Gamma-rays from star-forming regions: from SNOBs to dark accelerators

Observational gamma-ray astronomy was born some forty years ago, when small detectors were flown in satellites, following a decade of theoretical predictions of its potential to discover the origin of cosmic rays via the pi-zero decay mechanism. The seventies were a golden era for gamma-ray and cosmic-ray astrophysics, with the (re)discovery of the "diffuse shock acceleration" theory for cosmic rays, and the first CO and GeV gamma-ray surveys of the galactic plane, verifying the importance of pi-zero decay in the large-scale gamma-ray emission of the Galaxy. But because of this strong galactic background, GeV gamma-ray sources were hard to identify. The first such sources definitely identified were three pulsars, with a suggestion that supernova remnants interacting with molecular clouds in massive star-forming regions ("SNOBs") were also gamma-ray sources. Because of their improved sensitivity and spatial resolution, ground-based Cerenkov telescopes, detecting gamma-rays at > TeV energies, are now able to resolve molecular cloud-sized objects at a few kpc. SNOB-like objects like IC443 and W28 are detected at GeV and TeV energies, and show spatial evidence for cosmic-ray interactions between an SNR shock wave and nearby molecular clouds, and subsequent pi-zero decay. However, the spectral evidence does not clearly support this mechanism. We propose to use another tool for probing the interaction of the low-energy component of the putative local cosmic rays, in the form of enhanced ionization in TeV-bright molecular clouds, using millimeter observations.