Extraction de la racine carree d'un entier naturel chez al-Baghdadi
Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 20:11 UTC · model grok-4.3
The pith
Al-Baghdadi presented a purely numerical square root extraction algorithm that is more complete and detailed than those of earlier Arab mathematicians such as al-Khwarizmi.
A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.
Core claim
Al-Baghdadi's text supplies a purely numerical procedure for square root extraction that builds on the framework introduced by al-Khwarizmi but expands it with greater completeness and detail, allowing direct comparison of the successive refinements in the algorithm.
What carries the argument
Al-Baghdadi's numerical algorithm for square root extraction, which the paper presents as an expanded sequence of operations within the decimal place-value system.
If this is right
- The square root procedure can be traced as a continuous numerical technique from the ninth century onward.
- Modern implementations of square root extraction inherit their structure from the decimal positional methods refined in these texts.
- The same level of step-by-step elaboration may exist for other arithmetic operations in the same body of Arabic mathematical literature.
- Direct textual comparison becomes possible once the added steps in al-Baghdadi's version are identified.
Where Pith is reading between the lines
- Incremental addition of explanatory steps, rather than new conceptual frameworks, may have been the dominant mode of progress in medieval numerical algorithms.
- Pedagogical intent could explain why al-Baghdadi recorded more intermediate calculations than his predecessors.
- Parallel studies of cube-root or higher-root algorithms in the same tradition might reveal similar patterns of elaboration.
Load-bearing premise
The manuscripts attributed to al-Baghdadi preserve his algorithm in sufficient detail to permit reliable comparison of its completeness with earlier surviving texts.
What would settle it
An earlier manuscript that already contains every step and explanation the paper attributes uniquely to al-Baghdadi.
read the original abstract
Between the ninth and fifteenth centuries, several Arab mathematicians studied numerical algorithms on integers. The extraction of the square root of an integer is based on an algorithm known at least since al-Khwarizmi (died around 850) which presents it in the framework of the decimal system of position theory, in his work the Indian calculus (al hisab al-hindi). Although this algorithm is less democratized than the four usual operations of arithmetic, it has experienced the same posterity, since it is still implemented today in our calculators and computers. We have chosen to expose the work of Al-Baghdadi, on the extraction of the square root of integers. His approach is purely numerical, it is more complete and more detailed than the works of its predecessors. We will highlight the interest of al-Baghdadi's text.
Editorial analysis
A structured set of objections, weighed in public.
Referee Report
Summary. The manuscript presents an exposition of al-Baghdadi's algorithm for extracting the square root of a natural number, situating it within the tradition of Arabic mathematics from al-Khwarizmi onward. It describes the method as purely numerical and asserts that it is more complete and more detailed than the treatments by predecessors, with the goal of highlighting the interest and value of al-Baghdadi's text.
Significance. If the historical analysis and textual comparisons are accurate, the paper contributes a focused account of a specific algorithmic development in medieval Islamic mathematics, potentially clarifying the transmission and refinement of numerical methods that remain foundational to modern computation.
major comments (1)
- [Abstract] Abstract and introduction: the central claim that al-Baghdadi's approach 'is more complete and more detailed than the works of its predecessors' is load-bearing for the paper's contribution but is presented as a qualitative judgment without an explicit, systematic comparison (e.g., step-by-step differences or coverage of edge cases) against named earlier texts such as al-Khwarizmi's al-hisab al-hindi.
minor comments (2)
- The manuscript would benefit from including the original Arabic text or a full translation of key passages from al-Baghdadi to allow readers to verify the claimed completeness independently.
- Notation for the algorithm steps should be standardized and clearly distinguished from modern decimal notation to avoid potential confusion for readers unfamiliar with positional systems in historical context.
Simulated Author's Rebuttal
We thank the referee for their careful reading of the manuscript and for identifying this important point regarding the presentation of our central claim. We address the comment below.
read point-by-point responses
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Referee: [Abstract] Abstract and introduction: the central claim that al-Baghdadi's approach 'is more complete and more detailed than the works of its predecessors' is load-bearing for the paper's contribution but is presented as a qualitative judgment without an explicit, systematic comparison (e.g., step-by-step differences or coverage of edge cases) against named earlier texts such as al-Khwarizmi's al-hisab al-hindi.
Authors: We agree that the abstract and introduction present the claim as a qualitative assertion without an accompanying systematic comparison. Although the body of the paper provides a detailed exposition of al-Baghdadi's algorithm that implicitly highlights its features, an explicit side-by-side analysis would strengthen the argument. In the revised manuscript we will add a new subsection (or table) that enumerates the algorithmic steps of al-Baghdadi alongside those given by al-Khwarizmi in al-hisab al-hindi, with explicit discussion of coverage of edge cases such as perfect squares, numbers with an odd number of digits, and the handling of the decimal place-value system. revision: yes
Circularity Check
No significant circularity in historical exposition
full rationale
The paper presents a historical exposition and comparison of al-Baghdadi's square-root algorithm against earlier works, relying on textual analysis of external historical sources. No mathematical derivations, fitted parameters, self-citations, or uniqueness theorems are invoked; the central claim of greater completeness is a qualitative historical judgment supported by direct textual exposition rather than any internal reduction or loop. The work is self-contained against external benchmarks with no load-bearing steps that reduce to the paper's own inputs by construction.
Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger
axioms (1)
- standard math Decimal positional notation and basic arithmetic operations as described in medieval Arabic texts form the basis for the algorithm.
Reference graph
Works this paper leans on
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[1]
Extraction de la racine carrée d’un carré parfait Cette première section du chapitre [5, pp 72 -76] présente l‟algorithme qui sera utilisé dans toutes les autres sec tions. D‟une façon explicite, al -Baghdādī décrit les étapes à suivre pour extraire la racine d‟un carré parfait. Sa description est itérative, dans le sens où il donne les deux premières ité...
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[2]
Extraction de la racine carrée d’un carré non parfait Dans cette partie, al-Baghdādī écrit : Extraire sur le takht la racine d’un non carré est comme extraire de la racine d’un carré sauf qu’il reste dans le carré non parfait des fractions, une partie ou des parties après l’extraction de la racine de la partie entière. Les calculateurs ne sont pas d’accor...
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[3]
Il considère ensuite 3=12+2 et considère 8 les deux approximations 3 ≈ 2 et 2 ≈ 1 + 2 3 puis il les élève au carré pour avoir successivement : 4 et 2 + 7
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[4]
Il en conclut que ceci reste vrai pour tout entier
Il constate que 2 + 7 9 est plus proche de 3 que 4. Il en conclut que ceci reste vrai pour tout entier. Pour montrer que cette conclusion est fausse dans le cas général, prenons l‟exemple de 10=32+1. Par la méthode d‟al-Khwārizmī, on obtient 10 ≈ 3 + 1 6 et par celle dite conventionnelle 10 ≈ 3 + 1 7 , en les élevant respectivement au carrée, on obtient 1...
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[5]
Extraction de la racine d’un nombre en le multipliant par un nombre La troisième partie introduit essentiellement la technique d‟extraction de la racine carrée d‟un entier N en le multipliant par un autre entier A un nombre pair de fois de telle manière à avoir 𝐴2𝑝𝑁 = 𝐴𝑝 𝑁 Al-Baghdādī commence par valider sa méthode de calcul sur des exemples de carrés pa...
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[6]
Les 10𝑝 représentent les p chiffres après la virgule de la racine carrée
A propos de l’extraction de la racine carrée en multipliant par des puissances de 10 Cette méthode consiste à chercher la racine carrée d‟un entier N en le multipliant par un nombre pair de 10, c'est-à-dire on prend 𝐴 = 10 dans l‟équation 𝐴2𝑝𝑁 = 10𝑝 𝑁 . Les 10𝑝 représentent les p chiffres après la virgule de la racine carrée. Al-Baghdādī traduit ces chiff...
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[7]
Vérification de l’exactitude du calcul La cinquième partie est une vérification de l‟exactitude du calcul de la racine carrée modulo
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[8]
10 Premier cas : N est un carré parfait c'est-à-dire que N = s2 où s est un entier
Soit N le nombre dont on cherche la racine carrée et s sa racine carrée. 10 Premier cas : N est un carré parfait c'est-à-dire que N = s2 où s est un entier. Après avoir cherché s par l‟algorithme donné à la première section, on note a et b les restes respectifs de la division euclidienne de N et s2 par 9. Si a = b alors, d‟après al-Baghdādī, le calcul de ...
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[9]
A propos des critères de vérification de l’extraction des racines La dernière partie étudie les décimales qui composent les carrés parfaits (modulo 10 et modulo 9). Dans cette partie, al-Baghdādī affirme certaines propriétés des racines carrées extraites des carrés parfaits. L‟unité d‟un carré parfait ne peut être que 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 ou 9. Si l‟unité d‟un c...
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[10]
Novel Square Root Algorithm and its FPGA Implementation
Efficacité de l’algorithme a. Utilisation actuelle de l’algorithme Le travail d‟al-Baghdādī montre que l‟algorithme de l‟extraction de la racine carrée est déjà bien assimilé et étudié, du point de vue numérique, au onzième siècle déjà. Son efficacité et sa « simplicité » ont contribué à la fortune de cet algorithme dont la large diffusion et son actuelle...
work page 1992
discussion (0)
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