Operator Ordering in Quantum Radiative Processes

In this work we reexamine quantum electrodynamics of atomic eletrons in the Coulomb gauge in the dipole approximation and calculate the shift of atomic energy levels in the context of Dalibard, Dupont-Roc and Cohen-Tannoudji (DDC) formalism by considering the variation rates of physical observables. We then analyze the physical interpretation of the ordering of operators in the dipole approximation interaction Hamiltonian in terms of field fluctuations and self-reaction of atomic eletrons, discussing the arbitrariness in the statistical functions in second order bound-state perturbation theory.