, P. Ryczkowski, A. T. Friberg, J. M. Dudley, and G. Genty, Ghost optical coherence tomography, Opt. Express27, 24114 (2019)

    work page 2019

  19. [19]

    Huyan, N

    D. Huyan, N. Lagrosas, and T. Shiina, Target imaging in scattering media using ghost imaging optical coherence tomography, APL Photonics7, 086104 (2022)

    work page 2022

  20. [20]

    Altmann, S

    Y. Altmann, S. McLaughlin, M. J. Padgett, V. K. Goyal, A. O. Hero, and D. Faccio, Quantum-inspired computa- tional imaging, Science361, eaat2298 (2018)

    work page 2018

  21. [21]

    Shirai, T

    T. Shirai, T. Set¨ al¨ a, and A. T. Friberg, Temporal ghost imaging with classical non-stationary pulsed light, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B27, 2549 (2010)

    work page 2010

  22. [22]

    Denis, P.-A

    S. Denis, P.-A. Moreau, F. Devaux, and E. Lantz, Tempo- ral ghost imaging with twin photons, J. Opt.19, 034002 (2017)

    work page 2017

  23. [23]

    Ryczkowski, M

    P. Ryczkowski, M. Barbier, A. T. Friberg, J. M. Dudley, and G. Genty, Ghost imaging in the time domain, Nature Photonics10, 167 (2016)

    work page 2016

  24. [24]

    H. Wu, P. Ryczkowski, A. T. Friberg, J. M. Dudley, and G. Genty, Temporal ghost imaging using wavelength con- version and two-color detection, Optica6, 902 (2019)

    work page 2019

  25. [25]

    O-oka, R

    Y. O-oka, R. Keyaki, S. Fujisawa, and S. Fukatsu, One- time readout temporal single-pixel imaging, Opt. Lett. 48, 3307 (2023)

    work page 2023

  26. [26]

    Ratner, J

    D. Ratner, J. P. Cryan, T. J. Lane, S. Li, and G. Stu- pakov, Ghost imaging with SASE FELs, Phys. Rev. X9, 011045 (2019)

    work page 2019

  27. [27]

    Pan and L

    Z. Pan and L. Zhang, Optical cryptography-based tempo- ral ghost imaging with chaotic laser, IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett.29, 1289 (2017)

    work page 2017

  28. [28]

    Jiang, Y

    S. Jiang, Y. Wang, T. Long, X. Meng, X. Yang, R. Shu, and B. Sun, Information security scheme based on com- putational temporal ghost imaging, Sci. Rep.7, 7676 (2017)

    work page 2017

  29. [29]

    L. He, B. Hu, Z. Bo, C. Zhang, X. Zhou, S. Han, H. Liang, and H. Wu, Mid-infrared data encryption and trans- mission beyond detector bandwidth based on frequency down-conversion temporal ghost imaging, APL Phot.10 (2025)

    work page 2025

  30. [30]

    Wu, F.-X

    J. Wu, F.-X. Wang, W. Chen, S. Wang, D.-Y. He, Z.-Q. Yin, G.-C. Guo, and Z.-F. Han, Temporal ghost imag- ing for quantum device evaluation, Opt. Lett.44, 2522 (2019)

    work page 2019

  31. [31]

    Y. Wang, W. Jiang, H. Chen, X. Chen, Y. Gao, P. Tian, and B. Sun, Ultra-high frequency signal transmission based on temporal ghost imaging, J. Lightwave Technol. 40, 5426 (2022)

    work page 2022

  32. [32]

    Ryczkowski, M

    P. Ryczkowski, M. Barbier, A. T. Friberg, J. M. Dud- ley, and G. Genty, Magnified time-domain ghost imaging, APL Photonics2, 046102 (2017)

    work page 2017

  33. [33]

    H. Wu, B. Han, Z. Wang, G. Genty, G. Feng, and H. Liang, Temporal ghost imaging with random fiber lasers, Opt. Express28, 9957 (2020)

    work page 2020

  34. [34]

    Scarcelli, A

    G. Scarcelli, A. Valencia, S. Gompers, and Y. Shih, Remote spectral measurement using entangled photons, Appl. Phys. Lett.83, 5560 (2003)

    work page 2003

  35. [35]

    Janassek, S

    P. Janassek, S. Blumenstein, and W. Els¨ aßer, Ghost spec- troscopy with classical thermal light emitted by a super- luminescent diode, Phys. Rev. Appl.9, 021001 (2018)

    work page 2018

  36. [36]

    Chiuri, F

    A. Chiuri, F. Angelini, S. Santoro, M. Barbieri, and I. Gi- anani, Quantum ghost imaging spectrometer, ACS Pho- tonics10, 4299 (2023)

    work page 2023

  37. [37]

    Abbas, C

    A. Abbas, C. Xu, and L.-G. Wang, Spatiotemporal ghost imaging and interference, Phys. Rev. A101, 043805 (2020)

    work page 2020

  38. [38]

    Abbas and L.-G

    A. Abbas and L.-G. Wang, Hanbury Brown and Twiss ef- fect in spatiotemporal domain, Optics Express28, 32077 (2020)

    work page 2020

  39. [39]

    D. B. Horoshko, Time-to-space ghost imaging, Opt. Lett. 48, 3247 (2023)

    work page 2023

  40. [40]

    Gatti, E

    A. Gatti, E. Brambilla, L. Caspani, O. Jedrkiewicz, and L. A. Lugiato,Xentanglement: The nonfactorable spa- tiotemporal structure of biphoton correlation, Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 223601 (2009)

    work page 2009

  41. [41]

    D. B. Horoshko, G. Patera, A. Gatti, and M. I. Kolobov, X-entangled biphotons: Schmidt number for 2D model, Eur. Phys. J. D66, 1 (2012)

    work page 2012

  42. [42]

    Gatti, T

    A. Gatti, T. Corti, E. Brambilla, and D. B. Horoshko, Di- mensionality of the spatiotemporal entanglement of para- metric down-conversion photon pairs, Phys. Rev. A86, 053803 (2012)

    work page 2012

  43. [43]

    Peˇ rina, Coherence and dimensionality of intense spa- tiospectral twin beams, Phys

    J. Peˇ rina, Coherence and dimensionality of intense spa- tiospectral twin beams, Phys. Rev. A92, 013833 (2015)

    work page 2015

  44. [44]

    La Volpe, S

    L. La Volpe, S. De, T. Kouadou, D. Horoshko, M. I. Kolobov, C. Fabre, V. Parigi, and N. Treps, Multimode single-pass spatio-temporal squeezing, Opt. Express28, 12385 (2020)

    work page 2020

  45. [45]

    La Volpe, S

    L. La Volpe, S. De, M. Kolobov, V. Parigi, C. Fabre, N. Treps, and D. Horoshko, Spatiotemporal entangle- ment in a noncollinear optical parametric amplifier, Phys. Rev. Appl.15, 024016 (2021)

    work page 2021

  46. [46]

    F. S. Roux, Stimulated parametric down-conversion for spatiotemporal metrology, Phys. Rev. A104, 043514 (2021)

    work page 2021

  47. [47]

    Mandel and E

    L. Mandel and E. Wolf,Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995)

    work page 1995

  48. [48]

    Gatti, E

    A. Gatti, E. Brambilla, M. Bache, and L. A. Lugiato, Correlated imaging, quantum and classical, Phys. Rev. A70, 013802 (2004)

    work page 2004

  49. [49]

    O. Katz, Y. Bromberg, and Y. Silberberg, Compressive ghost imaging, Appl. Phys. Lett.95(2009)

    work page 2009

  50. [50]

    Starovoitov, V

    V. Starovoitov, V. Chizhevsky, D. Mogilevtsev, A. Smali- akou, M. Perenzoni, L. Gasparini, D. Horoshko, and S. Kilin, Frame-filtered ghost imaging with a SPAD ar- ray used both as a multiple “bucket” detector and an imaging camera, Appl. Opt.63, 6012 (2024)

    work page 2024

  51. [51]

    B. I. Erkmen and J. H. Shapiro, Unified theory of ghost imaging with Gaussian-state light, Phys. Rev. A77, 043809 (2008)

    work page 2008

  52. [52]

    Srivastava, D

    S. Srivastava, D. B. Horoshko, and M. I. Kolobov, Making entangled photons indistinguishable by a time lens, Phys. Rev. A107, 033705 (2023)

    work page 2023

  53. [53]

    T´ oth, G

    G. T´ oth, G. Pol´ onyi, and J. Hebling, Tilted pulse front pumping techniques for efficient terahertz pulse genera- tion, Light Sci. Appl.12, 256 (2023)

    work page 2023

  54. [54]

    O. E. Martinez, Pulse distortions in tilted pulse schemes for ultrashort pulses, Opt. Comm.59, 229 (1986)

    work page 1986

  55. [55]

    J. W. Goodman,Introduction to Fourier Optics, 3rd ed. (Roberts and Co., Englewood, 2005). 10

    work page 2005

  56. [56]

    De Santis, F

    P. De Santis, F. Gori, G. Guattari, and C. Palma, An example of a Collett-Wolf source, Opt. Comm.29, 256 (1979)

    work page 1979

  57. [57]

    Starovoitov, V

    V. Starovoitov, V. Chizhevsky, D. Horoshko, and S. Y. Kilin, Spatio-temporal correlations of photons from a pseudo-thermal source, J. Appl. Spectr.90, 377 (2023)

    work page 2023

  58. [58]

    F. Wang, Y. Cai, and S. He, Experimental observation of coincidence fractional Fourier transform with a partially coherent beam, Opt. Express14, 6999 (2006)

    work page 2006

  59. [59]

    M. W. Hyde, S. Basu, D. G. Voelz, and X. Xiao, Ex- perimentally generating any desired partially coherent Schell-model source using phase-only control, J. Appl. Phys.118(2015)

    work page 2015

  60. [60]

    Y. Cai, Y. Chen, J. Yu, X. Liu, and L. Liu, Generation of partially coherent beams, Prog. Opt.62, 157 (2017)

    work page 2017

  61. [61]

    J. Zhao, J. Dai, B. Braverman, X.-C. Zhang, and R. W. Boyd, Compressive ultrafast pulse measurement via time- domain single-pixel imaging, Optica8, 1176 (2021)

    work page 2021

  62. [62]

    Zhang, K

    W. Zhang, K. Huang, X. Wang, B. Sun, J. Fang, Y. Li, and H. Zeng, Mid-infrared single-photon computational temporal ghost imaging, Laser Phot. Rev.19, 2402180 (2025)

    work page 2025