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arxiv: 2606.29244 · v1 · pith:DXI66OBJnew · submitted 2026-06-28 · 📡 eess.SP

A Holistic Link Budget Analysis for mmWave and THz Communications in Non-Terrestrial Networks

Evla Safahan Ahrazoglu , Eylem Erdogan , Ibrahim Altunbas , Halim Yanikomeroglu This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-30 02:46 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 📡 eess.SP
keywords mmWave communicationsTHz communicationsnon-terrestrial networkslink budget analysis6Gpropagation impairmentssatellite systems
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The pith

NTN multi-layer architecture offsets mmWave and THz losses to levels tolerable by high-gain antennas for multi-gigabit 6G links.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper carries out a full link budget calculation for millimeter-wave and terahertz signals traveling through non-terrestrial networks that combine satellites and high-altitude platforms. It adds up every listed impairment, from free-space loss and atmospheric absorption to weather, ionospheric effects, polarization mismatches, feeder losses, antenna limits, fading, pointing errors, and non-white noise. The resulting totals show that the vertical stacking of network layers brings cumulative attenuation down to a range that directional antenna arrays can handle. A reader would care because the result points to a route for delivering very high data rates over wide areas without relying solely on ground-based towers.

Core claim

By summing all listed propagation and system impairments the study finds that the multi-layer NTN architecture reduces the total loss to a level that high-gain directional antennas can overcome, thereby enabling multi-gigabit links and establishing the technical feasibility of mmWave and THz NTNs for 6G systems.

What carries the argument

The comprehensive link budget summation that incorporates free-space loss, atmospheric absorption, weather-induced effects, ionospheric disturbances, polarization mismatches, feeder losses, antenna and circuitry constraints, fading, pointing errors, and non-white noise.

If this is right

  • High-gain directional antennas can support multi-gigabit data rates in these bands over NTN paths.
  • mmWave and THz frequencies become practical choices for non-terrestrial 6G deployments.
  • The multi-layer structure is the element that keeps total losses within antenna compensation range.
  • Standard loss models are sufficient to demonstrate feasibility under the examined conditions.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Designers could adjust the number and spacing of NTN layers to minimize losses at particular frequencies or latitudes.
  • The same budgeting method might expose viability limits when extended to optical frequencies or extreme weather zones.
  • Hybrid terrestrial-NTN links could be assessed by adding ground-segment impairments to the existing budget.

Load-bearing premise

The conventional formulas for each loss component remain valid and complete when applied to the frequency ranges, altitudes, and geometries typical of NTN scenarios.

What would settle it

Direct measurement of end-to-end received signal strength for a THz link from a low-Earth-orbit satellite to a ground terminal under clear and rainy conditions, compared against the paper's predicted total loss.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.29244 by Evla Safahan Ahrazoglu, Eylem Erdogan, Halim Yanikomeroglu, Ibrahim Altunbas.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Specific attenuation due to absorption at different a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: (a) Specific attenuation due to rain for different rai [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Ionospheric loss values from 1 GHz to 1000 GHz operati [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Upwelling (solid line) and downwelling (dashed line [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Achievable data rate in aerial-to-ground link for di [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Achievable data rate in ground-to-satellite link fo [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Achievable data rate in uplink/downlink ground-aer [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Achievable data rate in intra-layer communication o [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Achievable data rate in inter-satellite link betwe [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: The total loss in ground-to-aerial link for visibil [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Outage probability at 300 GHz in ground-to-aerial c [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_13.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The non-terrestrial network (NTN) architecture has gained significant interest from the academia owing to its versatility and the ability to provide worldwide service. To achieve extremely high data rates in NTNs, as intended in the sixth-generation (6G) communication systems, millimeter wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) frequencies can be considered, enabling substantial bandwidth and data transmission capacity, which makes them highly suitable for NTN applications. However, these high-frequency signals suffer from significant propagation challenges, including atmospheric attenuation, pointing errors, and various environmental effects. Therefore, a comprehensive link budget analysis is essential to accurately assess the feasibility of mmWave/THz-based NTN systems. Existing studies in the literature often fail to fully capture certain frequency-, altitude-, and direction-dependent effects observed in mmWave/THz transmission or possible communication scenarios within the NTN architecture. In particular, while most prior works primarily focus on free-space loss or atmospheric attenuation, this study adopts a much more comprehensive approach. In this work, a detailed link budget analysis is conducted for mmWave/THz NTNs, considering free-space loss, atmospheric absorption, weather-induced effects, ionospheric disturbances, polarization mismatches, feeder losses, antenna and circuitry constraints, fading, pointing errors, and non-white noise characteristics. The results have revealed that the multi-layer structure of the NTN architecture can help reducing the excessive loss levels to a certain level that can be tolerated by high-gain directional antennas/arrays, providing multi-gigabit links and making mmWave/THz NTNs feasible for 6G communication systems.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents a comprehensive link budget analysis for mmWave and THz communications in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). It incorporates effects including free-space loss, atmospheric absorption, weather-induced effects, ionospheric disturbances, polarization mismatches, feeder losses, antenna and circuitry constraints, fading, pointing errors, and non-white noise. The central claim is that the multi-layer NTN architecture reduces excessive loss levels to a range tolerable by high-gain directional antennas/arrays, enabling multi-gigabit links and making mmWave/THz NTNs feasible for 6G systems.

Significance. If the model applications and numerical results hold, the work is significant for providing a more complete propagation assessment than prior NTN studies that focus on fewer effects. This could inform 6G NTN feasibility studies. The inclusion of a broad set of frequency-, altitude-, and direction-dependent effects is a strength relative to narrower analyses, though the paper does not appear to introduce new models or machine-checked elements.

major comments (2)
  1. [Methodology/Propagation Models] The feasibility conclusion that losses are 'tolerable' by high-gain arrays depends on the accuracy of the summed loss terms. The manuscript adopts 'standard models' for atmospheric absorption and weather effects, yet these (e.g., ITU-R type models) were calibrated primarily for terrestrial/low-altitude paths; no validation, sensitivity analysis to altitude-dependent pressure/temperature profiles, or comparison against measured THz NTN slant-range data is described. This is load-bearing for the multi-layer NTN tolerability claim.
  2. [Results] The abstract states that results 'have revealed' the multi-layer structure reduces losses sufficiently, but without referenced tables, figures, or equations showing explicit link-margin calculations, loss breakdowns per NTN layer (e.g., LEO vs. HAPS), or margin values under realistic antenna gains, the central claim cannot be verified.
minor comments (1)
  1. Define all acronyms (e.g., NTN, HAPS) on first use and ensure consistent notation for loss terms across sections.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive and detailed feedback. The comments highlight important aspects of model applicability and result presentation that we will address to strengthen the manuscript. Below we respond point-by-point to the major comments.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Methodology/Propagation Models] The feasibility conclusion that losses are 'tolerable' by high-gain arrays depends on the accuracy of the summed loss terms. The manuscript adopts 'standard models' for atmospheric absorption and weather effects, yet these (e.g., ITU-R type models) were calibrated primarily for terrestrial/low-altitude paths; no validation, sensitivity analysis to altitude-dependent pressure/temperature profiles, or comparison against measured THz NTN slant-range data is described. This is load-bearing for the multi-layer NTN tolerability claim.

    Authors: We acknowledge that ITU-R models for atmospheric absorption and weather effects were developed primarily from terrestrial data. In the manuscript we apply these with available altitude and elevation-angle corrections from the satellite-communication literature. To directly address the concern we will add (i) an explicit sensitivity analysis varying pressure/temperature/humidity profiles along the slant path, (ii) a dedicated limitations subsection discussing the extrapolation to NTN altitudes, and (iii) references to any existing lower-frequency NTN validation campaigns. While new THz NTN measurements are not available to us, the added discussion will qualify the tolerability claim more carefully. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results] The abstract states that results 'have revealed' the multi-layer structure reduces losses sufficiently, but without referenced tables, figures, or equations showing explicit link-margin calculations, loss breakdowns per NTN layer (e.g., LEO vs. HAPS), or margin values under realistic antenna gains, the central claim cannot be verified.

    Authors: The full manuscript already contains per-layer loss breakdowns, explicit link-margin calculations, and margin values versus antenna gain in the numerical-results section, supported by tables and figures. However, the abstract does not cross-reference these elements. We will revise the abstract (and, if needed, the introduction) to include direct pointers to the relevant tables/figures that display the layer-specific loss components and resulting margins, thereby making the central claim immediately verifiable. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: analysis applies standard external models to compute link margins

full rationale

The paper's central result is obtained by summing loss terms drawn from established ITU-R and similar propagation models (free-space, absorption, weather, ionospheric, pointing, fading, etc.) and comparing the aggregate to the margin available from high-gain arrays. No parameter is fitted to the NTN feasibility outcome, no equation is defined in terms of its own prediction, and no load-bearing premise rests on a self-citation whose validity is internal to the present work. The derivation therefore remains independent of its conclusion.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Only the abstract is available. The analysis rests on the applicability of standard propagation models without introducing new fitted parameters or entities.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard models for free-space loss, atmospheric absorption, weather-induced effects, ionospheric disturbances, polarization mismatches, feeder losses, antenna and circuitry constraints, fading, pointing errors, and non-white noise accurately represent mmWave/THz propagation in NTN environments.
    The abstract states that the study considers these effects to assess feasibility.

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discussion (0)

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