pith. sign in

arxiv: 2605.04966 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-06 · 📡 eess.SY · cs.SY

Adaptive Contention-based Random Access for Uplink Reporting in 3GPP Ambient IoT Networks

David E. Ruiz-Guirola , Samer Nasser , Bikramjit Singh , Henrique Duarte Moura , Andrey Belogaev , Jeroen Famaey , Efstathios Katranaras , Mahdi Shahabi
show 1 more author
Onel L. A. Lopez
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 16:35 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 📡 eess.SY cs.SY
keywords ambient IoTenergy harvestingcontention-based random accessaccess controluplink reportingpagingcollision managementdense deployments
0
0 comments X

The pith

Broadcasting an access probability in paging messages regulates device attempts and keeps collisions nearly constant in dense ambient IoT deployments.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines paging-triggered contention-based random access for uplink reporting in energy-harvesting ambient IoT networks, where devices face intermittent energy and are prone to collisions. It introduces a lightweight mechanism in which the reader includes an access probability in its paging broadcast to limit how many devices attempt access at once. A sympathetic reader would care because without such control, dense deployments suffer rising collisions, more failed attempts, and repeated paging rounds that waste resources and delay reports. The evaluation shows the approach maintains stable collision levels, raises access efficiency, and cuts the paging rounds needed compared with standard methods. If correct, this points to a practical way to support reliable reporting from large numbers of battery-less devices using existing cellular paging structures.

Core claim

The paper claims that an EH-aware access control mechanism, in which the reader broadcasts an access probability within the paging message, regulates the number of energy-harvesting devices that attempt random access at any given time. By adapting this probability to observed energy availability patterns, the mechanism prevents the surge in simultaneous attempts that would otherwise occur in dense deployments. Simulation results indicate that collisions stay nearly constant as device numbers grow, access efficiency rises, and the total number of paging rounds required for successful uplink reports drops substantially relative to baseline schemes that lack this control.

What carries the argument

The EH-aware access control mechanism that broadcasts a tunable access probability in each paging message to throttle the fraction of devices that initiate random access.

If this is right

  • Collisions remain nearly constant instead of growing with device density.
  • Access efficiency improves because fewer attempts collide or waste energy.
  • The total number of paging rounds needed for complete reporting falls.
  • The system handles larger device populations without proportional resource increase.
  • Reader-side control stays lightweight and fits within existing paging formats.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same probability-broadcast idea could be applied to other contention systems that experience bursty device availability.
  • Reader energy savings might occur indirectly through fewer retransmissions and shorter overall reporting cycles.
  • Real-world validation would require measuring actual energy-harvesting traces against the assumed patterns.
  • The approach might combine with device-side energy prediction to further tune the broadcast probability.

Load-bearing premise

Energy availability patterns and the way devices react to the broadcast access probability follow the models used in the evaluation, and paging messages reach the devices reliably.

What would settle it

A dense deployment test in which collisions rise sharply or the number of paging rounds stays the same or increases when the access-probability broadcast is used would falsify the central performance claims.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.04966 by Andrey Belogaev, Bikramjit Singh, David E. Ruiz-Guirola, Efstathios Katranaras, Henrique Duarte Moura, Jeroen Famaey, Mahdi Shahabi, Onel L. A. Lopez, Samer Nasser.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Illustration of EH-driven A-IoT device availability. The view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Example CBRA-based A-IoT MAC procedure: paging, random access, ID assignment, and D2R data transfer. view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: (Top) Probability of collision and (bottom) mean number of successful MSG2 receptions per used AOs as a function view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Mean number of paging rounds (τ ) to receive a successful MSG2 from each device as a function of the number of devices (N) for R = 16 (top) and R = 32 (bottom). medium and high device densities view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) targets energy harvesting (EH), battery-less devices as a simple connectivity solution for extensive ultra-low-power deployments. These devices typically face intermittent energy availability, making uplink reports increasingly susceptible to access collisions and energy outages. In this paper, we build upon the cellular standardization of A-IoT and examine the paging-triggered contention-based random access (CBRA) framework for uplink reporting. We analyze the effects of energy availability and collisions on these systems and introduce an EH-aware access control mechanism. In this mechanism, the reader broadcasts an access probability in the paging message, which helps regulate the number of devices attempting random access. Results show that, unlike the baselines, the proposed method scales well under dense deployments by keeping collisions nearly constant, improving access efficiency, and substantially reducing the number of paging rounds required for successful reporting. These results highlight the importance of lightweight reader-side access control for reliable and resource-efficient reporting in A-IoT environments.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper proposes an energy-harvesting (EH)-aware access control mechanism for paging-triggered contention-based random access (CBRA) in 3GPP Ambient IoT networks. The reader broadcasts an access probability in the paging message to regulate the number of EH devices attempting uplink random access, with the goal of keeping collisions nearly constant, improving access efficiency, and reducing paging rounds in dense deployments compared to standard baselines.

Significance. If the simulation outcomes hold under realistic conditions, the lightweight reader-side control could provide a practical way to improve reliability and resource efficiency for battery-less A-IoT devices, which is relevant to ongoing 3GPP standardization efforts. The work supplies simulation evidence of scaling benefits over baselines, but its impact is limited by the lack of validation for the core modeling assumptions.

major comments (3)
  1. [§5] §5 (Performance Evaluation), Fig. 3 and associated text: the claim that collisions remain nearly constant under dense deployments is shown only under the specific EH availability process and perfect paging reception model; no sensitivity analysis is provided for deviations in EH trace variability or non-zero paging loss probability, which directly undermines the scaling result.
  2. [§3] §3 (System Model): the energy availability patterns and device response to the broadcast access probability are taken as given without comparison to hardware EH traces or measurement data; this assumption is load-bearing for the headline claim that the method 'scales well' unlike baselines.
  3. [§5] §5, Table 1 (simulation parameters): baseline definitions and exact collision analysis details are not fully specified (e.g., how 'access efficiency' is computed and whether energy outage events are modeled identically across schemes), preventing independent verification of the reported improvements in paging rounds.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract would benefit from one or two quantitative simulation outcomes (e.g., collision probability values or paging-round reduction factors) to substantiate the positive claims.
  2. [§4] Notation for the access probability and EH state transitions could be introduced earlier and used consistently to improve readability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments, which highlight important aspects for improving the robustness and clarity of our work. We address each major comment point by point below, indicating planned revisions where the manuscript can be strengthened.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§5] §5 (Performance Evaluation), Fig. 3 and associated text: the claim that collisions remain nearly constant under dense deployments is shown only under the specific EH availability process and perfect paging reception model; no sensitivity analysis is provided for deviations in EH trace variability or non-zero paging loss probability, which directly undermines the scaling result.

    Authors: We agree that additional sensitivity analysis would better support the scaling claims. In the revised manuscript, we will add new simulation results in Section 5 that vary the EH process parameters to reflect different levels of trace variability and incorporate non-zero paging loss probabilities. These will demonstrate that the near-constant collision rate and reduction in paging rounds remain consistent under these deviations. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§3] §3 (System Model): the energy availability patterns and device response to the broadcast access probability are taken as given without comparison to hardware EH traces or measurement data; this assumption is load-bearing for the headline claim that the method 'scales well' unlike baselines.

    Authors: The EH availability is modeled via a standard stochastic process drawn from established A-IoT literature to capture intermittency. We do not have access to proprietary hardware traces for direct comparison in this study. We will revise Section 3 to include further justification with citations to relevant measurement-based EH studies and explicitly detail the independent per-device decision process for responding to the broadcast access probability. revision: partial

  3. Referee: [§5] §5, Table 1 (simulation parameters): baseline definitions and exact collision analysis details are not fully specified (e.g., how 'access efficiency' is computed and whether energy outage events are modeled identically across schemes), preventing independent verification of the reported improvements in paging rounds.

    Authors: We acknowledge the need for greater detail to enable verification. In the revision, we will expand Table 1 and the accompanying text in Section 5 to fully define the baselines, provide the exact formulas for access efficiency (successful reports normalized by total access attempts, incorporating both collisions and outages), and confirm that energy outage events are modeled identically using the same EH process across all schemes. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: proposal and simulation results are independent of inputs

full rationale

The paper introduces an EH-aware access probability broadcast mechanism within the paging-triggered CBRA framework, analyzes collision and energy effects, and evaluates scaling via simulations against baselines. No equations, predictions, or first-principles results are shown that reduce by construction to fitted parameters, self-citations, or ansatzes. The constant-collision property and paging-round reductions emerge from the simulation outcomes under the stated EH and reception models rather than from any definitional equivalence or load-bearing self-reference. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review; no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are detailed in the provided text.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5515 in / 956 out tokens · 36226 ms · 2026-05-08T16:35:14.959074+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

86 extracted references · 86 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Singh, A

    R. Singh, A. K. Yerrapragada, and R. K. Ganti, `` Physical Layer Design for Ambient IoT ,'' IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, 2025

    work page 2025

  2. [2]

    López et al., `` Zero-Energy Devices for 6G: Technical Enablers at a Glance ,'' IEEE Internet Things Mag., vol

    O. López et al., `` Zero-Energy Devices for 6G: Technical Enablers at a Glance ,'' IEEE Internet Things Mag., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 14--22, Apr. 2025

    work page 2025

  3. [3]

    M. Qu, Y. Zhao, X. Tang, R. Jian, W. Huang, T. Zhang, and J. Zeng, `` Ambient IoT in 3GPP Release 19: A Survey ,'' in 2024 IEEE Smart World Congress (SWC). 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4em IEEE, 2024, pp. 2181--2186

    work page 2024

  4. [4]

    X. Shen, J. Zhang, N. Chen, L. Hu, X. Zhang, M. Zhang, J. Ren, K. Liu, N. Hu, X. Xu et al., `` State-of-the-art Overview of 3GPP Ambient IoT Radio Access Aspects ,'' IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, 2025

    work page 2025

  5. [5]

    D. P. Van, A. Vesely, E. Yavuz, H. Khan, R. Ling, R. Narayanan, M. W. Wang, H. Enbuske, L. Feltrin, B. Singh et al., `` Higher Layer Design for 3GPP Ambient Internet of Things ,'' IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, 2025

    work page 2025

  6. [6]

    Y. Kim, L. Liu, K. Takeda, B. Han, V. Vintola, C. Wei, P. Gupta, C. Zhang, Z. Fan, K. Mukkavilli et al., `` Challenges and Advances in Ambient IoT within 3GPP ,'' IEEE Communications Magazine, 2025

    work page 2025

  7. [7]

    Z. Wu, K. Takeda, P. Gupta, R. Zheng, L. Yang, C. Zhang, Z. Fan, H. Xu, K. Mukkavilli, and T. Ji, `` Fast Inventory for 3GPP Ambient IoT Considering Device Unavailability due to Energy Harvesting ,'' IEEE Communications Standards Magazine, 2025

    work page 2025

  8. [8]

    `` 3GPP TS 38.391: NR; Ambient IoT Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol ,'' ETSI (3GPP), Tech. Rep. TS 138 391, Oct., 2025

    work page 2025

  9. [9]

    Nasser, H

    S. Nasser, H. Duarte Moura, D. Subotic, R. K. Singh, M. Weyn, and J. Famaey, `` Feasibility of Energy Neutral Wildlife Tracking using Multi-Source Energy Harvesting ,'' in Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Information Technology for Social Good, 2025, pp. 344--352

    work page 2025

  10. [10]

    STMicroelectronics, `` STM32L496xx-Ultra-low-power Arm Cortex -M4 32-bit MCU+ FPU, 100 DMIPS, up to 1 MB flash, 320 KB SRAM, USB OTG FS, audio, HASH, external SMPS ,'' 2024

    N. STMicroelectronics, `` STM32L496xx-Ultra-low-power Arm Cortex -M4 32-bit MCU+ FPU, 100 DMIPS, up to 1 MB flash, 320 KB SRAM, USB OTG FS, audio, HASH, external SMPS ,'' 2024

    work page 2024

  11. [11]

    Jonsson (Ed.), Peter , year =

    work page

  12. [12]

    IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society , title=

    L. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society , title=. Oct. 2023 , volume=

    work page 2023

  13. [13]

    arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.13825 , year=

    Energy Management and Wake-up for IoT Networks Powered by Energy Harvesting , author=. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.13825 , year=

    work page arXiv

  14. [14]

    Ruiz-Guirola and Prasoon Raghuwanshi and Gabriel M

    David E. Ruiz-Guirola and Prasoon Raghuwanshi and Gabriel M. de Jesus and Mateen Ashraf and Onel L. A. López , year=. 2510.23125 , archivePrefix=

    work page arXiv

  15. [15]

    IEEE Open J

    L. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc. , year=

    work page

  16. [16]

    IEEE Open J

    L. IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc. , title=. Oct. 2023 , volume=

    work page 2023

  17. [17]

    Qin, Zhijin and others , journal=. Jun. 2019 , publisher=

    work page 2019

  18. [18]

    Benkhelifa, Fatma and others , journal=. Apr. 2020 , publisher=

    work page 2020

  19. [19]

    Belli, Laura and others , journal=. Sep. 2020 , publisher=

    work page 2020

  20. [20]

    IEEE Internet Things J

    Ru. IEEE Internet Things J. , volume=. Nov. 2022 , publisher=

    work page 2022

  21. [21]

    L\'opez-P\'erez, David and others , journal=. Jan. 2022 , volume=

    work page 2022

  22. [22]

    Goa, India, Jan

    Managre, Jitendra and Khatri, Navita , journal=. Goa, India, Jan. 2022 , organization=

    work page 2022

  23. [23]

    2022 , publisher=

    Villa, Valentina and others , journal=. 2022 , publisher=

    work page 2022

  24. [24]

    2019 , organization=

    Shabana Anjum, Shaik and others , booktitle=. 2019 , organization=

    work page 2019

  25. [25]

    Nadali, Khatereh and others , journal=. Nov. 2023 , publisher=

    work page 2023

  26. [26]

    Nadali, Khatereh and others , journal=. Nov. 2023 , volume=

    work page 2023

  27. [27]

    ul Haque, Shaan and others , journal=. Aug. 2022 , publisher=

    work page 2022

  28. [28]

    Gonz\'alez-Palacio, Mauricio and others , journal=. Jun. 2023 , volume=

    work page 2023

  29. [29]

    Rome, Italy, Jun

    Fedullo, Tommaso and others , booktitle=. Rome, Italy, Jun. 2021 , volume=

    work page 2021

  30. [30]

    Minhaj, Syed Usama and others , journal=. Jan. 2023 , volume=

    work page 2023

  31. [31]

    Traffic-aware Advanced Sleep Modes management in

    Salem, Fatma Ezzahra and others , journal=. Traffic-aware Advanced Sleep Modes management in. Marrakesh, Morocco, Apr. 2019 , organization=

    work page 2019

  32. [32]

    Liu, Chih-Hung and others , booktitle=. Saarbr

    work page

  33. [33]

    Mahmood, Nurul Huda and others , journal=. Jun. 2021 , publisher=

    work page 2021

  34. [34]

    fourth quarter, 2015 , publisher=

    Ku, Meng-Lin and others , journal=. fourth quarter, 2015 , publisher=

    work page 2015

  35. [35]

    Egorova, Vera and others , journal=. Jul. 2023 , publisher=

    work page 2023

  36. [36]

    Colombo, Marco , title =

    work page

  37. [37]

    Shiraishi, Junya and others , journal=. Mar. 2021 , volume=

    work page 2021

  38. [38]

    Sydney, Australia, Sep

    Yomo, Hiroyuki and others , booktitle=. Sydney, Australia, Sep. 2012 , volume=

    work page 2012

  39. [39]

    Bertsekas, Dimitri , year=

    work page

  40. [40]

    Wiering, Marco A and Van Otterlo, Martijn , journal=. Mar. 2012 , publisher=

    work page 2012

  41. [41]

    2020 , publisher=

    Yang, Helin and others , journal=. 2020 , publisher=

    work page 2020

  42. [42]

    Lu, ShaoFang and others , journal=. Sep. 2023 , publisher=

    work page 2023

  43. [43]

    2021 , publisher=

    Ali, Rashid and others , journal=. 2021 , publisher=

    work page 2021

  44. [44]

    Ma, Ning and others , journal=. Oct. 2021 , publisher=

    work page 2021

  45. [45]

    Raghuwanshi, Prasoon and others , journal=. Feb. 2024 , volume=

    work page 2024

  46. [46]

    L. Proc. IEEE , volume=. Nov. 2023 , publisher=

    work page 2023

  47. [47]

    Torino, Italy, Sept

    Belmega, E Veronica and others , booktitle=. Torino, Italy, Sept. 2022 , organization=

    work page 2022

  48. [48]

    58th Asilomar Conference Signals, Syst

    Ru. 58th Asilomar Conference Signals, Syst. Computers , title=

    work page

  49. [49]

    Hu, Shengchao and others , journal=. Jun. 2024 , publisher=

    work page 2024

  50. [50]

    Chen, Lili and others , journal=

    work page

  51. [51]

    Wenzhe Li and others , journal=. Sep. 2023 , url =

    work page 2023

  52. [52]

    Agarwal, Pranav and others , journal=

    work page

  53. [53]

    Melo, Luckeciano C , booktitle=. Jul. 2022 , organization=

    work page 2022

  54. [54]

    Vaswani, Ashish and others , journal=

    work page

  55. [55]

    and others , journal=

    Ruíz-Guirola, David E. and others , journal=. 2025 , volume=

    work page 2025

  56. [56]

    Tuncel, Yigit and others , journal=. Aug. 2021 , publisher=

    work page 2021

  57. [57]

    May 2020 , volume=

    Mikhaylov, Konstantin and Karvonen, Heikki , booktitle=. May 2020 , volume=

    work page 2020

  58. [58]

    Motlagh, Naser Hossein and others , journal=. Feb. 2020 , publisher=

    work page 2020

  59. [59]

    Juan, Ronnie O Serfa and others , journal=

    work page

  60. [60]

    Li, Guanghui and others , journal=. Jul. 2012 , publisher=

    work page 2012

  61. [61]

    Ayaz, Muhammad and others , journal=. Aug. 2019 , publisher=

    work page 2019

  62. [62]

    Ruiz-Guirola, David E and others , journal=

    work page

  63. [63]

    Expert Syst

    Ru. Expert Syst. Appl. , volume=. 2025 , publisher=

    work page 2025

  64. [64]

    Zhu, Danyang and others , journal=. Jun. 2020 , publisher=

    work page 2020

  65. [65]

    Ottawa, ON, Canada, Jun

    Fowler, Scott and others , booktitle=. Ottawa, ON, Canada, Jun. 2012 , organization=

    work page 2012

  66. [66]

    Montreal, QC, Canada, Oct

    Thomsen, Henning and others , booktitle=. Montreal, QC, Canada, Oct. 2017 , organization=

    work page 2017

  67. [67]

    Washington, DC, Nov

    Howitt, Ivan and others , booktitle=. Washington, DC, Nov. 2005 , organization=

    work page 2005

  68. [68]

    Rostami, Soheil and others , journal=. Jan. 2020 , publisher=

    work page 2020

  69. [69]

    Reddy Maddikunta, Praveen Kumar and others , journal=. Nov. 2020 , publisher=

    work page 2020

  70. [70]

    López, Onel and others , journal=. Apr. 2025 , volume=

    work page 2025

  71. [71]

    Nguyen, Quan , year=

    work page

  72. [72]

    Bayesian optimization , author=. Feb. 2023 , publisher=

    work page 2023

  73. [73]

    IEEE Trans

    Gindullina, Elvina and Badia, Leonardo and G. IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw. , volume=. 2021 , publisher=

    work page 2021

  74. [74]

    Hatami, Mohammad , title =

    work page

  75. [75]

    2025 , publisher=

    Zhao, Fangming and Pappas, Nikolaos and Zhang, Meng and Yang, Howard H , journal=. 2025 , publisher=

    work page 2025

  76. [76]

    2023 , publisher=

    Chen, Shuqi and Ho, Daniel WC , journal=. 2023 , publisher=

    work page 2023

  77. [77]

    2025 , publisher=

    Singh, Rohit and Yerrapragada, Anil Kumar and Ganti, Radha Krishna , journal=. 2025 , publisher=

    work page 2025

  78. [78]

    2024 , organization=

    Qu, Miao and Zhao, Yuelin and Tang, Xiaoyong and Jian, Rongling and Huang, Wenwen and Zhang, Tao and Zeng, Jie , booktitle=. 2024 , organization=

    work page 2024

  79. [79]

    2025 , publisher=

    Shen, Xiaodong and Zhang, Jingwen and Chen, Ningyu and Hu, Lijie and Zhang, Xiaoran and Zhang, Miaoqi and Ren, Jianyang and Liu, Kangyi and Hu, Nan and Xu, Xiaodong and others , journal=. 2025 , publisher=

    work page 2025

  80. [80]

    2025 , publisher=

    Van, Dung Pham and Vesely, Alexander and Yavuz, Emre and Khan, Hamza and Ling, Robbie and Narayanan, Revathy and Wang, Min W and Enbuske, Henrik and Feltrin, Luca and Singh, Bikramjit and others , journal=. 2025 , publisher=

    work page 2025

Showing first 80 references.