Vibroacoustic Underwater Noise from Fixed and Floating Offshore Wind Turbines

Anthropogenic underwater noise from offshore wind turbines is a growing environmental concern, particularly with the large-scale deployment of bottom-fixed and floating devices. This study presents a physics-based vibroacoustic framework to predict operational underwater noise emissions from offshore wind turbines and compares monopile-supported and floating configurations for a 10 MW turbine. The methodology combines time-domain aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulations with a frequency-domain acoustic formulation based on equivalent dipole sources and Green's function solutions, accounting for underwater confinement between the free surface and seabed through the method of images. Results show that floating configurations exhibit enhanced low-frequency acoustic emissions, producing up to 15% higher OASPL than the monopile structures under equivalent water depths for frequencies below 10 Hz due to additional rigid-body motions, while monopile structures radiate more efficiently at higher frequencies associated with drivetrain excitations. Significant differences in the spatial distribution and directivity of the radiated sound field are also observed, with floating platforms displaying more complex three-dimensional radiation patterns and stronger direction-dependent variations, reaching approximately 20-25 dB in the 100-1000 Hz band, compared with the smoother and nearly axisymmetric response of monopile configurations. Water depth strongly influences propagation regimes and overall sound levels, with shallow-water floating configurations showing variations of up to 7% in OASPL relative to deep-water cases. The proposed framework enables quantification of vibro-acoustic noise and provides a predictive tool for assessing underwater acoustic impacts during the design phase, supporting environmentally informed offshore wind turbine design and future regulatory and monitoring strategies.