Prospect for Detection of Strongly Lensed Multi-messenger Signals of Binary Neutron Star Mergers

Changwen Zeng; Youjun Lu; Zhiwei Chen

REVIEW 3 major objections 7 minor 280 references

Prospect for Detection of Strongly Lensed Multi-messenger Signals of Binary Neutron Star Mergers

T0 review · 3 major / 7 minor · reviewed 2026-07-09 · glm-5.2

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Lensed kilonovae from neutron star mergers detectable ~once per year

desk verdict Solid forward-modeling pipeline for lensed BNS multi-messenger rates; quantitative predictions are order-of-magnitude estimates with unquantified EOS and opacity systematics, plus a missing duty-cycle correction in Table 1. read the letter →

arxiv 2607.07120 v1 pith:NTXXIEKW submitted 2026-07-08 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.GA

Zhiwei Chen , Youjun Lu , Changwen Zeng This is my paper · ORCID

classification astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GA

keywords lensedafterglowsdetectkilonovaeeventsmergersapproximatelybands

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper estimates how often the various electromagnetic signals from binary neutron star mergers—short gamma-ray bursts, kilonovae, and afterglows—would be seen in gravitationally lensed form by next-generation gravitational-wave detectors and their electromagnetic follow-up telescopes. The central mechanism is a pointed observation strategy: rather than scanning the entire gravitational-wave localization region, astronomers would target pre-identified galaxy-scale lens candidates within that region, cross-matching the gravitational-wave trigger against existing lens catalogs. The paper finds that lensed kilonovae are the most promising signal, detectable at roughly half an event per year with a Roman-Space-Telescope-like infrared facility, while lensed short gamma-ray bursts remain rare even with substantially improved gamma-ray sensitivity, and lensed afterglows are detectable mainly in X-rays at a rate of perhaps one event every few years with a future facility like ATHENA. The rates depend on a population synthesis model for binary neutron star component masses and merger rate evolution, which sets the distribution of ejecta masses, jet energies, and thus the luminosities of the electromagnetic counterparts.

What carries the argument

The rate estimation chain runs from a binary population synthesis model (alpha10.kb_beta0.9) generating 10^7 mock BNS mergers with component masses and redshifts, through calibrated fits to numerical relativity simulations mapping those masses to ejecta masses and remnant disk masses, through a Blandford-Znajek jet-launching model setting sGRB and afterglow energies, through an elliptical power-law density lensing model (EPL with external shear) producing multiple images with magnification factors and time delays, to a Bayesian framework for identifying lensed host galaxies within gravitational-wave localization regions. Detection criteria combine gravitational-wave signal-to-noise ratios,电磁

What would settle it

If next-generation gravitational-wave detectors observe that the binary neutron star mass distribution or merger rate density evolution at high redshift differs substantially from the alpha10.kb_beta0.9 model predictions, the ejecta mass and jet energy distributions—and thus the kilonova and afterglow luminosity functions—would shift, potentially changing the predicted lensed detection rates by factors of several in either direction.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central result is a set of detection-rate estimates for lensed electromagnetic counterparts of binary neutron star mergers, showing that kilonovae are the most accessible signal (approximately 0.45–0.55 detections per year in near-infrared bands with a pointed lens-targeting strategy), while sGRBs and afterglows are substantially harder—sGRBs requiring gamma-ray sensitivity more than ten times beyond current instruments for even one detection per decade, and afterglows being detectable primarily in X-rays at 0.5–5 events per decade. The pointed strategy targeting pre-identified galaxy-scale lens candidates yields an identifiable lensed-host fraction of 0.15–0.30, which the paper取

Load-bearing premise

The entire rate estimation depends on a binary population synthesis model correctly predicting the distribution of neutron star masses, mass ratios, and merger rate evolution out to redshifts of about 2. If the true binary neutron star population at high redshift differs—for instance, having a different mass distribution or merger rate evolution—the predicted electromagnetic counterpart rates could shift by factors of several.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

If the predicted kilonova detection rate of ~0.5/yr holds, a decade of operation with CE+ET and an RST-like facility could accumulate 5–15 lensed kilonova events, enabling time-delay cosmography with gravitational-wave sources as independent distance indicators.
The pointed lens-candidate strategy could be validated even before CE/ET operations begin by testing it on simulated or real O4-era lensed GW candidates, measuring the fraction of lensed hosts recoverable with current survey depths.
If supramassive neutron star remnants inject additional energy into kilonovae (as the paper notes but does not model), the kilonova detection rates could increase by a factor of two or more, making the infrared channel even more dominant.
The rarity of lensed sGRB detections (~0.1/yr even with 10x Fermi-GBM sensitivity) implies that gamma-ray follow-up of lensed BNS events is not a viable primary detection channel and should be treated as a bonus rather than a baseline strategy.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The pointed strategy's dependence on pre-existing lens catalogs means its effectiveness scales with survey completeness; Euclid, CSST, and Roman's wide-field lens surveys become enabling infrastructure for lensed multi-messenger astronomy, not just for their primary cosmology missions.
If the BNS mass distribution at high redshift differs systematically from the population synthesis model—say, due to metallicity-dependent evolution or a different channel contribution—the ejecta mass and jet energy distributions shift, and the kilonova rate could move by factors of several in either direction, making early high-redshift BNS detections critical for calibrating the model.
The dominance of double-image cases over triples and quadruples in the detection rates suggests that Einstein ring and cross configurations, while visually striking, contribute negligibly to the lensed multi-messenger event budget.

Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

The main thing to know: this paper builds a forward-modeling pipeline that takes a binary population synthesis model, computes ejecta masses and jet energies for each mock BNS system, and feeds those into kilonova/afterglow/sGRB light curves to predict detection rates for strongly lensed multi-messenger events with CE and ET. The key improvement over Ma et al. (2023) is replacing the single GW170817 template with a population that varies component masses, ejecta properties, and jet energies. They also switch from SIE to an EPL lens profile. These are real improvements, and the validation against Colombo et al. (2022) for unlensed afterglow rates and Yu et al. (2021) for sGRB rates is good practice. The pointed-lens follow-up strategy—targeting pre-identified galaxy-scale lens candidates rather than tiling the full GW localization region—is a useful operational contribution that could genuinely improve per-lens sensitivity for faint counterparts. The headline numbers (kilonova rates of ~0.45–0.55/yr with RST, sGRBs rare even with 10x Fermi-GBM sensitivity, X-ray afterglows at 0.5–5 per decade with ATHENA) are reasonable order-of-magnitude forecasts. Now the soft spots. The stress-test note flags a concrete issue I confirmed: the duty-cycle correction (~20–30% reduction from detector downtime) is discussed in Section 2.1 but is not applied to the rates in Table 1. The table note lists it as an 'additional uncertainty' rather than incorporating it, so all quoted rates are systematically high by roughly that factor. This is fixable but should be corrected before publication. The EOS concern is also valid but less severe than it sounds. The kilonova luminosities do depend on a chain: SLy EOS → NS compactness → ejecta mass (via Krüger & Foucart fits) → luminosity. A different EOS would shift compactness and thus ejecta masses. But the paper already acknowledges that GW170817 may be atypically luminous, and the population spread in component masses partially absorbs this. The bigger unquantified systematic is the radiation efficiency η_γ, which the authors set to [0.1, 0.3] while noting the observed range spans 0.007–0.97. They flag this themselves as a factor-of-5+ uncertainty. The opacity parameters fixed to GW170817 values are a stronger assumption than the EOS choice, since those directly set the kilonova luminosity function shape. None of these are fatal—the pipeline is sound and the assumptions are stated—but the paper would benefit from at least a paragraph quantifying how sensitive the kilonova rates are to the EOS and opacity choices, even if just through a single alternative-EOS test run. Overall: this is a competent, methodologically transparent paper that advances the lensed multi-messenger forecasting literature. The predictions should be read as order-of-magnitude estimates, which the authors mostly frame correctly. It deserves a serious referee who can push on the EOS/opacity sensitivity question and catch the duty-cycle correction.

Referee Report

3 major / 7 minor

Summary. This manuscript estimates detection rates of strongly lensed electromagnetic counterparts (sGRBs, kilonovae, afterglows) associated with lensed binary neutron star (BNS) gravitational-wave events detectable by third-generation detectors (Cosmic Explorer and Einstein Telescope). The authors extend prior work (Ma et al. 2023) by using a binary population synthesis model to generate diverse BNS parameters rather than fixing all systems to GW170817-like values. Ejecta masses and jet energies are derived from component masses via fitted numerical-relation formulas, kilonova light curves are modeled with an anisotropic multi-component model, and afterglows are computed with AfterglowPy. A complementary pointed follow-up strategy targeting pre-identified galaxy-scale lens candidates is introduced. The main findings are: (1) lensed sGRBs are rare (~0.1/yr even with 10x Fermi-GBM sensitivity); (2) the identifiable lensed-host fraction is 0.15–0.30; (3) RST-like infrared facilities could detect lensed kilonovae at ~0.45–0.55/yr; (4) lensed afterglows are detectable mainly in X-rays with ATHENA (~0.5–5 events per decade). The methodology is internally consistent and validated against Colombo et al. (2022) and Yu et al. (2021).

Significance. The paper provides a timely and detailed forecast for lensed multi-messenger BNS science in the third-generation GW era. The use of a population synthesis model to sample BNS component masses—rather than assuming all systems resemble GW170817—is a genuine improvement over Ma et al. (2023) and makes the predicted kilonova and afterglow luminosity functions more representative. The pointed follow-up strategy targeting pre-identified lens candidates is a practical and well-motivated complement to wide-field ToO searches. The falsifiable, quantitative rate predictions for specific telescope/detector combinations (Table 1, Figures 4 and 8) are useful for observational planning. The validation against independent published rates (Colombo et al. 2022; Yu et al. 2021) lends credibility to the pipeline.

major comments (3)

Section 2.1 discusses a duty-cycle correction of ~20–30% for GW detector downtime but this correction does not appear to be applied to the rates in Table 1. The note to Table 1 lists duty cycle as an 'additional uncertainty' rather than a correction already incorporated. If the quoted rates in Table 1 and the abstract do not include this factor, they are systematically overestimated by ~20–30%. The authors should clarify whether the duty-cycle correction is included in all quoted rates, and if not, either apply it or state explicitly that rates are upper limits assuming 100% duty cycle.
Section 2.2 and Appendix A.1: The kilonova luminosity function depends on ejecta masses computed via the Krüger & Foucart (2020) fits (Eqs. A1–A3), which require NS compactness derived from the SLy EOS (M_TOV = 2.06 M⊙). This is a single EOS choice. Alternative EOSs (e.g., APR4, DD2) would yield different compactness for the same component masses, shifting ejecta masses and thus f_KN and the final detection rates. The paper does not quantify this sensitivity. The authors should at minimum provide an estimate of how much f_KN or the kilonova detection rate changes under a different EOS choice, or discuss the range of uncertainty this introduces.
Section 2.2: The opacity and energy normalization parameters (κ_low = 44.7, κ_high = 0.43, κ_wind = 33.5, κ_vis = 47.8, ε₀ = 183.4×10¹⁸) are fixed to GW170817-fitted values and assumed universal across the BNS population. Given that the authors themselves note GW170817 'likely ranks among the most luminous kilonovae,' fixing these parameters to GW170817 may bias the luminosity function. The authors should discuss whether these parameters are expected to vary with ejecta composition (which depends on mass ratio and remnant lifetime) and how sensitive the final rates are to this assumption.

minor comments (7)

Section 2.2: The text lists 'κ_low = 44.7 cm²/g' and then 'κ_low = 0.43 cm²/g' for high-elevation opacity. The second should be κ_high. This is a typo.
Figure 1 caption: The x-axis label reads 'mF158' but the figure shows distributions for three bands (F106, F158, F213). The label should be generic (e.g., 'm_AB') or the caption should clarify that the x-axis applies to all three bands.
Section 2.3, Eq. (12): The variable 'a' is defined as a(θ, θ_v) but the subscript notation is inconsistent with Eq. (13) where 'a' appears without arguments. Minor notational cleanup needed.
Table 1: The 'Relative fraction' column header could be more explicit (e.g., 'Lensed fraction among all detectable lensed BNS GW events'). The current phrasing is slightly ambiguous.
Section 4.5: The Vega-to-AB conversion (Eq. 18) uses 1090 Jy as the Vega flux in F158. A reference or derivation for this zero-point value would be helpful for reproducibility.
Section 2.4: The 10-hour response time is justified but the statement that a 1-hour response would enhance rates by a factor of ~2–3 is stated without derivation. A brief justification or reference would strengthen this claim.
The abstract states rates as '~0.45^{+0.81}_{-0.34}' etc. The large asymmetric error bars (upper errors nearly 2x the central value) suggest a highly skewed posterior from the merger rate uncertainty. A brief note in the abstract or at first mention in Section 4.4 explaining the source of this asymmetry would aid interpretation.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 1.0 of 10

No significant circularity; forward-modeling pipeline with external calibrations throughout

full rationale

The paper is a forward-modeling prediction study. The detection rates are computed by propagating a mock BNS population (from Chu et al. 2022, rescaled to GWTC-4) through ejecta-mass fitting formulas (Krüger & Foucart 2020; Dietrich & Ujevic 2017), kilonova light-curve models calibrated to AT2017gfo (Breschi et al. 2021; Villar et al. 2017), afterglow models fitted to GW170817 data (Makhathini et al. 2021), and lensing magnification from an EPL profile with SLACS-survey parameters (Koopmans et al. 2009). No step feeds the target detection rate back into the inputs. The self-citations (Chen et al. 2022b for the host-galaxy Bayesian formalism, Chen et al. 2025a/b for discussion points) are not load-bearing: Eq. 15 is standard Bayes' theorem, and the host identification criteria come from Collett (2015). The consistency check in Section 2.4 validates the afterglow pipeline against Colombo et al. (2022) rates, providing an external benchmark. The systematic uncertainties flagged by the reader (single EOS choice, GW170817-fixed opacities, population model evolution) are legitimate correctness/modeling risks but do not constitute circularity — they are external assumptions with stated limitations, not definitions that make the output equivalent to the input by construction.

Assumptions & free parameters 7 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No new physical entities, particles, or forces are introduced. The paper combines existing models (population synthesis, lensing, kilonova/afterglow radiation) in a forward-modeling pipeline. The free parameters are either fitted to GW170817/AT2017gfo data or taken from external observational constraints.

free parameters (7)

R0 (local BNS merger rate density) = 89 Gpc^-3 yr^-1
Rescaled from GWTC-4 observation; central value from LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA 2025. Large uncertainty (+159/-67) propagated to final rates.
eta_gamma (jet-to-radiation conversion efficiency) = uniform in [0.1, 0.3]
Section A.2; chosen to match GW170817 but authors note observed sGRB values range from 0.0066 to 0.97, introducing factor-of-5+ uncertainty in sGRB/afterglow rates.
ISM parameters (n_e,0, p, epsilon_e, epsilon_B) = fitted to GW170817 afterglow
Appendix B; Table 2 gives posterior values from emcee fitting of GW170817 multi-band data. Assumed universal across all BNS mergers.
kappa_low, kappa_high, kappa_wind, kappa_vis (opacities) = 44.7, 0.43, 33.5, 47.8 cm^2/g
Section 2.2; fitted to AT2017gfo light curves from Villar et al. 2017 and assumed constant for all mock mergers.
epsilon_0 (r-process energy normalization) = 183.4e18 erg/g/s
Section 2.2; fixed from AT2017gfo fitting, assumed universal.
f_Host (identifiable lensed host fraction) = 0.15-0.30
Section 4.2; derived from P(H|GW) plateau values and assumed sky-availability factor of 0.5. Linearly scalable for shallower surveys.
10-hour response time = 10 hours
Section 2.4; adopted as representative baseline from O3/O4 latency observations. Authors note 1-hour response would enhance rates by factor ~2-3.

assumptions (5)

domain assumption The alpha10.kb_beta0.9 binary population synthesis model accurately predicts BNS mass distribution and merger rate evolution out to z~5
Section 2; the entire mock BNS population is generated from this model. The model is calibrated to Galactic BNS observations and local GW rates but its high-redshift predictions are unverified.
domain assumption The SLy equation of state (M_TOV = 2.06 M_sun) correctly describes neutron star structure for computing compactness and ejecta masses
Section 2; NS radii r1, r2 are computed from SLy EOS, which directly affects ejecta mass via Eq. A1-A3. Different EOS choices would change the mass-radius relation and thus the kilonova luminosities.
domain assumption Only HMNS/BH remnants can launch BZ jets; SMNS remnants cannot
Section A.2; the condition m_rem > 1.2*M_TOV determines whether a jet is produced. Authors note in Section 5 that recent simulations (Bamber et al. 2024) show SMNS remnants can also form jets, which would increase afterglow rates.
domain assumption Galaxy strong lensing is dominated by elliptical early-type galaxies modeled as EPL+external shear
Section 2; late-type galaxy lensing is noted as potentially contributing but is excluded. The EPL parameters (lambda mean=2, scatter=0.2) are from SLACS survey.
domain assumption The BNS merger rate traces stellar mass in host galaxies
Section 2.5; mock host galaxies are populated with mergers proportional to stellar mass M*, reflecting massive-binary evolution origin.

how reviews work

0 comments

Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Prospect for Detection of Strongly Lensed Multi-messenger Signals of Binary Neutron Star Mergers." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/NTXXIEKW

@misc{pith2026260707120,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Prospect for Detection of Strongly Lensed Multi-messenger Signals of Binary Neutron Star Mergers},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/NTXXIEKW}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.07120}
}

abstract

The gravitational lensing of multi-messenger signals from binary neutron star mergers (BNSs), including gravitational waves (GWs), short Gamma-Ray bursts (sGRBs), kilonovae, and afterglows, can serve as a unique probe to constrain the mass of the graviton and cosmological parameters. In this paper, we estimate the detection rates of lensed electromagnetic counterparts associated with lensed BNS GW events detected by Cosmic Explorer and Einstein Telescope. For kilonovae and afterglows, we further consider a complementary pointed follow-up strategy targeting pre-identified galaxy-scale lens candidates within the GW localization region. By utilizing both numerical and observational constraints on BNS mergers, we find that: (1) Future $\gamma$-ray telescopes, even with a sensitivity more than ten times better than that of Fermi-GBM, may only detect lensed sGRB prompt emission at a rate $\sim 0.1$ yr$^{-1}$, corresponding to $\sim 2\times 10^{-3}$ of detectable lensed BNS GW events. (2) For the known-lens pointed strategy, the identifiable lensed-host fraction is approximately $0.15-0.30$ for the fiducial deep lens-catalog case considered, suggesting a possible gain in per-lens sensitivity for faint kilonovae and afterglows. (3) An RST-like near-infrared facility could detect lensed kilonovae at rates of approximately $\sim 0.45^{+0.81}_{-0.34}$, $0.55^{+0.98}_{-0.41}$, and $0.078^{+0.139}_{-0.059}$ yr$^{-1}$ in the F106, F158, and F213 bands, respectively. (4) Lensed afterglows remain difficult to detect in the optical and radio bands, while ATHENA-like X-ray observations may detect $0.5-5$ events over ten years.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.07120 by the authors.

**Figure 1.** The normalized probability distribution of the apparent magnitudes for the kilonova signals from the mock BNS mergers, calculated one day post-merger over the redshift range of [0, 5), if observed by F106 (blue), F158 (orange), and F213 (green) bands of RST, respectively. where F peak ν denotes the kilonova’s flux in the observer frame after applying the K-correction (by redshifting the spectral models and flux) b… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** The normalized distribution of the peak flux of afterglow signals after 10 h within the redshift range of [0, 5), in the infrared F158 (left), radio 8.4 GHz (mid), and X-ray 5 keV (right) bands, respectively. The deeper color region in each panel shows the population below the detection threshold of RST, Chandra and SKA respectively. where “H” and “GW” denote host galaxies with identifiable lensing images and detec… view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** The total joint detection rate of lensed GW and sGRB signals per year by third generation GW detectors and Fermi-GBM. The blue, orange and green solid lines show the results of ET, CE and their network respectively. In the top panel, the detection threshold for sGRBs is fixed as Fγ,0 = 2×10−7 erg cm−2 , which is the detection threshold of FermiGBM. In the bottom panel, the detection S/N threshold of GW signals is s… view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (5 more)

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Steps for searching lensed multi-messenger signals of BNS mergers. In this paper, the joint detection rate is estimated using the search strategy shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_5.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: The probability of a lensed BNS GW event that has lensing signatures of its host galaxy (the conditional probability P(H|GW)) identifiable by a (survey) telescope with the limiting magnitude of mlim for different third generation GW detectors and their network. its ho…

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: The dependence of the fraction of those lensed EM counterparts can be observed, i.e., fKN and fAG for kilonova (top) and afterglow (bottom) respectively. In the top panels, the left, mid and right panel represent the results of fKN for F106, F158, F213 band of RST, whi…

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: The total joint detection rate per year of the lensed GW associated with detectable lensed kilonova (top panels) and afterglow signals (bottom panels), i.e., N˙ ℓ GW+KN and N˙ ℓ GW+AG. In the top panels, the left, mid and right panel represent the results of N˙ ℓ GW+KN…

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: Multiband light curves of afterglow of GW170817 and the best model fit. The green, blue and purple symbols with error bar represent the data points transferred into X-ray (5 keV), optical (590 nm) and radio (6 GHz) band. The corresponding solid lines show the best-fit …

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

280 extracted references · 280 canonical work pages

[1]

, eprint =

The Swift X-Ray Telescope. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11214-005-5097-2 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0508071 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.1007/s11214-005-5097-2
[2]

International Journal of Modern Physics D , keywords =

The SVOM mission. International Journal of Modern Physics D , keywords =. doi:10.1142/S0218271822300087 , archivePrefix =. 2203.10962 , primaryClass =

work page doi:10.1142/s0218271822300087
[3]

Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics , year = 2022, editor =

The Einstein Probe Mission. Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics , year = 2022, editor =. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_151-1 , adsurl =

work page doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_151-1 2022
[4]

Light Curves of the Neutron Star Merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for R-Process Nucleosynthesis

Light curves of the neutron star merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for r-process nucleosynthesis. Science , keywords =. doi:10.1126/science.aaq0049 , archivePrefix =. 1710.05443 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.1126/science.aaq0049
[5]

The Unprecedented Properties of the First Electromagnetic Counterpart to a Gravitational Wave Source

The Unprecedented Properties of the First Electromagnetic Counterpart to a Gravitational-wave Source. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa905e , archivePrefix =. 1710.05440 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa905e
[6]

Wide-Field InfrarRed Survey Telescope-Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets WFIRST-AFTA 2015 Report

Wide-Field InfrarRed Survey Telescope-Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets WFIRST-AFTA 2015 Report. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1503.03757 , archivePrefix =. 1503.03757 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.1503.03757 2015
[7]

GWTC-4.0: Population Properties of Merging Compact Binaries

GWTC-4.0: Population Properties of Merging Compact Binaries. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2508.18083 , archivePrefix =. 2508.18083 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.18083
[8]

Detection of the Gravitational Lens Magnifying a Type Ia Supernova

Detection of the Gravitational Lens Magnifying a Type Ia Supernova. Science , keywords =. doi:10.1126/science.1250903 , archivePrefix =. 1404.6014 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.1126/science.1250903

Show all 280 references

[9]

Science , keywords =

iPTF16geu: A multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova. Science , keywords =. doi:10.1126/science.aal2729 , archivePrefix =. 1611.00014 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[10]

, keywords =

On the detection and precise localization of merging black holes events through strong gravitational lensing. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1023 , archivePrefix =. 2204.08732 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[11]

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =

Finding black holes: an unconventional multi-messenger. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =. doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0152 , archivePrefix =. 2406.14257 , primaryClass =

2024 doi
[12]

Astroparticle Physics , keywords =

Enabling kilonova science with Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Astroparticle Physics , keywords =. doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2023.102904 , archivePrefix =. 2307.09511 , primaryClass =

2023 doi
[13]

The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. VII. Properties of the Host Galaxy and Constraints on the Merger Timescale. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa9055 , archivePrefix =. 1710.05458 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[14]

Rubin Observatory LSST Target of Opportunity program

Rubin ToO 2024: Envisioning the Vera C. Rubin Observatory LSST Target of Opportunity program. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2411.04793 , archivePrefix =. 2411.04793 , primaryClass =

2024 doi arXiv
[15]

Science China Physics, Mechanics, and Astronomy , keywords =

Science objectives of the Einstein Probe mission. Science China Physics, Mechanics, and Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11433-024-2600-3 , archivePrefix =. 2501.07362 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[16]

Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes X , year = 2024, editor =

The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO). Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes X , year = 2024, editor =. doi:10.1117/12.3018305 , archivePrefix =. 2407.17176 , primaryClass =

2024 doi arXiv
[17]

, keywords =

Searching for Gravitational Wave Optical Counterparts with the Zwicky Transient Facility: Summary of O4a. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ad8265 , archivePrefix =. 2405.12403 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[18]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Identifying strongly lensed gravitational wave signals from binary black hole mergers. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1807.07062 , archivePrefix =. 1807.07062 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[19]

, keywords =

Searching for electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational-wave merger events with the prototype Gravitational-Wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO-4). , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1845 , archivePrefix =. 2004.00025 , primaryClass =

2004 doi arXiv
[20]

, keywords =

Lensing or luck? False alarm probabilities for gravitational lensing of gravitational waves. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.107.063023 , archivePrefix =. 2201.04619 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[21]

, keywords =

Eccentric Black Hole Mergers in Active Galactic Nuclei. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abd4d3 , archivePrefix =. 2010.10526 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[22]

, keywords =

The mass spectrum of compact remnants from the PARSEC stellar evolution tracks. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1161 , archivePrefix =. 1505.05201 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[23]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Blackhole Mergers Through Evection Resonances. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[24]

, year = 2022, month = mar, volume =

AGN as potential factories for eccentric black hole mergers. , year = 2022, month = mar, volume =. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04333-1 , adsurl =

2022 doi
[25]

, keywords =

The Eccentric and Accelerating Stellar Binary Black Hole Mergers in Galactic Nuclei: Observing in Ground and Space Gravitational-wave Observatories. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2c07 , archivePrefix =. 2109.14842 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[26]

, keywords =

Gravitational-wave Merging Events from the Dynamics of Stellar-mass Binary Black Holes around the Massive Black Hole in a Galactic Nucleus. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab1b28 , archivePrefix =. 1903.02685 , primaryClass =

1903 doi arXiv
[27]

Nature Communications , keywords =

Precision cosmology from future lensed gravitational wave and electromagnetic signals. Nature Communications , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01152-9 , archivePrefix =. 1703.04151 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[28]

Lens mass model of HE 0435-1223 and blind measurement of its time-delay distance for cosmology

H0LiCOW - IV. Lens mass model of HE 0435-1223 and blind measurement of its time-delay distance for cosmology. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3077 , archivePrefix =. 1607.01403 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[29]

, keywords =

Constraining Cosmological Parameters in the FLRW Metric with Lensed GW+EM Signals. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab037e , archivePrefix =. 1901.10638 , primaryClass =

1901 doi arXiv
[30]

, keywords =

Localization accuracy of compact binary coalescences detected by the third-generation gravitational-wave detectors and implication for cosmology. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.97.064031 , archivePrefix =. 1710.05325 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[31]

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03758-4 , adsurl =

Gravitational Lenses. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03758-4 , adsurl =

doi
[33]

, keywords =

Isothermal elliptical gravitational lens models. , keywords =
[34]

, keywords =

Strong lensing as a giant telescope to localize the host galaxy of gravitational wave event. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1952 , archivePrefix =. 2007.00828 , primaryClass =

2007 doi arXiv
[35]

, keywords =

Gravitational lensing of gravitational waves: a statistical perspective. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty411 , archivePrefix =. 1802.05089 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[36]

, keywords =

GW150914: Implications for the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background from Binary Black Holes. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.131102 , archivePrefix =. 1602.03847 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[37]

Discovery and confirmation of three strongly lensed quasars

Survey of Gravitationally Lensed Objects in HSC Imaging (SuGOHI) - VII. Discovery and confirmation of three strongly lensed quasars. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab145 , archivePrefix =. 2006.16584 , primaryClass =

2006 doi arXiv
[38]

, keywords =

Detecting lensing-induced diffraction in astrophysical gravitational waves. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.104029 , archivePrefix =. 1810.00003 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[39]

, year = 1998, month = feb, volume =

Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves from Inspiraling Binaries by a Point Mass Lens. , year = 1998, month = feb, volume =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1138 , adsurl =

1998 doi
[40]

, keywords =

Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves from Merging Neutron Star Binaries. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.2875 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9605140 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[41]

JCAP , keywords =

Strong gravitational lensing of gravitational waves from double compact binaries perspectives for the Einstein Telescope. JCAP , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2014/10/080 , archivePrefix =. 1409.8360 , primaryClass =

2014 doi arXiv
[42]

Physical Review X , keywords =

GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the First and Second Observing Runs. Physical Review X , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.9.031040 , archivePrefix =. 1811.12907 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[43]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

GWTC-2: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[44]

, keywords =

Candidate Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Binary Black Hole Merger Gravitational-Wave Event S190521g ^ *. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.251102 , archivePrefix =. 2006.14122 , primaryClass =

2006 doi arXiv
[45]

, keywords =

Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9 , archivePrefix =. 1710.05833 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[46]

, year = 1995, month = may, volume =

Book Review: Gravitational lenses / Springer-Verlag, 1993. , year = 1995, month = may, volume =

1993
[47]

PASP , keywords =

A Concise Reference to (Projected) S \'e rsic R ^ 1/n Quantities, Including Concentration, Profile Slopes, Petrosian Indices, and Kron Magnitudes. PASP , keywords =. doi:10.1071/AS05001 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0503176 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[49]

and Akrami, Y

Aghanim, N. and Akrami, Y. and Ashdown, M. and Aumont, J. and Baccigalupi, C. and Ballardini, M. and Banday, A. J. and Barreiro, R. B. and Bartolo, N. and et al. , year=. Planck 2018 results , volume=. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910 , journal=

2018 doi
[50]

, keywords =

Dynamical Formation of the GW150914 Binary Black Hole. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/824/1/L8 , archivePrefix =. 1604.04254 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[51]

, keywords =

The first gravitational-wave source from the isolated evolution of two stars in the 40-100 solar mass range. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature18322 , archivePrefix =. 1602.04531 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[52]

Production and growth

Intermediate mass black holes in AGN discs - I. Production and growth. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21486.x , archivePrefix =. 1206.2309 , primaryClass =

2012 doi
[53]

Nauchnye Informatsii , year = 1973, month = jan, volume =

Evolution of massive close binaries. Nauchnye Informatsii , year = 1973, month = jan, volume =

1973
[54]

, keywords =

Erratum: The progenitors of compact-object binaries: impact of metallicity, common envelope and natal kicks. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz892 , adsurl =

doi
[55]

, keywords =

The progenitors of compact-object binaries: impact of metallicity, common envelope and natal kicks. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1999 , archivePrefix =. 1806.00001 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[56]

, keywords =

Primordial black holes in globular clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/364423a0 , adsurl =

doi
[57]

, keywords =

Black Hole Mergers in the Universe. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/312422 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9910061 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[58]

, keywords =

Rapid and Bright Stellar-mass Binary Black Hole Mergers in Active Galactic Nuclei. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/165 , archivePrefix =. 1602.03831 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[59]

, keywords =

Assisted inspirals of stellar mass black holes embedded in AGN discs: solving the `final au problem'. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2260 , archivePrefix =. 1602.04226 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[60]

Systematic errors in strong gravitational lensing reconstructions, a numerical simulation perspective , volume=

Enzi, Wolfgang and Vegetti, Simona and Despali, Giulia and Hsueh, Jen-Wei and Benton Metcalf, R , year=. Systematic errors in strong gravitational lensing reconstructions, a numerical simulation perspective , volume=. , publisher=. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1224 , number=

doi
[61]

2021 , eprint=

Lensing magnification: gravitational waves from coalescing stellar-mass binary black holes , author=. 2021 , eprint=

2021
[62]

, keywords =

Redshifts and lens profile for the double quasar QJ 0158-4325. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810277 , archivePrefix =. 0812.1308 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[63]

The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. I. A Large Spectroscopically Selected Sample of Massive Early-Type Lens Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/498884 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0511453 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[64]

, keywords =

SDSS J1640+1932: a spectacular galaxy-quasar strong lens system. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx733 , archivePrefix =. 1703.07495 , primaryClass =

1932 doi arXiv
[65]

HOLISMOKES. IV. Efficient mass modeling of strong lenses through deep learning. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039574 , archivePrefix =. 2010.00602 , primaryClass =

2010 doi arXiv
[66]

, keywords =

Discovery of Two Einstein Crosses from Massive Post-blue Nugget Galaxies at z > 1 in KiDS. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abc95b , archivePrefix =. 2011.09150 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[67]

, keywords =

Night-time measurements of astronomical seeing at Dome A in Antarctica. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2489-0 , archivePrefix =. 2007.15365 , primaryClass =

2007 doi arXiv
[68]

, keywords =

Internal and Collective Properties of Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/511060 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0611607 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[69]

Strong gravitational lensing of gravitational waves in Einstein Telescope

Pi\'orkowska, Aleksandra and Biesiada, Marek and Zhu, Zong-Hong. Strong gravitational lensing of gravitational waves in Einstein Telescope. JCAP. 2013. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2013/10/022. arXiv:1309.5731

2013 doi arXiv
[70]

and Dirsch, B

Schuberth, Ylva and Richtler, T. and Dirsch, B. and Hilker, M. and Larsen, S. S. and Kissler-Patig, M. and Mebold, U. Dynamics of the NGC 4636 Globular Cluster System: An extremely dark matter dominated galaxy?. Astron. Astrophys. 2006. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053134. arXiv:as...

2006 doi arXiv
[71]

, keywords =

A deep, wide-field study of Holmberg II with Suprime-Cam: evidence for ram pressure stripping. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22025.x , archivePrefix =. 1208.4808 , primaryClass =

2012 doi
[72]

, keywords =

Luminosity functions of globular clusters in five nearby spiral galaxies using HST/ACS images. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2890 , archivePrefix =. 2110.00703 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[75]

Host galaxy properties of mergers of stellar binary black holes and their implications for advanced LIGO gravitational wave sources , volume=

Cao, Liang and Lu, Youjun and Zhao, Yuetong , year=. Host galaxy properties of mergers of stellar binary black holes and their implications for advanced LIGO gravitational wave sources , volume=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , publisher=. doi:10.1093/mnras...

doi
[76]

, keywords =

Stochastic gravitational wave background and eccentric stellar compact binaries. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2707 , archivePrefix =. 2009.01436 , primaryClass =

2009 doi arXiv
[77]

, keywords =

Localizing merging black holes with sub-arcsecond precision using gravitational-wave lensing. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2577 , archivePrefix =. 2004.13811 , primaryClass =

2004 doi arXiv
[78]

, keywords =

Event rate predictions of strongly lensed gravitational waves with detector networks and more realistic templates. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3298 , archivePrefix =. 2105.07011 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[79]

, keywords =

Resolving the Stellar Outskirts of M81: Evidence for a Faint, Extended Structural Component. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/5/1469 , archivePrefix =. 0909.1430 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[80]

The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XV. The Formation Efficiencies of Globular Clusters in Early-Type Galaxies: The Effects of Mass and Environment. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/587951 , archivePrefix =. 0803.0330 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[81]

, keywords =

Diffuse Tidal Structures in the Halos of Virgo Ellipticals. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/715/2/972 , archivePrefix =. 1004.1473 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[82]

, keywords =

First Results from the Dragonfly Telephoto Array: The Apparent Lack of a Stellar Halo in the Massive Spiral Galaxy M101. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/782/2/L24 , archivePrefix =. 1401.5467 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[83]

, keywords =

An Atlas of Galaxy Spectral Energy Distributions from the Ultraviolet to the Mid-infrared. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/212/2/18 , archivePrefix =. 1312.3029 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[84]

A preview of the low surface brightness Universe to be unveiled by LSST

Introducing the LBT Imaging of Galactic Halos and Tidal Structures (LIGHTS) survey. A preview of the low surface brightness Universe to be unveiled by LSST. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141603 , archivePrefix =. 2109.07478 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[86]

Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society , keywords =

Predictions for Strong-lens Detections with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abc4ea , archivePrefix =. 2010.15173 , primaryClass =

2010 doi arXiv
[87]

Borlaff, A. S. and Gómez-Alvarez, P. and Altieri, B. and Marcum, P. M. and Vavrek, R. and Laureijs, R. and Kohley, R. and Buitrago, F. and Cuillandre, J.-C. and Duc, P.-A. and Gaspar Venancio, L. M. and Amara, A. and et al. , year=. Euclid preparation , volume=. doi:10.1051/00...

doi
[88]

, keywords =

Inferring the lensing rate of LIGO-Virgo sources from the stochastic gravitational wave background. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3813 , archivePrefix =. 2006.03064 , primaryClass =

2006 doi arXiv
[89]

, keywords =

Beyond the Detector Horizon: Forecasting Gravitational-Wave Strong Lensing. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1bb4 , archivePrefix =. 2106.06303 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[90]

Identifying type II strongly lensed gravitational-wave images in third-generation gravitational-wave detectors , author =. Phys. Rev. D , volume =. 2021 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.103.104055 , url =

2021 doi
[91]

, keywords =

How Does the Earth s Rotation Affect Predictions of Gravitational Wave Strong Lensing Rates?. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab095c , archivePrefix =. 1903.11079 , primaryClass =

1903 doi arXiv
[92]

The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. IX. Colors, Lensing, and Stellar Masses of Early-Type Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/1099 , archivePrefix =. 0911.2471 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[93]

, keywords =

Gravitationally lensed quasars and supernovae in future wide-field optical imaging surveys. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16639.x , archivePrefix =. 1001.2037 , primaryClass =

2010 doi
[94]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

A Mock Catalog of Gravitationally Lensed Quasars for the LSST Survey. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[95]

, keywords =

A discrete chemo-dynamical model of M87's globular clusters: Kinematics extending to 400 kpc. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa027 , archivePrefix =. 2005.09410 , primaryClass =

2005 doi arXiv
[96]

, keywords =

Extending the Nearby Galaxy Heritage with WISE: First Results from the WISE Enhanced Resolution Galaxy Atlas. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/1/6 , archivePrefix =. 1210.3628 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[97]

The WISE Extended Source Catalog (WXSC). I. The 100 Largest Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab521a , archivePrefix =. 1910.11793 , primaryClass =

1910 doi arXiv
[98]

, keywords =

Observational constraints on growth of massive black holes. , keywords =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05532.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0203082 , primaryClass =

2002 doi
[99]

, keywords =

An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/509629 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0605678 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[101]

, keywords =

Redshift Evolution of the Black Hole Merger Rate from Globular Clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aae377 , archivePrefix =. 1809.01152 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[102]

, keywords =

Massive black hole evolution models confronting the n-Hz amplitude of the stochastic gravitational wave background. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3239 , archivePrefix =. 2108.11671 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[103]

, keywords =

Measuring the accretion rate and kinetic luminosity functions of supermassive black holes. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12529.x , archivePrefix =. 0710.1718 , primaryClass =

2007 doi
[104]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

A lensing multi-messenger channel: Combining LIGO-Virgo-Kagra lensed gravitational-wave measurements with Euclid observations. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[105]

, keywords =

Cosmology from the Chinese Space Station Optical Survey (CSS-OS). , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab391e , archivePrefix =. 1901.04634 , primaryClass =

1901 doi arXiv
[106]

, keywords =

Galaxy luminosities, stellar masses, sizes, velocity dispersions as a function of morphological type. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16425.x , archivePrefix =. 0910.1093 , primaryClass =

2010 doi
[107]

, keywords =

The formation and coalescence sites of the first gravitational wave events. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slx118 , archivePrefix =. 1705.06781 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[108]

, keywords =

Counting black holes: The cosmic stellar remnant population and implications for LIGO. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1959 , archivePrefix =. 1703.02551 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[109]

, keywords =

Universal structure of dark matter haloes over a mass range of 20 orders of magnitude. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2642-9 , archivePrefix =. 1911.09720 , primaryClass =

1911 doi
[110]

doi:10.1007/3-540-29007-9 , adsurl =

Galaxy Formation and Evolution. doi:10.1007/3-540-29007-9 , adsurl =

doi
[111]

, keywords =

Binary inspiral, gravitational radiation, and cosmology. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.53.2878 , archivePrefix =. gr-qc/9601048 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[112]

Sensitivity studies for third-generation gravitational wave observatories , journal =

S Hild and M Abernathy and F Acernese and P Amaro-Seoane and N Andersson and K Arun and F Barone and B Barr and M Barsuglia and M Beker and N Beveridge and S Birindelli and S Bose and L Bosi and S Braccini and C Bradaschia and T Bulik and E Calloni and G Cella and E Chassande ...

doi
[113]

Contribution to Gravitational-Wave Astronomy beyond LIGO

Cosmic Explorer: The U.S. Contribution to Gravitational-Wave Astronomy beyond LIGO. Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society , year = 2019, volume =

2019
[114]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Wide-Field InfraRed Survey Telescope-Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets WFIRST-AFTA Final Report. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[115]

Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy IV , year = 2010, editor =

Simulating the LSST system. Modeling, Systems Engineering, and Project Management for Astronomy IV , year = 2010, editor =. doi:10.1117/12.857819 , adsurl =

2010 doi
[116]

Living Reviews in Relativity , keywords =

Cosmology and Fundamental Physics with the Euclid Satellite. Living Reviews in Relativity , keywords =. doi:10.12942/lrr-2013-6 , archivePrefix =. 1206.1225 , primaryClass =

2013 doi arXiv
[117]

, keywords =

How large are the globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies and do they scale with galaxy halo properties?. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slx148 , archivePrefix =. 1710.01324 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[118]

, keywords =

The correlation between the sizes of globular cluster systems and their host dark matter haloes. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty844 , archivePrefix =. 1707.02609 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[119]

, keywords =

Radial distributions of globular clusters trace their host dark matter halo: insights from the E-MOSAICS simulations. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1126 , archivePrefix =. 2106.07652 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[120]

, keywords =

Formation and evolution of binary neutron stars: mergers and their host galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2882 , archivePrefix =. 2110.04687 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[121]

, keywords =

Constraining the Origin of Stellar Binary Black Hole Mergers by Detections of Their Lensed Host Galaxies and Gravitational Wave Signals. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac98b7 , archivePrefix =. 2210.09892 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[122]

, keywords =

PyCBC Inference: A Python-based Parameter Estimation Toolkit for Compact Binary Coalescence Signal. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/aaef0b , archivePrefix =. 1807.10312 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[123]

, keywords =

On the detection of the electromagnetic counterparts from lensed gravitational wave events by binary neutron star mergers. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3418 , adsurl =

doi
[124]

, keywords =

Short gamma-ray bursts at the dawn of the gravitational wave era. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628993 , archivePrefix =. 1607.07875 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[125]

, keywords =

Low-frequency View of GW170817/GRB 170817A with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae1a6 , archivePrefix =. 1803.02768 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[126]

, keywords =

Detectability of electromagnetic counterparts from neutron star mergers: prompt emission versus afterglow. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3120 , archivePrefix =. 1912.09436 , primaryClass =

1912 doi arXiv
[127]

BATSE Observations of Gamma-Ray Burst Spectra. I. Spectral Diversity. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/172995 , adsurl =

doi
[128]

, keywords =

The faster the narrower: characteristic bulk velocities and jet opening angles of gamma-ray bursts. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts128 , archivePrefix =. 1210.1215 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[129]

, keywords =

What is the Most Promising Electromagnetic Counterpart of a Neutron Star Binary Merger?. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/48 , archivePrefix =. 1108.6056 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[130]

Classical and Quantum Gravity , keywords =

Networks of gravitational wave detectors and three figures of merit. Classical and Quantum Gravity , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/28/12/125023 , archivePrefix =. 1102.5421 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[131]

, keywords =

Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows in the Multimessenger Era: Numerical Models and Closure Relations. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab93cf , archivePrefix =. 1909.11691 , primaryClass =

1909 doi arXiv
[132]

, keywords =

A year in the life of GW 170817: the rise and fall of a structured jet from a binary neutron star merger. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2248 , archivePrefix =. 1808.06617 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[133]

, keywords =

AT2017gfo: Bayesian inference and model selection of multicomponent kilonovae and constraints on the neutron star equation of state. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1287 , adsurl =

doi
[134]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

AT2017gfo: an anisotropic and three-component kilonova counterpart of GW170817. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1711.03982 , archivePrefix =. 1711.03982 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[135]

, keywords =

Jet propagation in neutron star mergers and GW170817. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3231 , adsurl =

doi
[136]

, keywords =

Accretion-induced prompt black hole formation in asymmetric neutron star mergers, dynamical ejecta, and kilonova signals. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1860 , adsurl =

doi
[137]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

The luminosity functions of kilonovae from binary neutron star mergers under different equation of states. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2304.05779 , archivePrefix =. 2304.05779 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[138]

, keywords =

Gamma-ray burst jet propagation, development of angular structure, and the luminosity function. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936335 , adsurl =

doi
[139]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

GWTC-3: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the Second Part of the Third Observing Run. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[140]

, keywords =

LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c , archivePrefix =. 0805.2366 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[141]

, keywords =

First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: the stellar mass content of groups and clusters of galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3112 , archivePrefix =. 1707.03406 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[142]

, keywords =

From dwarf spheroidals to cD galaxies: simulating the galaxy population in a CDM cosmology. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.18114.x , archivePrefix =. 1006.0106 , primaryClass =

2010 doi
[143]

, keywords =

The EAGLE project: simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2058 , archivePrefix =. 1407.7040 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[144]

, keywords =

A statistical model for a complete supernova equation of state. , keywords =. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2010.02.010 , archivePrefix =. 0911.4073 , primaryClass =

2010 doi arXiv
[145]

, keywords =

Composition and thermodynamics of nuclear matter with light clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.81.015803 , archivePrefix =. 0908.2344 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[146]

, keywords =

Prompt Merger Collapse and the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.131101 , archivePrefix =. 1307.5191 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[147]

, keywords =

Multimessenger Bayesian parameter inference of a binary neutron star merger. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slz133 , archivePrefix =. 1812.04803 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[148]

, keywords =

Numerical relativity simulations of neutron star merger remnants using conservative mesh refinement. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.124041 , archivePrefix =. 1504.01266 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[149]

, keywords =

Maximum mass, moment of inertia and compactness of relativistic stars. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw575 , archivePrefix =. 1601.06083 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[150]

, keywords =

Fast Rotation of Neutron Stars. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/176650 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9508118 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[151]

, keywords =

The luminosity functions of kilonovae from binary neutron star mergers under different equation of states. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1028 , archivePrefix =. 2304.05779 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[152]

, keywords =

Multi-messenger Observations of Binary Neutron Star Mergers in the O4 Run. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8d00 , archivePrefix =. 2204.07592 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[153]

Introduction to Monte Carlo methods , volume =

Frenkel, Daan , year =. Introduction to Monte Carlo methods , volume =
[154]

, keywords =

Constraints on the merging binary neutron star mass distribution and equation of state based on the incidence of jets in the population. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243260 , archivePrefix =. 2202.01656 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[155]

, keywords =

Bright ``Merger-nova'' from the Remnant of a Neutron Star Binary Merger: A Signature of a Newly Born, Massive, Millisecond Magnetar. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/776/2/L40 , archivePrefix =. 1308.0876 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[156]

, keywords =

Estimates for disk and ejecta masses produced in compact binary mergers. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.101.103002 , archivePrefix =. 2002.07728 , primaryClass =

2002 doi arXiv
[157]

Living Reviews in Relativity , keywords =

Kilonovae. Living Reviews in Relativity , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s41114-017-0006-z , archivePrefix =. 1610.09381 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[158]

Classical and Quantum Gravity , keywords =

Modeling dynamical ejecta from binary neutron star mergers and implications for electromagnetic counterparts. Classical and Quantum Gravity , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1361-6382/aa6bb0 , archivePrefix =. 1612.03665 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[159]

, keywords =

Gravitational-Wave Luminosity of Binary Neutron Stars Mergers. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.111101 , archivePrefix =. 1712.04267 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[160]

Quasiuniversal properties of neutron star mergers

Bernuzzi, Sebastiano and Nagar, Alessandro and Balmelli, Simone and Dietrich, Tim and Ujevic, Maximiliano. Quasiuniversal properties of neutron star mergers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.201101. arXiv:1402.6244

2014 doi arXiv
[161]

, keywords =

GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101 , archivePrefix =. 1710.05832 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[162]

, keywords =

Constraining the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars from Multi-messenger Observations of GW170817. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa991c , archivePrefix =. 1710.05938 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[163]

, keywords =

AT 2017gfo: An Anisotropic and Three-component Kilonova Counterpart of GW170817. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa9ab9 , archivePrefix =. 1711.03982 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[164]

, keywords =

The Combined Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves of the Kilonova Associated with the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Unified Data Set, Analytic Models, and Physical Implications. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa9c84 , archivePrefix =. 1710.11576 , p...

doi arXiv
[165]

, keywords =

On the astrophysical robustness of the neutron star merger r-process. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21859.x , archivePrefix =. 1206.2379 , primaryClass =

2012 doi
[166]

, keywords =

Radioactivity and Thermalization in the Ejecta of Compact Object Mergers and Their Impact on Kilonova Light Curves. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/829/2/110 , archivePrefix =. 1605.07218 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[167]

, keywords =

Neutrino-driven Winds in the Aftermath of a Neutron Star Merger: Nucleosynthesis and Electromagnetic Transients. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/813/1/2 , archivePrefix =. 1506.05048 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[168]

I - Analytic solutions for the early part of the light curve

Type I supernovae. I - Analytic solutions for the early part of the light curve. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/159681 , adsurl =

doi
[169]

The Magnetar Model for Type I Superluminous Supernovae. I. Bayesian Analysis of the Full Multicolor Light-curve Sample with MOSFiT. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9334 , archivePrefix =. 1706.00825 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[170]

, keywords =

GRB 080503 Late Afterglow Re-brightening: Signature of a Magnetar-powered Merger-nova. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/807/2/163 , archivePrefix =. 1506.06816 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[171]

Science , keywords =

X-ray Flares from Postmerger Millisecond Pulsars. Science , keywords =. doi:10.1126/science.1123606 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0602525 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[172]

, keywords =

The X-ray afterglow flat segment in short GRB 051221A: Energy injection from a millisecond magnetar?. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00217.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0605445 , primaryClass =

2006 doi
[173]

, keywords =

Formation of Stable Magnetars from Binary Neutron Star Mergers. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/771/2/L26 , archivePrefix =. 1306.1608 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[174]

, keywords =

Signatures of magnetar central engines in short GRB light curves. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts683 , archivePrefix =. 1301.0629 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[175]

Astrophysics and Space Science Library , year = 2022, editor =

Millisecond Magnetars. Astrophysics and Space Science Library , year = 2022, editor =. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85198-9_8 , archivePrefix =. 2103.10878 , primaryClass =

2022 doi arXiv
[176]

, keywords =

Supernova Light Curves Powered by Young Magnetars. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/717/1/245 , archivePrefix =. 0911.0680 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[177]

, keywords =

Gravitational Waves and Gamma-Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c , archivePrefix =. 1710.05834 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[178]

Physical Review X , keywords =

Properties of the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817. Physical Review X , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.9.011001 , archivePrefix =. 1805.11579 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[179]

, keywords =

Transient Events from Neutron Star Mergers. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/311680 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9807272 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[180]

, keywords =

Electromagnetic counterparts of compact object mergers powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16864.x , archivePrefix =. 1001.5029 , primaryClass =

2010 doi
[181]

Science , keywords =

Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), the optical counterpart to a gravitational wave source. Science , keywords =. doi:10.1126/science.aap9811 , archivePrefix =. 1710.05452 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[182]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Modeling Supernova-like Explosions Associated with Gamma-ray Bursts with Short Durations. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/0510256 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0510256 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[183]

, keywords =

Early X-Ray and Optical Afterglow of Gravitational Wave Bursts from Mergers of Binary Neutron Stars. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/763/1/L22 , archivePrefix =. 1212.0773 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[184]

, keywords =

Three-Dimensional General-Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Remnant Accretion Disks from Neutron Star Mergers: Outflows and r -Process Nucleosynthesis. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.231102 , archivePrefix =. 1705.05473 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[185]

, keywords =

Short Gamma-Ray Bursts with Extended Emission. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/502796 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0601190 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[186]

, keywords =

Short-duration gamma-ray bursts with extended emission from protomagnetar spin-down. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.12923.x , archivePrefix =. 0712.1233 , primaryClass =

2008 doi
[187]

, keywords =

Discovery of an Afterglow Extension of the Prompt Phase of Two Gamma-Ray Bursts Observed by Swift. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/499432 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0511576 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[188]

, keywords =

The association of GRB 060218 with a supernova and the evolution of the shock wave. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature04892 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0603279 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[189]

, keywords =

On the Magnetar Origin of the GRBs Presenting X-Ray Afterglow Plateaus. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aadd8f , archivePrefix =. 1804.08652 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[190]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

JWST detection of heavy neutron capture elements in a compact object merger. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2307.02098 , archivePrefix =. 2307.02098 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[191]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Magnetar emergence in a peculiar gamma-ray burst from a compact star merger. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2307.05689 , archivePrefix =. 2307.05689 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[192]

, keywords =

Angular-momentum Transport in Proto-neutron Stars and the Fate of Neutron Star Merger Remnants. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8b01 , archivePrefix =. 2206.10645 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[193]

, keywords =

The Fate of Neutron Star Binary Mergers. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa7f2f , archivePrefix =. 1704.08697 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[194]

Data analysis of gravitational-wave signals from spinning neutron stars: The signal and its detection , author =. Phys. Rev. D , volume =. 1998 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.58.063001 , url =

1998 doi
[195]

Bayesian coherent analysis of in-spiral gravitational wave signals with a detector network , author =. Phys. Rev. D , volume =. 2010 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.81.062003 , url =

2010 doi
[196]

, keywords =

Geometrical expression for the angular resolution of a network of gravitational-wave detectors. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.81.082001 , archivePrefix =. 1003.2504 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[197]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Forecasting the detection capabilities of third-generation gravitational-wave detectors using GWFAST. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[198]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Detectability and parameter estimation of stellar origin black hole binaries with next generation gravitational wave detectors. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[199]

, keywords =

Multiband gravitational wave observations of stellar binary black holes at the low to middle and high frequencies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1107 , archivePrefix =. 2306.02636 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[200]

, keywords =

Prediction of Supernova Rates in Known Galaxy-Galaxy Strong-lens Systems. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad5ea , archivePrefix =. 1803.07569 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[201]

, keywords =

Event Rate of Strongly Lensed Gravitational Waves of Stellar Binary Black Hole Mergers Produced by Dynamical Interactions. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace045 , archivePrefix =. 2307.01427 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[202]

, keywords =

The Multi-messenger Matrix: The Future of Neutron Star Merger Constraints on the Nuclear Equation of State. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab2ae2 , archivePrefix =. 1904.11995 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[203]

, keywords =

Constraining the long-lived supramassive neutron stars by magnetar boosted kilonovae. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3560 , archivePrefix =. 2308.09164 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[204]

, keywords =

The multimessenger picture of compact object encounters: binary mergers versus dynamical collisions. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts708 , archivePrefix =. 1204.6240 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[205]

European Physical Journal A , keywords =

Electromagnetic counterparts of black hole-neutron star mergers: dependence on the neutron star properties. European Physical Journal A , keywords =. doi:10.1140/epja/s10050-019-00013-x , archivePrefix =. 1908.08822 , primaryClass =

1908 doi arXiv
[206]

Nested Sampling. Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering: 24th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering , year = 2004, editor =. doi:10.1063/1.1835238 , adsurl =

2004 doi
[207]

, keywords =

DYNESTY: a dynamic nested sampling package for estimating Bayesian posteriors and evidences. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa278 , archivePrefix =. 1904.02180 , primaryClass =

1904 doi arXiv
[208]

, keywords =

A `kilonova' associated with the short-duration -ray burst GRB 130603B. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature12505 , archivePrefix =. 1306.4971 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[209]

, keywords =

Multimessenger Detection Rates and Distributions of Binary Neutron Star Mergers and Their Cosmological Implications. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0628 , archivePrefix =. 2104.12374 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[210]

, keywords =

Spectroscopic identification of r-process nucleosynthesis in a double neutron-star merger. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature24298 , archivePrefix =. 1710.05858 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[211]

, keywords =

A mildly relativistic wide-angle outflow in the neutron-star merger event GW170817. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature25452 , archivePrefix =. 1711.11573 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[212]

, keywords =

A Turnover in the Radio Light Curve of GW170817. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aac105 , archivePrefix =. 1803.06853 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[213]

, keywords =

New Constraints on Radii and Tidal Deformabilities of Neutron Stars from GW170817. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.261103 , archivePrefix =. 1803.00549 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[214]

, keywords =

Tidal Deformabilities and Radii of Neutron Stars from the Observation of GW170817. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.091102 , archivePrefix =. 1804.08583 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[215]

, keywords =

GW170817: Joint Constraint on the Neutron Star Equation of State from Multimessenger Observations. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaa402 , archivePrefix =. 1711.03647 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[216]

, keywords =

Constraints on the neutron star equation of state from AT2017gfo using radiative transfer simulations. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2174 , archivePrefix =. 1805.09371 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[217]

, keywords =

GW170817: Constraining the nuclear matter equation of state from the neutron star tidal deformability. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.98.035804 , archivePrefix =. 1805.11963 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[218]

, keywords =

A cocoon shock breakout as the origin of the -ray emission in GW170817. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1462 , archivePrefix =. 1710.05896 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[219]

, keywords =

Numerical Simulations of the Jet Dynamics and Synchrotron Radiation of Binary Neutron Star Merger Event GW170817/GRB 170817A. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacf9c , archivePrefix =. 1804.09345 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[220]

, keywords =

Multimessenger tests of gravity with weakly lensed gravitational waves. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.101.103509 , archivePrefix =. 1908.08950 , primaryClass =

1908 doi arXiv
[221]

, keywords =

Speed of Gravitational Waves from Strongly Lensed Gravitational Waves and Electromagnetic Signals. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.091102 , archivePrefix =. 1612.04095 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[222]

, keywords =

The James Webb Space Telescope. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11214-006-8315-7 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0606175 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[223]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Athena (Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics) Assessment Study Report for ESA Cosmic Vision 2015-2025. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1207.2745 , archivePrefix =. 1207.2745 , primaryClass =

2015 doi arXiv
[224]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Jet-like structures in low-mass binary neutron star merger remnants. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2405.03705 , archivePrefix =. 2405.03705 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[225]

, keywords =

Luminosity functions and detectability of binary neutron star merger-nova signals with various merger remnants. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1865 , archivePrefix =. 2510.23115 , primaryClass =

doi
[226]

, keywords =

Enhanced Localization of Dark Lensed Gravitational-wave Events Enables Host Galaxy Identification and Precise Cosmological Inference. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae1226 , archivePrefix =. 2510.12470 , primaryClass =

doi
[227]

, keywords =

A Decade of Short-duration Gamma-Ray Burst Broadband Afterglows: Energetics, Circumburst Densities, and Jet Opening Angles. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/102 , archivePrefix =. 1509.02922 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[228]

, keywords =

Metallicity-constrained merger rates of binary black holes and the stochastic gravitational wave background. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1477 , archivePrefix =. 1604.04288 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[229]

, keywords =

Constraints on QSO Models from a Relation between the QSO Luminosity Function and the Local Black Hole Mass Function. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/381049 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0311404 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[230]

, keywords =

Local supermassive black holes, relics of active galactic nuclei and the X-ray background. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07765.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0311619 , primaryClass =

2004 doi
[231]

, keywords =

The mass-concentration-redshift relation of cold dark matter haloes. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu483 , archivePrefix =. 1312.0945 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[232]

, keywords =

The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/177173 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9508025 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[233]

, keywords =

A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/304888 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9611107 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[234]

, keywords =

Mass and Redshift Dependence of Dark Halo Structure. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/379734 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0309375 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[235]

, keywords =

Accurate Universal Models for the Mass Accretion Histories and Concentrations of Dark Matter Halos. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/1/354 , archivePrefix =. 0811.0828 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[236]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

The population of merging compact binaries inferred using gravitational waves through GWTC-3. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[237]

Cosmology with the lights off: Standard sirens in the Einstein Telescope era , author =. Phys. Rev. D , volume =. 2012 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.023502 , url =

2012 doi
[238]

, keywords =

Strongly lensed gravitational waves from intrinsically faint double compact binaries prediction for the Einstein Telescope. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2015/12/006 , archivePrefix =. 1508.05000 , primaryClass =

2015 doi arXiv
[239]

Gravitational wave interference via gravitational lensing: Measurements of luminosity distance, lens mass, and cosmological parameters , author =. Phys. Rev. D , volume =. 2020 , month =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.101.064011 , url =

2020 doi
[240]

, keywords =

Binary black hole mergers in AGN accretion discs: gravitational wave rate density estimates. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037681 , archivePrefix =. 2005.03571 , primaryClass =

2005 doi arXiv
[241]

, keywords =

The Implications of Lenses for Galaxy Structure. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/170057 , adsurl =

doi
[242]

, keywords =

Gravitational Lensing by Spiral Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/305272 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9705194 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[243]

, keywords =

Probing the structure of lensing galaxies with quadruple lenses: the effect of `external' shear. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/291.1.211 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9702021 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[244]

, keywords =

Phenomenological model for the gravitational-wave signal from precessing binary black holes with two-spin effects. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.100.024059 , archivePrefix =. 1809.10113 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[245]

, keywords =

Distinguishing spin-aligned and isotropic black hole populations with gravitational waves. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature23453 , archivePrefix =. 1706.01385 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[246]

, keywords =

Illuminating Black Hole Binary Formation Channels with Spins in Advanced LIGO. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/832/1/L2 , archivePrefix =. 1609.05916 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[247]

, keywords =

Spin-orbit resonance and the evolution of compact binary systems. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.70.124020 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0409174 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[248]

, keywords =

The statistics of gravitational lenses : the distributions of image angular separations and lens redshifts. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/162379 , adsurl =

doi
[249]

, keywords =

Strong lensing statistics in large, z < -0.5ex 0.2, surveys: bias in the lens galaxy population. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12004.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0607032 , primaryClass =

2007 doi
[250]

, keywords =

Effect of gravitational lensing on the distribution of gravitational waves from distant binary black hole mergers. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2145 , archivePrefix =. 1807.02584 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[251]

, keywords =

The velocity dispersion function of early-type galaxies and its redshift evolution: the newest results from lens redshift test. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab519 , archivePrefix =. 2102.12140 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[252]

Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society , keywords =

The Observed Rate of Binary Black Hole Mergers can be Entirely Explained by Globular Clusters. Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abdf54 , archivePrefix =. 2101.07793 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[253]

, keywords =

The cosmic evolution of binary black holes in young, globular, and nuclear star clusters: rates, masses, spins, and mixing fractions. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac422 , archivePrefix =. 2109.06222 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[254]

, keywords =

Please Repeat: Strong Lensing of Gravitational Waves as a Probe of Compact Binary and Galaxy Populations. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac58f8 , archivePrefix =. 2105.14390 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[255]

, keywords =

Wave Effects in the Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves from Chirping Binaries. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/377430 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0305055 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[256]

, keywords =

Probing the nature of dark matter via gravitational waves lensed by small dark matter halos. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.106.023018 , archivePrefix =. 2207.00325 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[257]

, keywords =

Observational signatures of microlensing in gravitational waves at LIGO/Virgo frequencies. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935490 , archivePrefix =. 1903.04513 , primaryClass =

1903 doi arXiv
[258]

, year = 2023, month = feb, volume =

Observability of lensing of gravitational waves from massive black hole binaries with LISA. , year = 2023, month = feb, volume =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.107.043029 , adsurl =

2023 doi
[259]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Strong Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves with TianQin. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2304.04800 , archivePrefix =. 2304.04800 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[260]

, keywords =

Effects of Ellipticity and Shear on Gravitational Lens Statistics. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/429153 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0405040 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[261]

, keywords =

The Velocity Dispersion Function of Early-Type Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/376794 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0303092 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[262]

Scientific Reports , keywords =

Detectability and parameter estimation of stellar origin black hole binaries with next generation gravitational wave detectors. Scientific Reports , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19540-7 , archivePrefix =. 2203.12586 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[263]

, keywords =

What if LIGO's gravitational wave detections are strongly lensed by massive galaxy clusters?. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty031 , archivePrefix =. 1707.03412 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[264]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Discovering gravitationally lensed gravitational waves: predicted rates, candidate selection, and localization with the Vera Rubin Observatory. arXiv e-prints , keywords =
[265]

arXiv e-prints , keywords =

Identifying Strongly Lensed Gravitational Waves with the Third-generation Detectors. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2304.13967 , archivePrefix =. 2304.13967 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[266]

, keywords =

Detection Rate of Galaxy Cluster-lensed Stellar Binary Black Hole Mergers by the Third-generation Gravitational-wave Detectors. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad8b44 , archivePrefix =. 2410.20701 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[267]

, keywords =

Discovering gravitationally lensed gravitational waves: predicted rates, candidate selection, and localization with the Vera Rubin Observatory. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad140 , archivePrefix =. 2204.12977 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[268]

The Panchromatic Afterglow of GW170817: The Full Uniform Data Set, Modeling, Comparison with Previous Results, and Implications

Makhathini, Sphesihle and others. The Panchromatic Afterglow of GW170817: The Full Uniform Data Set, Modeling, Comparison with Previous Results, and Implications. Astrophys. J. 2021. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1ffc. arXiv:2006.02382

2021 doi arXiv
[269]

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific , year=

emcee: The MCMC Hammer , author=. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific , year=
[270]

, keywords =

Jet Dynamics in Compact Object Mergers: GW170817 Likely Had a Successful Jet. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae084 , archivePrefix =. 1806.10616 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[271]

Cosmic Star-Formation History

Madau, Piero and Dickinson, Mark. Cosmic Star-Formation History. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2014. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125615

2014 doi
[272]

, keywords =

The Structure and Dynamics of Massive Early-Type Galaxies: On Homology, Isothermality, and Isotropy Inside One Effective Radius. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/L51 , archivePrefix =. 0906.1349 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[273]

, keywords =

The Population of Galaxy-Galaxy Strong Lenses in Forthcoming Optical Imaging Surveys. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/811/1/20 , archivePrefix =. 1507.02657 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[274]

, keywords =

The elliptical power law profile lens. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526773 , archivePrefix =. 1507.01819 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[275]

, keywords =

CSST strong lensing preparation: forecasting the galaxy-galaxy strong lensing population for the China space station telescope. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1865 , archivePrefix =. 2312.06239 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[276]

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =

Multi-messenger gravitational lensing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =. doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0134 , archivePrefix =. 2503.19973 , primaryClass =

2024 doi
[277]

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =

Gravitational lensing: towards combining the multi-messengers. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =. doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0127 , archivePrefix =. 2502.02536 , primaryClass =

2024 doi
[278]

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =

Challenges and opportunities for time-delay cosmography with multi-messenger gravitational lensing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =. doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0130 , archivePrefix =. 2502.04472 , primaryClass =

2024 doi
[279]

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =

Gravitational lensing in gamma-ray bursts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =. doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0122 , archivePrefix =. 2503.19977 , primaryClass =

2024 doi
[280]

, keywords =

Searching for Gravitationally Lensed Gamma-Ray Bursts with Their Afterglows. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac31ad , archivePrefix =. 2111.05552 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[281]

, keywords =

Localization of Gamma-Ray Bursts Using the Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/216/2/32 , archivePrefix =. 1411.2685 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[282]

, keywords =

Strong gravitational lensing and localization of merging massive black hole binaries with LISA. , keywords =. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.022002 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0305605 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv
[283]

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =

A follow-up strategy enabling discovery of electromagnetic counterparts to highly magnified gravitationally lensed gravitational waves. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =. doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0118 , archivePrefix =. 2503.21811 , p...

2024 doi
[284]

Rubin Observatory

Strong gravitational lenses from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A , keywords =. doi:10.1098/rsta.2024.0117 , archivePrefix =. 2406.08919 , primaryClass =

2024 doi
[285]

, keywords =

Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/179.3.433 , adsurl =

doi
[286]

, keywords =

A unified equation of state of dense matter and neutron star structure. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011402 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0111092 , primaryClass =

doi arXiv

Pith tools

Reviewed July 9, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [1]

, eprint =

The Swift X-Ray Telescope. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11214-005-5097-2 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0508071 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.1007/s11214-005-5097-2

[2] [2]

International Journal of Modern Physics D , keywords =

The SVOM mission. International Journal of Modern Physics D , keywords =. doi:10.1142/S0218271822300087 , archivePrefix =. 2203.10962 , primaryClass =

work page doi:10.1142/s0218271822300087

[3] [3]

Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics , year = 2022, editor =

The Einstein Probe Mission. Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics , year = 2022, editor =. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_151-1 , adsurl =

work page doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_151-1 2022

[4] [4]

Light Curves of the Neutron Star Merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for R-Process Nucleosynthesis

Light curves of the neutron star merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for r-process nucleosynthesis. Science , keywords =. doi:10.1126/science.aaq0049 , archivePrefix =. 1710.05443 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.1126/science.aaq0049

[5] [5]

The Unprecedented Properties of the First Electromagnetic Counterpart to a Gravitational Wave Source

The Unprecedented Properties of the First Electromagnetic Counterpart to a Gravitational-wave Source. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa905e , archivePrefix =. 1710.05440 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa905e

[6] [6]

Wide-Field InfrarRed Survey Telescope-Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets WFIRST-AFTA 2015 Report

Wide-Field InfrarRed Survey Telescope-Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets WFIRST-AFTA 2015 Report. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1503.03757 , archivePrefix =. 1503.03757 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.1503.03757 2015

[7] [7]

GWTC-4.0: Population Properties of Merging Compact Binaries

GWTC-4.0: Population Properties of Merging Compact Binaries. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2508.18083 , archivePrefix =. 2508.18083 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.18083

[8] [8]

Detection of the Gravitational Lens Magnifying a Type Ia Supernova

Detection of the Gravitational Lens Magnifying a Type Ia Supernova. Science , keywords =. doi:10.1126/science.1250903 , archivePrefix =. 1404.6014 , primaryClass =

work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.1126/science.1250903