The saturation of disk heating in the solar neighborhood and evidence for a merger 9 Gyrs ago

We re-examine the age-velocity dispersion relation in the solar neighborhood using improved stellar age estimates that are based on Hipparcos parallaxes and recent stellar evolution calculations. The resulting relation shows that the Milky Way stellar disk was relatively quiescent, suffering little heating or dispersion increase between 3 and 9 Gyrs. However, at an age of 9 Gyrs there is an abrupt increase in the stellar velocity dispersions. To explain the abrupt increase (by almost a factor of 2) in dispersions we propose that the Milky Way suffered a minor merger 9 Gyrs ago that created the thick disk. The quiescent phase is consistent with inefficient heating caused by scattering from tightly wound transient spiral structure. It is possible that many galaxy disks have radial velocity dispersions at the point where heating from spiral structure becomes inefficient. Surface brightness profiles and dispersion measurements can be used to predict spiral arm winding numbers at this saturation point. A comparison between the observed and predicted winding numbers could test this hypothesis and also search for evidence of merger induced disk heating in nearby galaxies.