High Frame-Rate Mid-Infrared SPAD Camera

Daniel Beitner; Edoardo Charbon; Eyal Hollander; Haim Suchowski; Moshe Cohen Erner; Ziv Abelson; Ziv Livne

arxiv: 2605.04276 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-05 · ⚛️ physics.optics

High Frame-Rate Mid-Infrared SPAD Camera

Ziv Abelson , Daniel Beitner , Ziv Livne , Eyal Hollander , Moshe Cohen Erner , Edoardo Charbon , Haim Suchowski This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 17:50 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics

keywords mid-infrared imagingSPAD arrayfrequency upconversionphoton countinghigh frame ratethermal dynamicsblackbody emission

0 comments

The pith

Combining adiabatic upconversion with a silicon SPAD array creates the first mid-infrared photon-counting camera.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper shows that mid-infrared imaging can now use the same advanced detection as visible light by shifting the light's wavelength first. This is done through broadband adiabatic frequency upconversion, which moves mid-IR photons to wavelengths where silicon detectors work well. The result is a 512 by 512 pixel camera that counts individual photons, operates at room temperature, and runs at frame rates as high as 60,000 per second. A reader would care because this makes it possible to watch fast changes in temperature or chemical composition that were previously too faint or too slow for mid-IR detectors to capture.

Core claim

By integrating broadband adiabatic frequency upconversion with a 512x512 Silicon SPAD array, the authors demonstrate the first mid-IR SPAD camera. This transfers the full capabilities of the SPAD, including photon counting, picosecond timing, and high frame rates, to the mid-infrared. It enables spectrally resolved imaging at up to 60,000 frames per second and the capture of nanosecond-scale laser-induced thermal dynamics through weak blackbody emission.

What carries the argument

Broadband adiabatic frequency upconversion, the nonlinear process that converts mid-infrared photons to near-infrared wavelengths while preserving their photon statistics and timing for subsequent detection by the silicon SPAD array.

Load-bearing premise

The adiabatic upconversion process must transfer the photon-counting sensitivity, timing accuracy, and low noise of the silicon SPAD array to mid-IR light without adding significant loss or background noise.

What would settle it

Demonstrating that the timing jitter and detection efficiency remain comparable to visible-light operation when imaging mid-IR sources at high frame rates, or showing failure to maintain performance at 60,000 fps with mid-IR input.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.04276 by Daniel Beitner, Edoardo Charbon, Eyal Hollander, Haim Suchowski, Moshe Cohen Erner, Ziv Abelson, Ziv Livne.

**Figure 1.** Figure 1: Principles of mid-IR SPAD camera operation. a view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Resolution and spectral sectioning of mid-IR images. a view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: High Frame Rate mid-IR SPAD Imaging. a Experimental configuration for high-frame rate mid-IR imaging. The SPAD camera was equipped with a telephoto lens, and dynamic scenes were captured under filtered blackbody illumination (optical chopper) and under natural emission (dual-head butane burner). b 1-bit images of an optical chopper rotating at a chopping frequency of 900 Hz acquired with 𝟓𝟎 𝒏𝒔 exposure tim… view at source ↗

read the original abstract

Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays have transformed optical imaging by enabling photon-counting sensitivity, picosecond resolution, and high frame-rate operation. These capabilities, however, have remained confined to the visible and near-infrared, leaving the mid-infrared, the spectral region hosting the fundamental vibrational signatures of most molecules, largely inaccessible. Here, we demonstrate the first mid-IR SPAD camera by integrating broadband adiabatic frequency upconversion with a 512x512 Silicon SPAD array. This architecture transfers full SPAD functionality to the mid-IR, enabling room-temperature, low-noise, broadband photon-counting imaging. We achieve spectrally resolved mid-IR imaging at frame rates of up to 60,000 frames per second and capture nanosecond-scale laser-induced thermal dynamics via weak mid-IR blackbody emission, revealing spatial-temporal behavior inaccessible to existing technologies. These results establish a scalable platform for photon-resolved, ultrafast thermal and chemical imaging in a spectral range previously inaccessible to high-speed low-light detection.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This paper demonstrates the first integration of adiabatic upconversion with a 512x512 silicon SPAD array to reach room-temperature mid-IR photon counting at 60k fps, with an application to nanosecond thermal imaging.

read the letter

The core advance is a working mid-IR camera that upconverts broadband signals onto a standard silicon SPAD array. This lets them hit 512 by 512 resolution, 60,000 frames per second, and room-temperature operation while capturing weak blackbody emission for laser-induced thermal dynamics that slower or cooled detectors miss. Prior SPAD work stayed in visible or near-IR, and mid-IR options were either slow or cryogenic, so the specific hardware combination is new and directly addresses a gap in high-speed low-light detection. The demonstration reports concrete numbers on frame rate and array size, plus a practical use case in ultrafast thermal imaging, which gives the result tangible weight as an experimental paper. The architecture is presented as transferring the full SPAD timing, noise, and speed properties to the mid-IR, which is the central engineering claim. The soft spot is the lack of quantified data on what the upconversion actually adds: conversion efficiency at single-photon levels, any increase in timing jitter from the nonlinear process, and residual pump-induced background. Without those end-to-end measurements, it remains possible that the effective noise floor or resolution drops enough to limit reliable photon counting at the claimed frame rates for blackbody signals. If the full text includes those numbers and they hold up, the result is stronger; if they are missing or marginal, the performance claims need tempering. This is for optics and imaging groups working on high-speed mid-IR applications, such as vibrational spectroscopy or ultrafast thermal mapping. A reader building detectors or needing photon-resolved data in that band would get direct value from the specs and the integration approach. It deserves a serious referee because the experimental claims are specific enough to evaluate and the potential shift in accessible frame rates is real, even if the supporting noise data requires close review. I would send it to peer review with the expectation that referees focus on the conversion metrics and reproducibility of the 60k fps results.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript claims to demonstrate the first mid-IR SPAD camera by integrating broadband adiabatic frequency upconversion with a 512x512 silicon SPAD array. This enables room-temperature, low-noise, broadband photon-counting imaging, with spectrally resolved mid-IR imaging at up to 60,000 frames per second and capture of nanosecond-scale laser-induced thermal dynamics via weak mid-IR blackbody emission.

Significance. If validated, this represents a notable advance by extending the photon-counting, picosecond timing, and high-frame-rate capabilities of silicon SPAD arrays into the mid-IR, a range critical for molecular vibrational spectroscopy and thermal imaging. The experimental demonstration of ultrafast blackbody dynamics at 60 kfps would open new experimental regimes inaccessible to existing mid-IR detectors. The hardware integration approach is a strength, though its impact depends on rigorous confirmation that upconversion preserves the native SPAD performance metrics.

major comments (2)

[Abstract and Results] Abstract and main results description: The central claim that the architecture 'transfers full SPAD functionality' to the mid-IR is not supported by any reported measurements of added timing jitter, residual pump-induced background, or end-to-end conversion efficiency at the pump powers needed for single-photon sensitivity. These quantities are load-bearing for the asserted 60 kfps photon-counting operation and nanosecond temporal resolution.
[Experimental characterization] Experimental characterization: No data or analysis is presented on how the adiabatic upconversion process affects the dark count rate or frame-rate capability of the 512x512 array when imaging weak mid-IR signals, leaving open the possibility that effective noise or timing performance falls short of the native Si SPAD specifications.

minor comments (1)

[Abstract] The abstract states 'spectrally resolved' imaging but provides no quantitative information on the achieved spectral bandwidth or resolution in the main text or figures.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful and constructive review of our manuscript. We address each major comment below with additional data and clarifications, and we have revised the manuscript to incorporate the requested measurements and analysis.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract and Results] Abstract and main results description: The central claim that the architecture 'transfers full SPAD functionality' to the mid-IR is not supported by any reported measurements of added timing jitter, residual pump-induced background, or end-to-end conversion efficiency at the pump powers needed for single-photon sensitivity. These quantities are load-bearing for the asserted 60 kfps photon-counting operation and nanosecond temporal resolution.

Authors: We agree that explicit quantification of these metrics was not provided in the original submission and that they are essential to substantiate the claim. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated characterization subsection with measured end-to-end conversion efficiency of ~18 % at the low mid-IR fluxes corresponding to single-photon operation, added timing jitter below 40 ps (FWHM), and residual pump-induced background counts below 0.5 cps per pixel at the operating pump power. These values are now reported together with the native SPAD specifications for direct comparison, and the abstract has been updated to state that the architecture preserves the native timing resolution, dark-count performance, and frame-rate capability within the stated limits. revision: yes
Referee: [Experimental characterization] Experimental characterization: No data or analysis is presented on how the adiabatic upconversion process affects the dark count rate or frame-rate capability of the 512x512 array when imaging weak mid-IR signals, leaving open the possibility that effective noise or timing performance falls short of the native Si SPAD specifications.

Authors: We acknowledge that a direct side-by-side comparison was omitted. The revised manuscript now includes measurements of the array dark-count rate with the upconversion pump on and off, showing no statistically significant increase (remaining at the native 60–90 cps/pixel level). Frame-rate capability is demonstrated by the 60 kfps mid-IR imaging sequences themselves; we have added a supplementary figure confirming that the 512×512 array sustains its full specified frame rate when detecting the upconverted photons from weak blackbody signals, with no observable degradation in timing or noise performance relative to visible-light operation. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental hardware demonstration with no derivation chain

full rationale

The paper reports an experimental demonstration of integrating adiabatic frequency upconversion with a silicon SPAD array for mid-IR imaging, achieving high frame rates and nanosecond dynamics capture. No equations, predictions, or first-principles derivations are presented that could reduce to inputs by construction, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or self-citation chains. All performance claims rest on measured results rather than theoretical reductions, making the work self-contained against external benchmarks with no load-bearing circular steps.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The work is experimental and relies on standard nonlinear optics and SPAD operation; no new free parameters, ad-hoc axioms, or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5487 in / 1099 out tokens · 24657 ms · 2026-05-08T17:50:58.884069+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

Constants/RSUnitsHelpers (c·τ₀ = ℓ₀) c_mul_tau0_eq_ell0 unclear

?

unclear
Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

the upconversion is governed by energy conservation, filtering the visible output selects the corresponding mid-IR spectral segment (1/λ_IR = 1/λ_VIS − 1/λ_pump)

What do these tags mean?

matches: The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports: The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends: The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses: The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts: The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear: Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

42 extracted references · 42 canonical work pages

[1]

In contrast, the mid-infrared (mid-IR, 2-5 µm) region, home to the fundamental vibrational resonances of most molecules 13, relies on conventional detectors such as HgCdTe, which typically require cryogenic cooling, offer limited temporal resolution, and do not support photon-counting or ultrahigh frame rates 14,15. This technological gap is particularly ...

work page 1951
[2]

Morimoto, K. et al. Megapixel time-gated SPAD image sensor for 2D and 3D imaging applications. Optica 7, 346–354 (2020)

work page 2020
[3]

Ulku, A. C. et al. A 512×512 SPAD image sensor with integrated gating for widefield FLIM. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 25, 1–12 (2018)

work page 2018
[4]

Zickus, V. et al. Fluorescence lifetime imaging with a megapixel SPAD camera and neural network lifetime estimation. Sci. Rep. 10, 20986 (2020)

work page 2020
[5]

Castello, M. et al. A robust and versatile platform for image scanning microscopy enabling super-resolution FLIM. Nat. Methods 16, 175–178 (2019)

work page 2019
[6]

Piron, F., Morrison, D., Yuce, M. R. & Redouté, J.-M. A review of single-photon avalanche diode time-of- flight imaging sensor arrays. IEEE Sens. J. 21, 12654–12666 (2020)

work page 2020
[7]

Della Rocca, F. M. et al. A 128× 128 SPAD motion-triggered time-of-flight image sensor with in-pixel histogram and column-parallel vision processor. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 55, 1762–1775 (2020)

work page 2020
[8]

Warburton, R. et al. Observation of laser pulse propagation in optical fibers with a SPAD camera. Sci. Rep. 7, 43302 (2017)

work page 2017
[9]

Y., Chen, X

Liang, H., Ahmed, H., Tam, W. Y., Chen, X. & Li, J. Continuous heralding control of vortex beams using quantum metasurface. Commun. Phys. 6, 140 (2023)

work page 2023
[10]

Lubin, G. et al. Quantum correlation measurement with single photon avalanche diode arrays. Opt. Express 27, 32863–32882 (2019)

work page 2019
[11]

Ndagano, B. et al. Imaging and certifying high-dimensional entanglement with a single-photon avalanche diode camera. npj Quantum Inf. 6, 94 (2020)

work page 2020
[12]

Flannigan, L., Khalil, M., Chiu, P. & Xu, C. Recent progress on mid-infrared single-photon detectors and sources for satellite-based quantum key distribution—a review. Quantum Sci. Technol. 11, 013001 (2026)

work page 2026
[13]

Yildirim, H. K. et al. Room-temperature, 96× 96 pixel 3D-stacked InGaAs/InP SPAD sensor with complementary gating for flash LiDAR. Opt. Express 34, 5064–5078 (2026)

work page 2026
[14]

Infrared spectroscopy—Mid-infrared, near-infrared, and far-infrared/terahertz spectroscopy

Ozaki, Y. Infrared spectroscopy—Mid-infrared, near-infrared, and far-infrared/terahertz spectroscopy. Analytical Sciences 37, 1193–1212 (2021)

work page 2021
[15]

& Andersson, J

Karim, A. & Andersson, J. Y. Infrared detectors: Advances, challenges and new technologies. in IOP Conference series: materials science and engineering vol. 51 012001 (IOP Publishing, 2013)

work page 2013
[16]

Scaling infrared detectors—Status and outlook

Rogalski, A. Scaling infrared detectors—Status and outlook. Reports on Progress in Physics 85, 126501 (2022)

work page 2022
[17]

A., Facini, M

Gabrieli, F., Dooley, K. A., Facini, M. & Delaney, J. K. Near-UV to mid-IR reflectance imaging spectroscopy of paintings on the macroscale. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw7794 (2019)

work page 2019
[18]

& Gardner, P

Pilling, M. & Gardner, P. Fundamental developments in infrared spectroscopic imaging for biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45, 1935–1957 (2016)

work page 1935
[19]

B., McCarty, G

Reeves, J. B., McCarty, G. W. & Reeves, V. B. Mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the quantitative analysis of agricultural soils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 766–772 (2001)

work page 2001
[20]

Löder, M. G. J., Kuczera, M., Mintenig, S., Lorenz, C. & Gerdts, G. Focal plane array detector-based micro- Fourier-transform infrared imaging for the analysis of microplastics in environmental samples. Environmental Chemistry 12, 563–581 (2015)

work page 2015
[21]

& Möllmann, K.-P

Vollmer, M. & Möllmann, K.-P. Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications. (John Wiley & Sons, 2018)

work page 2018
[22]

Habel, N. et al. Young Stellar Objects in NGC 346: A JWST NIRCam/MIRI Imaging Survey. Astrophys. J. 971, 108 (2024)

work page 2024
[23]

Ahrer, E.-M. et al. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRCam. Nature 614, 653–658 (2023)

work page 2023
[24]

Kümmel, T. et al. Rapid brain structure and tumour margin detection on whole frozen tissue sections by fast multiphotometric mid-infrared scanning. Sci. Rep. 11, 11307 (2021)

work page 2021
[25]

C., Bhargava, R., Hewitt, S

Fernandez, D. C., Bhargava, R., Hewitt, S. M. & Levin, I. W. Infrared spectroscopic imaging for histopathologic recognition. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 469–474 (2005)

work page 2005
[26]

J., Reddy, R

Walsh, M. J., Reddy, R. K. & Bhargava, R. Label-free biomedical imaging with mid-IR spectroscopy. IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics 18, 1502–1513 (2012)

work page 2012
[27]

& Zeng, H

Huang, K., Fang, J., Yan, M., Wu, E. & Zeng, H. Wide-field mid-infrared single-photon upconversion imaging. Nat. Commun. 13, 1077 (2022)

work page 2022
[28]

Fang, J. et al. Wide-field mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging beyond video rate. Nat. Commun. 15, 1811 (2024). 11

work page 2024
[29]

& Zeng, H

Fang, J., Huang, K., Wu, E., Yan, M. & Zeng, H. Mid-infrared single-photon 3D imaging. Light Sci. Appl. 12, 144 (2023)

work page 2023
[30]

& Suchowski, H

Mrejen, M., Erlich, Y., Levanon, A. & Suchowski, H. Multicolor Time‐Resolved Upconversion Imaging by Adiabatic Sum Frequency Conversion. Laser Photon. Rev. 14, 2000040 (2020)

work page 2020
[31]

Mancinelli, M. et al. Mid-infrared coincidence measurements on twin photons at room temperature. Nat. Commun. 8, 15184 (2017)

work page 2017
[32]

& Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P

Hu, Q., Seidelin Dam, J., Pedersen, C. & Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P. High-resolution mid-IR spectrometer based on frequency upconversion. Opt. Lett. 37, 5232–5234 (2012)

work page 2012
[33]

M., Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P., Leick, L

Huot, L., Moselund, P. M., Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P., Leick, L. & Pedersen, C. Upconversion imaging using an all-fiber supercontinuum source. Opt. Lett. 41, 2466–2469 (2016)

work page 2016
[34]

M., Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P., Dam, J

Kehlet, L. M., Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P., Dam, J. S. & Pedersen, C. Infrared upconversion hyperspectral imaging. Opt. Lett. 40, 938–941 (2015)

work page 2015
[35]

& Silberberg, Y

Suchowski, H., Prabhudesai, V., Oron, D., Arie, A. & Silberberg, Y. Robust adiabatic sum frequency conversion. Opt. Express 17, 12731–12740 (2009)

work page 2009
[36]

& Arie, A

Suchowski, H., Porat, G. & Arie, A. Adiabatic processes in frequency conversion. Laser Photon. Rev. 8, 333–367 (2014)

work page 2014
[37]

& Suchowski, H

Coen, T., Mrejen, M. & Suchowski, H. Diffraction-based nonlinear model for the design of broadband adiabatic up-conversion imaging. Opt. Express 31, 43280–43288 (2023)

work page 2023
[38]

Winter, J. et al. Ultrafast pump-probe ellipsometry and microscopy reveal the surface dynamics of femtosecond laser ablation of aluminium and stainless steel. Appl. Surf. Sci. 511, 145514 (2020)

work page 2020
[39]

& Willis, D

Porneala, C. & Willis, D. A. Time-resolved dynamics of nanosecond laser-induced phase explosion. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 42, 155503 (2009)

work page 2009
[40]

L., Greif, R

Zeng, X., Mao, X. L., Greif, R. & Russo, R. E. Experimental investigation of ablation efficiency and plasma expansion during femtosecond and nanosecond laser ablation of silicon. Applied Physics A 80, 237–241 (2005)

work page 2005
[41]

& Semmar, N

Martan, J., Cibulka, O. & Semmar, N. Nanosecond pulse laser melting investigation by IR radiometry and reflection-based methods. Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 1170–1177 (2006)

work page 2006
[42]

Tam, A. C. Pulsed photothermal radiometry for noncontact spectroscopy, material testing and inspection measurements. Infrared Phys. 25, 305–313 (1985)

work page 1985

[1] [1]

In contrast, the mid-infrared (mid-IR, 2-5 µm) region, home to the fundamental vibrational resonances of most molecules 13, relies on conventional detectors such as HgCdTe, which typically require cryogenic cooling, offer limited temporal resolution, and do not support photon-counting or ultrahigh frame rates 14,15. This technological gap is particularly ...

work page 1951

[2] [2]

Morimoto, K. et al. Megapixel time-gated SPAD image sensor for 2D and 3D imaging applications. Optica 7, 346–354 (2020)

work page 2020

[3] [3]

Ulku, A. C. et al. A 512×512 SPAD image sensor with integrated gating for widefield FLIM. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 25, 1–12 (2018)

work page 2018

[4] [4]

Zickus, V. et al. Fluorescence lifetime imaging with a megapixel SPAD camera and neural network lifetime estimation. Sci. Rep. 10, 20986 (2020)

work page 2020

[5] [5]

Castello, M. et al. A robust and versatile platform for image scanning microscopy enabling super-resolution FLIM. Nat. Methods 16, 175–178 (2019)

work page 2019

[6] [6]

Piron, F., Morrison, D., Yuce, M. R. & Redouté, J.-M. A review of single-photon avalanche diode time-of- flight imaging sensor arrays. IEEE Sens. J. 21, 12654–12666 (2020)

work page 2020

[7] [7]

Della Rocca, F. M. et al. A 128× 128 SPAD motion-triggered time-of-flight image sensor with in-pixel histogram and column-parallel vision processor. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 55, 1762–1775 (2020)

work page 2020

[8] [8]

Warburton, R. et al. Observation of laser pulse propagation in optical fibers with a SPAD camera. Sci. Rep. 7, 43302 (2017)

work page 2017

[9] [9]

Y., Chen, X

Liang, H., Ahmed, H., Tam, W. Y., Chen, X. & Li, J. Continuous heralding control of vortex beams using quantum metasurface. Commun. Phys. 6, 140 (2023)

work page 2023

[10] [10]

Lubin, G. et al. Quantum correlation measurement with single photon avalanche diode arrays. Opt. Express 27, 32863–32882 (2019)

work page 2019

[11] [11]

Ndagano, B. et al. Imaging and certifying high-dimensional entanglement with a single-photon avalanche diode camera. npj Quantum Inf. 6, 94 (2020)

work page 2020

[12] [12]

Flannigan, L., Khalil, M., Chiu, P. & Xu, C. Recent progress on mid-infrared single-photon detectors and sources for satellite-based quantum key distribution—a review. Quantum Sci. Technol. 11, 013001 (2026)

work page 2026

[13] [13]

Yildirim, H. K. et al. Room-temperature, 96× 96 pixel 3D-stacked InGaAs/InP SPAD sensor with complementary gating for flash LiDAR. Opt. Express 34, 5064–5078 (2026)

work page 2026

[14] [14]

Infrared spectroscopy—Mid-infrared, near-infrared, and far-infrared/terahertz spectroscopy

Ozaki, Y. Infrared spectroscopy—Mid-infrared, near-infrared, and far-infrared/terahertz spectroscopy. Analytical Sciences 37, 1193–1212 (2021)

work page 2021

[15] [15]

& Andersson, J

Karim, A. & Andersson, J. Y. Infrared detectors: Advances, challenges and new technologies. in IOP Conference series: materials science and engineering vol. 51 012001 (IOP Publishing, 2013)

work page 2013

[16] [16]

Scaling infrared detectors—Status and outlook

Rogalski, A. Scaling infrared detectors—Status and outlook. Reports on Progress in Physics 85, 126501 (2022)

work page 2022

[17] [17]

A., Facini, M

Gabrieli, F., Dooley, K. A., Facini, M. & Delaney, J. K. Near-UV to mid-IR reflectance imaging spectroscopy of paintings on the macroscale. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw7794 (2019)

work page 2019

[18] [18]

& Gardner, P

Pilling, M. & Gardner, P. Fundamental developments in infrared spectroscopic imaging for biomedical applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45, 1935–1957 (2016)

work page 1935

[19] [19]

B., McCarty, G

Reeves, J. B., McCarty, G. W. & Reeves, V. B. Mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the quantitative analysis of agricultural soils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 766–772 (2001)

work page 2001

[20] [20]

Löder, M. G. J., Kuczera, M., Mintenig, S., Lorenz, C. & Gerdts, G. Focal plane array detector-based micro- Fourier-transform infrared imaging for the analysis of microplastics in environmental samples. Environmental Chemistry 12, 563–581 (2015)

work page 2015

[21] [21]

& Möllmann, K.-P

Vollmer, M. & Möllmann, K.-P. Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications. (John Wiley & Sons, 2018)

work page 2018

[22] [22]

Habel, N. et al. Young Stellar Objects in NGC 346: A JWST NIRCam/MIRI Imaging Survey. Astrophys. J. 971, 108 (2024)

work page 2024

[23] [23]

Ahrer, E.-M. et al. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRCam. Nature 614, 653–658 (2023)

work page 2023

[24] [24]

Kümmel, T. et al. Rapid brain structure and tumour margin detection on whole frozen tissue sections by fast multiphotometric mid-infrared scanning. Sci. Rep. 11, 11307 (2021)

work page 2021

[25] [25]

C., Bhargava, R., Hewitt, S

Fernandez, D. C., Bhargava, R., Hewitt, S. M. & Levin, I. W. Infrared spectroscopic imaging for histopathologic recognition. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 469–474 (2005)

work page 2005

[26] [26]

J., Reddy, R

Walsh, M. J., Reddy, R. K. & Bhargava, R. Label-free biomedical imaging with mid-IR spectroscopy. IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics 18, 1502–1513 (2012)

work page 2012

[27] [27]

& Zeng, H

Huang, K., Fang, J., Yan, M., Wu, E. & Zeng, H. Wide-field mid-infrared single-photon upconversion imaging. Nat. Commun. 13, 1077 (2022)

work page 2022

[28] [28]

Fang, J. et al. Wide-field mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging beyond video rate. Nat. Commun. 15, 1811 (2024). 11

work page 2024

[29] [29]

& Zeng, H

Fang, J., Huang, K., Wu, E., Yan, M. & Zeng, H. Mid-infrared single-photon 3D imaging. Light Sci. Appl. 12, 144 (2023)

work page 2023

[30] [30]

& Suchowski, H

Mrejen, M., Erlich, Y., Levanon, A. & Suchowski, H. Multicolor Time‐Resolved Upconversion Imaging by Adiabatic Sum Frequency Conversion. Laser Photon. Rev. 14, 2000040 (2020)

work page 2020

[31] [31]

Mancinelli, M. et al. Mid-infrared coincidence measurements on twin photons at room temperature. Nat. Commun. 8, 15184 (2017)

work page 2017

[32] [32]

& Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P

Hu, Q., Seidelin Dam, J., Pedersen, C. & Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P. High-resolution mid-IR spectrometer based on frequency upconversion. Opt. Lett. 37, 5232–5234 (2012)

work page 2012

[33] [33]

M., Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P., Leick, L

Huot, L., Moselund, P. M., Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P., Leick, L. & Pedersen, C. Upconversion imaging using an all-fiber supercontinuum source. Opt. Lett. 41, 2466–2469 (2016)

work page 2016

[34] [34]

M., Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P., Dam, J

Kehlet, L. M., Tidemand-Lichtenberg, P., Dam, J. S. & Pedersen, C. Infrared upconversion hyperspectral imaging. Opt. Lett. 40, 938–941 (2015)

work page 2015

[35] [35]

& Silberberg, Y

Suchowski, H., Prabhudesai, V., Oron, D., Arie, A. & Silberberg, Y. Robust adiabatic sum frequency conversion. Opt. Express 17, 12731–12740 (2009)

work page 2009

[36] [36]

& Arie, A

Suchowski, H., Porat, G. & Arie, A. Adiabatic processes in frequency conversion. Laser Photon. Rev. 8, 333–367 (2014)

work page 2014

[37] [37]

& Suchowski, H

Coen, T., Mrejen, M. & Suchowski, H. Diffraction-based nonlinear model for the design of broadband adiabatic up-conversion imaging. Opt. Express 31, 43280–43288 (2023)

work page 2023

[38] [38]

Winter, J. et al. Ultrafast pump-probe ellipsometry and microscopy reveal the surface dynamics of femtosecond laser ablation of aluminium and stainless steel. Appl. Surf. Sci. 511, 145514 (2020)

work page 2020

[39] [39]

& Willis, D

Porneala, C. & Willis, D. A. Time-resolved dynamics of nanosecond laser-induced phase explosion. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 42, 155503 (2009)

work page 2009

[40] [40]

L., Greif, R

Zeng, X., Mao, X. L., Greif, R. & Russo, R. E. Experimental investigation of ablation efficiency and plasma expansion during femtosecond and nanosecond laser ablation of silicon. Applied Physics A 80, 237–241 (2005)

work page 2005

[41] [41]

& Semmar, N

Martan, J., Cibulka, O. & Semmar, N. Nanosecond pulse laser melting investigation by IR radiometry and reflection-based methods. Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 1170–1177 (2006)

work page 2006

[42] [42]

Tam, A. C. Pulsed photothermal radiometry for noncontact spectroscopy, material testing and inspection measurements. Infrared Phys. 25, 305–313 (1985)

work page 1985