Pith. sign in

REVIEW 4 major objections 5 minor 147 references

Towards infrared toroidal photodevices: A Review

T0 review · 4 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-14 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read This review argues that toroidal meta-atoms on doped silicon can act as high-efficiency infrared carrier generators, with reported responsivity near 29 mA/W and internal quantum efficiency of 38.5%.

desk verdict A readable survey of infrared plasmonic photodetectors whose toroidal-photodetector advocacy rests on the authors' own unverified simulations, not on measured performance. read the letter →

arxiv 1908.04804 v1 pith:UB3WRKOV submitted 2019-08-13 physics.optics physics.app-ph

Burak Gerislioglu , Arash Ahmadivand This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.opticsphysics.app-ph
keywords plasmonicsinfraredphotodetectiontoroidaldipolehotelectronsfreecarrierabsorptiondopedsiliconplasmon-inducedphotocurrentmetamaterials
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This review maps the established routes to infrared plasmonic photodetection—Schottky and Ohmic hot-electron devices, grating antennas, chiral metamaterials, graphene sandwiches, and free-carrier absorption in doped silicon—and argues that the newest route, toroidal meta-atoms, is qualitatively different. The paper's central claim is that toroidal resonances confine light in tiny capacitive gaps and radiate weakly, so absorbed infrared energy goes into hot electrons rather than scattered light, and that these hot electrons, collected through a doped-silicon substrate, produce unusually high photocurrent and responsivity. A sympathetic reader would take away that toroidal photodetectors are a promising alternative to conventional plasmonic detector designs, with reported figures of roughly 29 mA/W responsivity and 38.5% internal quantum efficiency at the toroidal resonance. This matters because infrared sensing underpins spectroscopy, biosensing, night vision, and communications, and the review is advocating a design principle that could make those detectors faster and more sensitive without external optics.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the toroidal meta-atom, a periodic gold structure in which induced surface currents form oppositely aligned magnetic moments that close into a head-to-tail charge-current loop—the dynamic toroidal dipole moment. Because toroidal moments radiate weakly into the far field, the resonance is dark in the sense that is useful for detection: the absorbed electromagnetic energy is held in tiny capacitive gaps as extreme near-field enhancement instead of being scattered away. That field confinement, together with reduced far-field emission, is what the paper says converts absorbed infrared photons into hot electrons efficiently; the doped silicon substrate then collects these carriers and adds free-carrier absorption, which lowers the device resistance and amplifies the measured photocurrent.

What would settle it

Fabricate the same gold toroidal array on p-type silicon doped at 2×$10^{19}$ $cm^{-3}$ and independently measure photocurrent, responsivity, and IQE at the toroidal dipole wavelength near 2850 nm, while also performing a multipole decomposition of the scattered field. If the p-type responsivity does not come out near 29 mA/W, the IQE not near 38.5%, or if the toroidal dipole contribution can be removed from the decomposition without suppressing the photocurrent peak, the review's central claim is not supported.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper claims that a toroidal-resonant gold meta-atom on heavily doped silicon can act as a plasmon-induced carrier generator: under y-polarized infrared illumination, oppositely aligned magnetic moments create a head-to-tail charge-current configuration (the toroidal dipole) whose weak far-field radiation and intense gap-localized fields convert absorbed photons into energetic electron-hole pairs. Multipole decomposition identifies the toroidal dipole as the main contributor to the scattered power, alongside electric and magnetic dipoles, quadrupoles, and the electric octupole. On p-type silicon, this yields a photocurrent response about twice that on n-type silicon, with photoresponsivity around 29 mA/W (n-type about 14.5 mA/W), internal quantum efficiency 38.5% (n-type about 30%), noise-equivalent power 5.4 pW $Hz^{-1}$/2, and detectivity 7.06×$10^{9}$ Jones at the toroidal dipole wavelength, reported near 2850 nm. The authors present this as a new class of infrared plasmonic photodetector that combines confined toroidal modes with free-carrier absorption in the doped substrate.

Load-bearing premise

The review's main conclusion stands on a single reported device study by the same authors: if those measurements, the silicon doping level, or the claim that the distinctive toroidal current pattern rather than ordinary resonances drives the photocurrent turns out to be wrong, the case for toroidal photodetectors collapses.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the reported results hold, toroidal meta-atom photodetectors reach about 29 mA/W photoresponsivity and 38.5% IQE with only small applied biases (gate 0–500 mV, drain–source ±5 mV), a simpler operating envelope than many prior hot-electron detectors.
  • Pairing toroidal resonances with p-type silicon is the key combination: p-type devices show roughly twice the responsivity and higher IQE than n-type, because free-carrier absorption raises carrier mobility and lowers device resistance under illumination.
  • The device's photocurrent can be tuned by the applied bias, making the toroidal platform a plausible building block for integrated, wavelength-selective infrared sensors.
  • Adding absorptive two-dimensional layers on top of the toroidal platform is proposed in the paper as a direct route to push the internal quantum efficiency beyond 38.5%.
  • With noise-equivalent power of 5.4 pW Hz^-1/2 and detectivity of 7.06×10^9 Jones, the platform is positioned for low-signal infrared applications such as spectroscopy and surveillance.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Editorial inference: if the Section 5 data are independently reproduced, the field should test the toroidal array head-to-head against a simple dipole or split-ring array on the same doped substrate; that comparison would isolate whether the toroidal dipole itself, rather than the general benefit of a resonant dark mode, drives the high photocurrent.
  • Editorial inference: because free-carrier absorption in doped silicon scales with wavelength squared, the same toroidal mechanism may extend naturally from the near-infrared toward mid-infrared and terahertz sensing; the review does not test this, but the scaling is standard.
  • Editorial inference: the cleanest experimental check would be to detune the toroidal resonance by changing the lattice period and confirm that the photocurrent peak follows the toroidal mode rather than the electric or magnetic dipole resonance.
  • Editorial inference: the reported performance comes from the same group that wrote the review, so an independent reproduction would be valuable before treating 29 mA/W and 38.5% IQE as settled benchmarks.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 5 minor

Summary. This manuscript is a review of plasmon-enhanced photocurrent generation for infrared photodetection, organized around three mechanisms: hot-electron injection from plasmonic antennas, free-carrier absorption in doped silicon, and toroidal resonances in plasmonic meta-atoms. Sections 2 and 3 summarize well-known results on Schottky and Ohmic interfaces, grating antennas, chiral metamaterials, and graphene-based hot-electron devices. Section 4 reviews free-carrier absorption in heavily doped silicon and its combination with plasmonic gratings. Section 5 introduces toroidal-resonant meta-atoms as a new class of infrared photodetectors, reporting a photoresponsivity of about 29 mA/W, an internal quantum efficiency of 38.5%, a noise-equivalent power of 5.4 pW Hz^-1/2, and a detectivity of 7.06 × 10^9 Jones. The abstract and conclusions present toroidal meta-atoms as experimentally verified high-performance photodevices while emphasizing that this concept is a new direction for infrared photodetection.

Significance. If the central claim is correct, toroidal meta-atoms on doped silicon would provide a promising route toward high-responsivity, narrowband infrared photodetectors, and the review usefully brings together a dispersed literature on plasmonic hot-carrier devices, chiral photodetectors, and free-carrier absorption. The review is well structured and the summaries of the cited experimental work in Sections 2-4 are broadly consistent with the published literature. However, the paper's distinctive contribution, its advocacy of toroidal photodetectors, is not independently established in this manuscript: the headline performance figures are presented as numerically calculated rather than measured, they are inherited from Ref. 73, which is authored by the same two researchers, and the attribution of the photocurrent enhancement to the toroidal dipole is not isolated from the other multipoles that contribute at the same resonance. The strength of the manuscript as a literature synthesis is therefore not matched by the strength of the evidence behind its central claim.

major comments (4)
  1. [Abstract and Section 5, Figures 8j-8m] The abstract states that the authors 'demonstrate' the emergence of toroidal meta-atoms as carrier generators with 'significantly high responsivity and photocurrent', and the Conclusions say that the combination of toroidal meta-atoms and doped semiconductors is 'experimentally verified'. However, the photoresponsivity values of 14.5 and 29 mA/W in Figure 8j, the IQE of 38.5% in Figure 8k, and the NEP and detectivity in Figures 8l and 8m are all explicitly labeled as numerically calculated quantities. Only the electrode currents in Figure 8i are described as measured, and no experimental responsivity spectrum, error bars, incident-power calibration, or comparison with a control device is provided. The central performance claim is therefore not supported by experimental data presented in this manuscript, and the wording overstates what the evidence shows.
  2. [Section 5, Figure 8b] The multipole decomposition in Figure 8b shows that at the relevant resonance the toroidal dipole is accompanied by substantial electric dipole, magnetic dipole, electric quadrupole, magnetic quadrupole, and electric octupole contributions. The text does not show that the photocurrent or IQE tracks the toroidal dipole specifically, nor does it exclude the possibility that the other multipoles dominate the photocurrent generation. Without a spectral correlation between the photoresponse and the toroidal dipole contribution, the claim that toroidal resonances are the enabling mechanism is not established, even if the underlying data in Ref. 73 are correct.
  3. [Section 5, paragraph beginning 'With this way'] The statement that 'due to the lessened electron-electron scattering in the toroidal meta-device, the number of excited electrons transferred to the doped-substrate is increased' is an unsupported causal assertion. The cited Ref. 145 concerns efficient hot-electron transfer by a plasmon-induced interfacial charge-transfer transition in a different material system, not toroidal meta-atoms, and no calculation or measurement of electron-electron scattering rates is provided. This mechanism claim should either be supported with direct evidence or removed.
  4. [Section 5, Figure 8 caption and text] The manuscript gives almost no design parameters for the toroidal meta-atom, such as the unit-cell period, metallic film thickness, gap size, or the exact doping concentration of the silicon substrate beyond the statement of 2 × 10^19 cm^-3, and it explicitly refers the reader to Ref. 73 for the design and spectral response. Because the review's central advocacy depends on these specific performance numbers, the manuscript should summarize the key geometrical and material parameters, state which results are measured versus simulated, and note that the carrier concentration is a modeling input whose uncertainty is not analyzed.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Section 4, Eq. (1)] Equation (1) is garbled in the manuscript text; the formula for the free-carrier absorption coefficient should be typeset in a readable form, and the variables λ, ρ, n, μ, and m* should be clearly defined in the equation itself.
  2. [Section 3.2] The phrase 'by thee absorption of incident beam' should read 'by the absorption of incident beam'; this appears to be a typographical error.
  3. [References 137 and 109] Reference 137 contains 'oblique polidal' and should be 'oblique poloidal', and Reference 109 contains 'absrotption' and should be 'absorption'.
  4. [Reference 139] Reference 139 is cited as an arXiv preprint; the authors should update it to the published version if one exists, or otherwise explain why the preprint is cited.
  5. [Figure 8 caption] The caption for Figure 8 reproduces panels from Ref. 73 but does not include the copyright or permission statement for the Royal Society of Chemistry source; this should be added for compliance with the publisher's reuse policy.

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged · score 4.0 of 10

Toroidal photodetector performance is imported from a self-cited companion paper; rest of review is independent.

  1. self citation load bearing [Section 5 (Figure 8) and Conclusions]
    "In this context, Ahmadivand et al.73 have developed a new class of plasmonic photodetector by utilizing extremely squeezed and robust charge-current configurations, arising from judiciously designed periodic toroidal-resonant Au arrays on top of a doped Si substrate. [More information on the design and spectral response of the proposed plasmonic meta-atom is available in Ref. 73]"

    The review's central advertised result, that toroidal meta-atoms produce 'significantly high responsivity and photocurrent,' is not derived or independently benchmarked in this manuscript. Section 5 presents the toroidal photodetector as the flagship advance, but every performance figure (14.5/29 mA/W photoresponsivity, 38.5% IQE, NEP, D*) and the design details are taken from Ref. 73, which is explicitly delegated to by the sentence 'More information ... is available in Ref. 73.' Ref. 73 is authored by the same two authors (Ahmadivand and Gerislioglu), so the load-bearing support for the abstract's claim is a self-citation. The review supplies no independent measurement, error analysis, or external comparison that would break the self-referential support chain.

full rationale

This is a review rather than a derivation paper. The background sections on Schottky barriers, hot-electron gratings, graphene-based photodetectors, and free-carrier absorption rest on independent literature (Sobhani, Li, Du, Fang, Schmid, Tanzid) and are not circular. However, the forward-looking claim that makes the review distinctive, that toroidal meta-atoms are high-responsivity infrared photodetectors, is exclusively supported by Ref. 73, a companion paper by the same authors. The manuscript explicitly delegates design and spectral details to that reference and reports its numerical figures without independent validation. This is load-bearing self-citation rather than a mathematically circular reduction: no parameter is fitted, and no equation is defined in terms of its own output, so the issue is evidentiary self-reference rather than constructional circularity. Score 4 reflects that the central claim has substantial independent content in a separate peer-reviewed experimental/numerical study, but the review's advocacy rests on the authors' own prior work.

Assumptions & free parameters 1 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The review fits no data itself. The one free parameter listed (carrier concentration) is inherited from the cited prior work (Ref 73) and is load-bearing for the quoted performance numbers. The axioms are the assumptions needed to accept the toroidal photodetector results as valid.

free parameters (1)
  • Carrier concentration of the doped Si substrate = 2e19 cm^-3
    Section 5 states the carrier concentration in both n- and p-type regimes is set to 2e19 cm^-3. The quoted responsivity and IQE values depend on this choice, but the review provides no optimization or justification for it, and it is carried over from Ref 73.
assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption The experimental and numerical results in Ref 73 are accurate and reproducible.
    Section 5 and Figure 8 quote all toroidal photodetector performance values from Ahmadivand et al. 2019 (Ref 73) without independent verification, error bars, or replication.
  • standard math Multipole decomposition correctly identifies the dominant response as a toroidal dipole.
    Section 5, Figure 8b uses multipole expansion to label the resonance; the method is standard but its applicability and uniqueness for this plasmonic meta-atom are assumed.
  • ad hoc to paper Toroidal geometry reduces electron-electron scattering and thereby increases hot-electron injection.
    Section 5 states 'due to the lessened electron-electron scattering in the toroidal meta-device' and cites general hot-carrier work (Ref 145); the specific connection to toroidal resonances is asserted without support in this review.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Towards infrared toroidal photodevices: A Review." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/UB3WRKOV

@misc{pith2026190804804,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Towards infrared toroidal photodevices: A Review},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/UB3WRKOV}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:1908.04804}
}
read the original abstract

Plasmon excitations in metallic nanostructures can decay directly into dynamic electron-hole pairs (EHPs), exploitable for photocurrent generation. This approach has extensively been employed to develop nanoplasmonic light-sensing devices with significant responsivity and quantum efficiency. Of particular interest is infrared plasmonic photodetectors with a wide range of technological applications, including spectroscopy, biosensing, and surveillance. This Review discusses fundamentals, recent advances, and trending mechanisms in the understanding and applications of plasmon-enhanced photocurrent generation in nanostructures across the infrared spectrum. By highlighting and comparing the developed techniques, we demonstrate the newly introduced directions toward achieving high-photon yield infrared plasmonic photodetection tools. As a promising concept in modern photonics, we represent the emergence of toroidal meta-atoms as plasmon-induced carrier generators with unconventionally exquisite properties for designing advanced, rapid, and next-generation plasmonic photodetectors with significantly high responsivity and photocurrent.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 1908.04804 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. (a) A gold-TiO2 Schottky and (b) a gold-Ti-TiO2 Ohmic device. Carrier generation by direct photoexcitation results from the excitation of d-band electrons, into the conduction band. Their low energy prevents them from crossing the Schottky barrier. Ohmic devices have no effective barrier and allows for collection of carriers created by this method. Current-voltage (I–V) curves of Schottky (c) and Ohmic devices (d).7… view at source ↗

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

147 extracted references · 80 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Hertz, Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung, Ann

    H. Hertz, Ueber einen Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung, Ann. Phys. 267, 983-1000 (1887)

  2. [2]

    J. Z. Buchwald, The creation of scientific effects: Heinrich Hertz and electric waves (University of Chicago Press, 1994)

    1994

  3. [3]

    Einstein, Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt, Ann

    A. Einstein, Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt, Ann. Phys. 322, 132-148 (1905)

    1905

  4. [4]

    Lounis, M

    B. Lounis, M. Orrit, Single-photon sources, Rep. Prog. Phys. 68, 1129 (2005)

    2005

  5. [5]

    Hüfner, Photoelectron spectroscopy: principles and applications (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013)

    S. Hüfner, Photoelectron spectroscopy: principles and applications (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013)

    2013

  6. [6]

    S. V. Bulanov, T. Esirkepov, T. Tajima, Light intensification towards the Schwinger limit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 085001 (2003)

    2003

  7. [7]

    M. L. Bron gersma, N. J. Halas, P. Nordlander, Plasmon -induced hot carrier science and technology, Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 25-34 (2015)

    2015

  8. [8]

    M. W. Knight, H. Sobhani, P. Nordlander, N. J. Halas, Photodetection with active optical antennas, Science 332, 702-704 (2011)

    2011

Show all 147 references
  1. [9]

    Martyniuk, J

    P. Martyniuk, J . Antoszewski, M . Martyniuk, L . Faraone, A. Rogalski , New concepts in infrared photodetector designs, Appl. Phys. Rev. 1, 041102 (2014). 21

    2014

  2. [10]

    W. Li, J . G. Valentine , Harvesting the loss: surface plasmon -based hot electron photodetection , Nanophotonics 6, 177 (2017)

    2017

  3. [11]

    R. H. Ritchie, E. T. Arakawa, J. J. Cowan, R. N. Hamm, Surface -plasmon resonance effect in grating diffraction, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21, 1530 (1968)

    1968

  4. [12]

    T. Klar, M. Perner, S. Grosse, G. Von Plessen, W. Spirkl, J. Feldmann, Surface-plasmon resonances in single metallic nanoparticles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4249 (1998)

    1998

  5. [13]

    W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, T. W. Ebbesen, Surface plasmon subwavelength optics, Nature 424, 824-830 (2003)

    2003

  6. [14]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B. Gerislioglu, R. Sinha, P. K. Vabbina, M. Karabiyik, and N. Pala , Excitation of terahertz charge transfer plasmons in metallic fractal structures, J. Infr. Millim. Terahertz Waves 38(8), 992-1003 (2017)

    2017

  7. [15]

    Gerislioglu and A

    B. Gerislioglu and A. Ahmadivand , The role of electron transfer in the nonlinear response of Ge2Sb2Te5-mediated plasmonic dimers, Photonics 6, 52 (2019)

    2019

  8. [16]

    R. H. Ritchie, Plasma losses by fast electrons in thin films, Phys. Rev. 106, 874 (1957)

    1957

  9. [17]

    J. A. Schuller, E. S. Barnard, W. Cai, Y. C. Jun, J. S. White, M. L. Brongersma, Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation, Nat. Mater. 9, 193-204 (2010)

    2010

  10. [18]

    Pillai, M

    S. Pillai, M. A. Green, Plasmonics for photovoltaic applications, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C. 94, 1481- 1486 (2010)

    2010

  11. [19]

    M. A. Green, S. Pillai, Harnessing plasmonics for solar cells, Nat. Photon. 6, 130-132 (2012)

    2012

  12. [20]

    R. Zia, J. A. Schuller, A. Chandran, M. L. Brongersma, Plasmonics: the next chip -scale technology, Mater. Today 9, 20-27 (2006)

    2006

  13. [21]

    A. G. Brolo, Plasmonics for future biosensors, Nat. Photon. 6, 709-713 (2012)

    2012

  14. [22]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B . Gerislioglu, P . Manickam, A . Kaushik, S . Bhansali, M . Nair, N . Pala, Rapid detection of infectious envelope proteins by magnetoplasmonic toroidal metasensors , ACS Sens. 2, 1359-1368 (2017)

    2017

  15. [23]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B. Gerislioglu, A. Tomitaka, P. Manickam, A. Kaushik, S. Bhansali, M. Nair, N. Pala, Extreme sensitive metasensor for targeted biomarkers identification using colloidal nanoparticles - integrated plasmonic unit cells, Biomed. Opt. Express 9, 373-386 (2018)

    2018

  16. [24]

    D. J. de Aberasturi, A. B. Serrano‐Montes, L. M. Liz‐Marzán, Modern applications of plasmonic nanoparticles: from energy to health, Adv. Opt. Mater. 3, 602-617 (2015)

    2015

  17. [25]

    X. Zeng, Y. Yang, N. Zhang, D. Ji, X. Gu, J. M. Jornet, Y. Wu, Q. Gan, Plasmonic interferometer array biochip as a new mobile medical device for cancer detection, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 25, 1- 7 (2018). 22

    2018

  18. [26]

    Xiong, R

    W. Xiong, R. Mazid , L.W. Yap, X. Li, W. Cheng, Plasmonic caged gold nanorods for near -infrared light controlled drug delivery, Nanoscale 6, 14388-14393 (2014)

    2014

  19. [27]

    Urries, C

    I. Urries, C . Muñoz, L. Gomez, C. Marquina, V . Sebastian, M . Arruebo, J . Santamaria, Magneto- plasmonic nanoparticles as theranostic platforms for magnetic resonance imaging, drug delivery and NIR hyperthermia applications, Nanoscale 6, 9230-9240 (2014)

    2014

  20. [28]

    Kawata, Y

    S. Kawata, Y. Inouye, P. Verma, Plasmonics for near -field nano -imaging and superlensing, Nat. Photon. 3, 388-394 (2009)

    2009

  21. [29]

    Kravtsov, R

    V. Kravtsov, R. Ulbricht, J. M. Atkin, M. B. Raschke, Plasmonic nanofocused four-wave mixing for femtosecond near-field imaging, Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 459-464 (2016)

    2016

  22. [30]

    Y. Fu, X. Zhou, Plasmonic lenses: a review, Plasmonics 5, 287-310 (2010)

    2010

  23. [31]

    C. J. Zapata-Rodríguez, D. Pastor, M. T. Caballero, J. J. Miret, Diffraction-managed superlensing using plasmonic lattices, Opt. Commun. 285, 3358-3362 (2012)

    2012

  24. [32]

    Cubukcu, E

    E. Cubukcu, E. A. Kort, K . B. Crozier, F . Capasso, Plasmonic laser antenna , Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 093120 (2006)

    2006

  25. [33]

    R. F. Oulton, V. J. Sorger, T. Zentgraf, R. –M. Ma, C. Gladden, L. Dai, G. Bartal, X. Zhang, Plasmon lasers at deep subwavelength scale, Nature 461, 629-632 (2009)

    2009

  26. [34]

    Berini, I

    P. Berini, I. De Leon, Surface plasmon–polariton amplifiers and lasers, Nat. Photon. 6, 16-24 (2012)

    2012

  27. [35]

    T. P. H. Sidiropoulos, R. Röder, S. Geburt, O. Hess, S. A. Maier, C. Ronning, R. F. Oulton, Ultrafast plasmonic nanowire lasers near the surface plasmon frequency, Nat. Phys. 10, 870-876 (2014)

    2014

  28. [36]

    Gerislioglu, A

    B. Gerislioglu, A. Ahmadivand, and N. Pala, Optothermally controlled charge transfer plasmons in Au- Ge2Sb2Te5 core-shell dimers, Plasmonics 13, 1921-1928 (2018)

    2018

  29. [37]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B. Gerislioglu, and N. Pala, Optothermally controllable multiple high-order harmonics generation by Ge2Sb2Te5-mediated Fano clusters, Opt. Mater. 84, 301-306 (2018)

    2018

  30. [38]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B. Gerislioglu, and N. Pala, Large-modulation-depth polarization-sensitive plasmonic toroidal terahertz metamaterial, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 29, 1860-1863 (2017)

    2017

  31. [39]

    Ahmadivand, R

    A. Ahmadivand, R. Sinha, B. Gerislioglu, M. Karabiyik, N. Pala, and M. Shur, Transition from capacitive coupling to direct charge transfer in asymmetric terahertz plasmonic assemblies , Opt. Lett. 41, 5333-5336 (2016)

    2016

  32. [40]

    Y. Cui, Y. He, Y. Jin, F. Ding, L. Yang, Y. Ye, S. Zhong, Y. Lin, S. He, Plasmonic and metamaterial structures as electromagnetic absorbers, Laser Photon. Rev. 8, 495-520 (2014)

    2014

  33. [41]

    Jacob, V

    Z. Jacob, V. M. Shalaev, Plasmonics goes quantum, Science 334, 463-464 (2011)

    2011

  34. [42]

    M. S. Tame, K. R. McEnery, Ş. K. Özdemir, J. Lee, S. A. Maier, M. S. Kim, Quantum plasmonics, Nat. Phys. 9, 329-340 (2013). 23

    2013

  35. [43]

    J. M. Fitzgerald, P. Narang, R. V. Craster, S. A. Maier, V. Giannini, Quantum plasmonics Proc. IEEE 104, 2307-2322 (2016)

    2016

  36. [44]

    Z. M. Wang, A. Neogi, Nanoscale photonics and optoelectronics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2010)

    2010

  37. [45]

    K. F. MacDonald, N. I. Zheludev, Active plasmonics: current status , Laser Photon. Rev. 4, 562-567 (2010)

    2010

  38. [46]

    M. Heo, H. Cho, J. ‐W. Jung, J. ‐R. Jeong, S. Park, J. Y. Kim, High‐performance organic optoelectronic devices enhanced by surface plasmon resonance, Adv. Mater. 23, 5689-5693 (2011)

    2011

  39. [47]

    Liang, J

    Z. Liang, J. Sun, Y. Jiang, L. Jiang, X. Chen, Plasmonic enhanced optoelectronic devices, Plasmonics 9, 859-866 (2014)

    2014

  40. [48]

    Y. H. Lee, Y. Ho, T . K. Lee, I. Song, H. Yu, J . Lee, H. Ko, S . K. Kwak, J . H. Oh, Boosting the performance of organic optoelectronic devices using multiple‐patterned plasmonic nanostructures, Adv. Mater. 28, 4976-4982 (2016)

    2016

  41. [49]

    P. K. Vabbina, R. Sinha, A. Ahmadivand, M. Karabiyik , B. Gerislioglu, O. Awadallah, N. Pala, Sonochemical synthesis of a zinc oxide core –shell nanorod radial p –n homojunction ultraviolet photodetector, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 19791-19799 (2017)

    2017

  42. [50]

    Ahmadivand, M

    A. Ahmadivand, M. Karabiyik, N. Pala, Ch. 6. Plasmonic Photodetectors (Woodhead Publishing Elsevier Ltd, 2016)

    2016

  43. [51]

    Deng and L

    K. Deng and L. Li, CdS nanoscale photodetectors, Adv. Mater. 26, 2619-2635 (2014)

    2014

  44. [52]

    L. –B. Luo, L. –H. Zeng, C. Xie, Y. –Q. Yu, F. -X. Liang, C. –Y. Wu, L. Wang, J. –G. Hu, Light trapping and surface plasmon enhanced high-performance NIR photodetector, Sci. Rep. 4, 3914 (2014)

    2014

  45. [53]

    H. Chen, K. Liu, L. Hu, A. A. Al-Ghamdi, X. Fang, New concept ultraviolet photodetectors , Mater. Today 18, 493-502 (2015)

    2015

  46. [54]

    Ahmadivand, R

    A. Ahmadivand, R. Sinha, P. K. Vabbina, M. Karabiyik, S. Kaya, N. Pala, Hot electron generation by aluminum oligomers in plasmonic ultraviolet photodetectors, Opt. Express 24, 13665-13678 (2016)

    2016

  47. [55]

    H. Chen, H . Liu, Z . Zhang, K . Hu, X . Fang, Nanostructured photodetectors: from ultraviolet to terahertz, Adv. Mater. 28, 403-433 (2016)

    2016

  48. [56]

    Tanzid, A

    M. Tanzid, A. Ahmadivand, R. Zhang, B. Cerjan, A. Sobhani, S. Yazdi, P. Nordlander, N. J. Halas, Combining plasmonic hot carrier generation with free carrier absorption for high -performance near- infrared silicon-based photodetection, ACS Photon. 5, 3472-3477 (2018)

    2018

  49. [57]

    Q. Chen, D. Chitnis, K. Walls, T. D. Drysdale, S. Collins, D. R. S. Cumming, CMOS photodetectors integrated with plasmonic color filters, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24, 197-199 (2011). 24

    2011

  50. [58]

    A. D. Pris, Y. Utturkar, C. Surman, W. G. Morris, A. Vert, S. Zalyubovskiy, T. Deng, H. T. Ghiradella, R. A. Potyrailo, Towards high-speed imaging of infrared photons with bio-inspired nanoarchitectures, Nat. Photon. 6, 195-200 (2012)

    2012

  51. [59]

    Berini, Surface plasmon photodetectors and their applications, Laser Photon

    P. Berini, Surface plasmon photodetectors and their applications, Laser Photon. Rev. 8, 197-220 (2014)

    2014

  52. [60]

    Y. Liu, T. Gong, Y. Zheng, X. Wang, J. Xu, Q. Ai, J. Guo, W. Huang, S. Zhou, Z. Liu, Y. Lin, Ultra- sensitive and plasmon-tunable graphene photodetectors for micro-spectrometry, Nanoscale 10, 20013- 20019 (2018)

    2018

  53. [61]

    F. Xia, H. Wang, D. Xiao, M. Dubey, A. Ramasubramaniam, Two -dimensional material nanophotonics, Nat. Photon. 8, 899-907 (2014)

    2014

  54. [62]

    Z. Zhu, Y. Zou, W. Hu, Y. Li, Y. Gu, B. Cao, N. Guo, L. Wang, J. Song, S. Zhang, H. Gu, Near‐ Infrared Plasmonic 2D Semimetals for Applications in Communication and Biology , Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 1793-1802 (2016)

    2016

  55. [63]

    J. Wang, H. Fang, X. Wang, X. Chen, W. Lu, W. Hu, Recent progress on localized field enhanced two‐ dimensional material photodetectors from ultraviolet—visible to infrared, Small 13, 1700894 (2017)

    2017

  56. [64]

    W. Wang, A. Klots, D. Prasai, Y. Yang, K. I. Bolotin, J. Valentine, Hot electron-based near-infrared photodetection using bilayer MoS2, Nano Lett. 15, 7440-7444 (2015)

    2015

  57. [65]

    F. H. L. Koppens, T. Mueller, P. Avouris, A. C. Ferrari, M. S. Vitiello, M. Polini, Photodetectors based on graphene, other two -dimensional materials and hybrid systems , Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 780 -793 (2014)

    2014

  58. [66]

    S. C. Lee, S. Krishna, S. R. J. Brueck, Quantum dot infrared photodetector enhanced by surface plasma wave excitation, Opt. Express 17, 23160-23168 (2009)

    2009

  59. [67]

    C. C. Chang, Y. D. Sharma, Y. –S. Kim, J. A. Bur, R. V. Shenoi, S. Krishna, D. Huang, S. –Y. Lin, A surface plasmon enhanced infrared photodetector based on InAs quantum dots , Nano Lett. 10, 1704- 1709 (2010)

    2010

  60. [68]

    S. C. Lee, S. Krishna, S. R. J. Brueck, Light direction-dependent plasmonic enhancement in quantum dot infrared photodetectors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 021112 (2010)

    2010

  61. [69]

    Mojaverian, G

    N. Mojaverian, G. Gu, X . Lu, A plasmonic dipole optical antenna coupled quantum dot infrared photodetector, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 48, 475102 (2015)

    2015

  62. [70]

    X. Tang, G. f. Wu, K. W. C. Lai, Plasmon resonance enhanced colloidal HgSe quantum dot filterless narrowband photodetectors for mid-wave infrared, J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 362-369 (2017)

    2017

  63. [71]

    F. P. Garc ía de Arquer, A. Mihi, G. Konstantatos, Large -area plasmonic-crystal–hot-electron-based photodetectors, ACS Photon. 2, 950-957 (2015)

    2015

  64. [72]

    C. Ng, J. J. Cadusch, S. Dligatch, A. Roberts, T. J. Davis, P. Mulvaney, D. E. Gómez, Hot carrier extraction with plasmonic broadband absorbers, ACS Nano 10, 4704-4711 (2016). 25

    2016

  65. [73]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B. Gerislioglu, Z. Ramezani, Generation of magnetoelectric photoc urrents using toroidal resonances: A new class of infrared plasmonic photodetectors, Nanoscale 11, 13108-13116 (2019)

    2019

  66. [74]

    Berini, A

    P. Berini, A . Olivieri, C . Chen, Thin Au surface plasmon waveguide Schottky detectors on p -Si, Nanotechnology 23, 444011 (2012)

    2012

  67. [75]

    C. Ng, J. J. Cadusch, S . Dligatch, A. Roberts, T. J. Davis, P . Mulvaney, D. E. Gómez, Hot carrier extraction with plasmonic broadband absorbers, ACS Nano 10, 4704-4711 (2016)

    2016

  68. [76]

    B. Y. Zheng, H. Zhao, A. Manjavacas, M. McClain, P. Nordlander, N. J. Halas, Distinguishing between plasmon-induced and photoexcited carriers in a device geometry, Nat. Commun. 6, 7797 (2015)

    2015

  69. [77]

    P. O. Nilsson, C. Norris, L. Walldén, The electronic structure of gold studied by photoemission, Phys. Kondens. Mater. 11, 220-230 (1970)

    1970

  70. [78]

    N. V. Smith, Photoelectron energy spectra and the band structures of the noble metals, Phys. Rev. B 3, 1862 (1971)

    1971

  71. [79]

    N. V. Smith, Higher-derivative photoemission spectra and the relativistic band structure of gold, Phys. Rev. B 5, 1192 (1972)

    1972

  72. [80]

    Bernardi, J

    M. Bernardi, J. Mustafa, J. B. Neaton, S. G. Louie, Theory and computation of hot carriers generated by surface plasmon polaritons in noble metals, Nat. Commun. 6, 7044 (2015)

    2015

  73. [81]

    Zhang, S

    Y. Zhang, S. He, W. Guo, Y. Hu, J. Huang, J. R. Mulcahy, W. D. Wei, Surface-plasmon-driven hot electron photochemistry, Chem. Rev. 118, 2927-2954 (2017)

    2017

  74. [82]

    Desiatov, I

    B. Desiatov, I. Goykhman, N. Mazurski, J. Shappir, J. B. Khurgin, U. Levy, Plasmonic enhanced silicon pyramids for internal photoemission Schottky detectors in the near-infrared regime, Optica 2, 335-338 (2015)

    2015

  75. [83]

    J. Li, S. K. Cushing, F. Meng, T. R. Senty, A. D. Bristow, N. Wu, Plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer for solar energy conversion, Nat. Photon. 9, 601-607 (2015)

    2015

  76. [84]

    Tatsuma, H

    T. Tatsuma, H. Nishi, T. Ishida, Plasmon-induced charge separation: chemistry and wide applications, Chem. Sci. 8, 3325-3337 (2017)

    2017

  77. [85]

    Scales, P

    C. Scales, P. Berini, Thin-film Schottky barrier photodetector models, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46, 633-643 (2010)

    2010

  78. [86]

    Goykhman, B

    I. Goykhman, B. Desiatov, J. Khurgin, J. Shappir, U. Levy, Loc ally oxidized silicon surface-plasmon Schottky detector for telecom regime, Nano Lett. 11, 2219-2224 (2011)

    2011

  79. [87]

    Faris, T

    S. Faris, T. Gustafson, J. Wiesner, Detection of optical and infrared radiation with DC-biased electron- tunneling metal-barrier-metal diodes, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 9, 737-745 (1973)

    1973

  80. [88]

    B. I. Miller, E. Pinkas, Characteristics of integrated MOM junctions at DC and at optical frequencies, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 14, 159-169 (1978). 26

    1978

  81. [89]

    Burshtein, J

    Z. Burshtein, J. Levinson, Photo -induced tunnel currents in Al -Al2O3-Au structures, Phys. Rev. B 12, 3452-3457 (1975)

    1975

  82. [90]

    L. Tang, S. E. Kocabas, S. Latif, A. K. Okyay, D. -S. Ly-Gagnon, K. C. Saraswat, D. A. B. Miller, Nanometre-scale germanium photodetector enhanced by a near-infrared dipole antenna, Nat. Photonics 2, 226-229 (2008)

    2008

  83. [91]

    F. Atar, E. Battal, L. Aygun, B. Daglar, Plasmonically enhanced hot electron based photovoltaic device, Opt. Express 21, 7196-7201 (2013)

    2013

  84. [92]

    F. Wang, N. A. Melosh, Power -independent wavelength determination by hot carrier collection in metal-insulator-metal devices, Nat. Commun. 4, 1711 (2013)

    2013

  85. [93]

    Chalabi, D

    H. Chalabi, D. Schoen, M. L. Brongersma, Hot -electron photodetection with a plasmonic nanostripe antenna, Nano Lett. 14, 1374-1380 (2014)

    2014

  86. [94]

    Sobhani, M

    A. Sobhani, M. W. Knight, Y. Wang, B. Zheng, N. S. King, L. V. Brown, Z. Fang, P. Nordlander, N. J. Halas, Narrowband photodetection in the near-infrared with a plasmon-induced hot electron device, Nat. Commun. 4, 1643 (2013)

    2013

  87. [95]

    J. A. Porto, F. J. Garcia -Vidal, J. B. Pendry, Transmission resonances on metallic grati ngs with very narrow slits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2845-2848 (1999)

    1999

  88. [96]

    C. R. Crowell, S. M. Sze, Ballistic mean free path measurements of hot electrons in Au films, Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 659-661 (1965)

    1965

  89. [97]

    W. Li, Z. J. Coppens, L. V. Besteiro, W. Wang, A. O. Govorov, J. Valentine, Circularly polarized light detection with hot electrons in chiral plasmonic metamaterials, Nat. Commun. 6, 8379 (2015)

    2015

  90. [98]

    D. Gu, C. Zhang, Y.-K. Wu, L. J. Guo, Ultrasmooth and thermally stable silver -based thin films with subnanometer roughness by aluminum doping, ACS Nano 8, 10343-10351 (2014)

    2014

  91. [99]

    C. H. Liu, Y. C. Chang, T. B. Norris, Z. H. Zhong, Graphene photodetectors with ultra-broadband and high responsivity at room temperature, Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 273-278 (2014)

    2014

  92. [100]

    Vaziri, G

    S. Vaziri, G. Lupina, C. Henkel, A. D. Smith, M. Ostling, J. Dabrowski, G. Lippert, W. Mehr, M. C. Lemme, A graphene-based hot electron transistor, Nano Lett. 13, 1435-1439 (2013)

    2013

  93. [101]

    Y. Z. Zhang, T. Liu, B. Meng, X. H. Li, G. Z. Liang, X. N. Hu, Q. J. Wang, Broadband high photoresponse from pure monolayer graphene photodetector, Nat. Commun. 4, 1811 (2013)

    2013

  94. [102]

    Z. Y. Yin, J. X. Zhu, Q. Y. He, X. H. Cao, C. L. Tan, H. Y. Chen, Q. Y. Yan, H. Zhang, Graphene- based materials for solar cell applications, Adv. Energy Mater. 4, 1300574 (2014)

    2014

  95. [103]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B. Gerislioglu, Z. Ramezani, Gated graphene island -enabled tunable charge transfer plasmon terahertz metamodulator, Nanoscale 11, 8091-8095 (2019)

    2019

  96. [104]

    M. Liu, X. B. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. S. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, X. Zhang, A graphene- based broadband optical modulator, Nature 474, 64-67 (2011). 27

    2011

  97. [105]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B. Gerislioglu, G. T. Noe, Y. K. Mishra, Gated graphene enabled tunable charge- current configurations in hybrid plasmonic metamaterials, ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 1, 637 -641 (2019)

    2019

  98. [106]

    Bonaccorso, Z

    F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, A. C. Ferrari, Graphene photonic and optoelectronics Nat. Photon. 4, 611-622 (2010)

    2010

  99. [107]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B. Gerislioglu, N. Pala, Graphene optical switch based on charge transfer plasmons, Phys. Status Solidi-R 11, 1700285 (2017)

    2017

  100. [108]

    Gerislioglu, A

    B. Gerislioglu, A. Ahmadivand, N. Pala, Hybridized plasmons in graphene nanorings for extreme nonlinear optics, Opt. Mater. 73, 729-735 (2017)

    2017

  101. [109]

    Ahmadivand, R

    A. Ahmadivand, R. Sinha, M. Karabiyik, P. K. Vabbina, B. Gerislioglu, S. Kaya, N. Pala, Tunable THz wave absrotption by graphene -assited plasmonic metasurfaces based on metallic split ring resonators, J. Nanopart. Res. 19, 3 (2017)

    2017

  102. [110]

    B. Du, L. Lin, W. Liu, S. Zu, Y. Yu, Z. Li, Y. Kang, H. Peng, X. Zhu, Z. Fang, Plasmonic hot electron tunneling photodetection in vertical Au -graphene hybrid nanostructures, Laser Photon. Rev. 1600148 (2017)

    2017

  103. [111]

    Y. F. Hao, Y. Y. Wang, L. Wang, Z. H. Ni, Z. Q. Wang, R. Wang, C. K. Koo, Z. X. Shen, J. T. L. Thong, Probing layer number and stacking order of few-layer graphene by Raman spectroscopy, Small 6, 195-200 (2010)

    2010

  104. [112]

    Z. Fang, Z. Liu, Y. Wang, P. M. Ajayan, P. Nordlander, N. J. Halas, Graphene -antenna sandwich photodetector, Nano Lett. 12, 3808-3813 (2012)

    2012

  105. [113]

    X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, D. Yang, R. Pine r, A. Velamakanni, I. Jung, E. Tutuc, S. K. Banerjee, L. Colombo, R. S. Ruoff, Large -area synthesis of high -quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils, Science 324, 1312-1314 (2009)

    2009

  106. [114]

    Schwierz, Graphene transistors, Nat

    F. Schwierz, Graphene transistors, Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 487-496 (2010)

    2010

  107. [115]

    Giovannetti, P

    G. Giovannetti, P. A. Khomyakov, G. Brocks, V. M. Karpan, J. van den Brink, P. J. Kelly, Doping graphene with metal contacts, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 026803 (2008)

    2008

  108. [116]

    D. K. Schroder, R. N. Thomas, J. C. Swartz, Free carrier absorption in silicon, IEEE J. Solid state Circuits 13, 180-187 (1978)

    1978

  109. [117]

    P. E. Schmid, Optical absorption in heavily doped silicon, Phys. Rev. B 23, 5531 (1981)

    1981

  110. [118]

    S. C. Baker -Finch, K. R. McIntosh, D. Yan, K. C. Fong, T. C. Kho, Near -infrared free carrier absorption in heavily doped silicon, J. Appl. Phys. 116, 063106 (2014)

    2014

  111. [119]

    R. A. Smith, Semiconductors (New York Cambridge, 1961)

    1961

  112. [120]

    Vol'fson, V

    A, A. Vol'fson, V. K. Subashiev, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 1, 327 (1967) [Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 1, 397 (1967)]. 28

    1967

  113. [121]

    Pavesi, Routes toward silicon-based lasers, Mater

    L. Pavesi, Routes toward silicon-based lasers, Mater. Today 8, 18-25 (2005)

    2005

  114. [122]

    Alavirad, A

    M. Alavirad, A. Olivieri, L. Roy, P. Berini, High -responsivity sub-bandgap hot-hole plasmonic Schottky detectors, Opt. Express 24, 22544-22554 (2016)

    2016

  115. [123]

    Colman, R

    D. Colman, R. T. Bate, J. P. Mize, Mobility Anisotropy and Piezoresistance in Silicon p‐Type Inversion Layers, J. Appl. Phys. 39, 1923-1931 (1968)

    1968

  116. [124]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B. Gerislioglu, R. Sinha, M. Karabiyik, and N. Pala, Optical switching using transition from dipolar to charge transfer plasmon modes in Ge 2Sb2Te5 bridged metallodielectric dimers, Sci. Rep. 7, 42807 (2017)

    2017

  117. [125]

    Zhang, W

    Y. Zhang, W. Xu, X. Xu, W. Yang, S. Li, J. Chen, and X. Fang, Low-cost writing method for self-powered paper-based UV photodetectors utilizing Te/TiO2 and Te/ZnO heterojunctions, Nanoscale Horiz. 4, 452-456 (2019)

    2019

  118. [126]

    Ouyang, F

    W. Ouyang, F. Teng, M. Jiang, and X. Fang, ZnO film UV photodetector with enhanced performance: heterojunction with CdMoO4 microplates and the hot electron injection effect of Au nanoparticles, Small 13, 1702177 (2017)

    2017

  119. [127]

    B. C. Marin, J. Ramirez, S. E. Root, E. Aklile, and D. J. Lipomi, Metallic nanoislands on graphene: A metamaterial for chemical, mechanical, optical, and biological applications, Nanoscale Horiz. 2, 311-318 (2017)

    2017

  120. [128]

    Gerislioglu, A

    B. Gerislioglu, A. Ahmadivand, and N. Pala, Functional quadrumer clusters for switching between Fano and charge transfer plasmons, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 29, 2226-2229 (2017)

    2017

  121. [129]

    M. I. Stockman, Nanoscience: Dark-hot resonances, Nature 467, 541-542 (2010)

    2010

  122. [130]

    Gerislioglu, A

    B. Gerislioglu, A. Ahmadivand, and N. Pala, Single- and multimode beam propagation through an optothermally controllable Fano clusters-mediated waveguide, IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 35, 4961- 4966 (2017)

    2017

  123. [131]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B. Gerislioglu, and N. Pala, Azimuthally and radially excited charge transfer plasmon and Fano lineshapes in conductive sublayer-mediated nanoassemblies, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 34, 2052-2056 (2017)

    2017

  124. [132]

    Bullock, M

    J. Bullock, M. Hettick, J. Geissbuhler, A. J. Ong, T. Allen, C. M. Sutter-Fella, T. Chen, H. Ota, E. W. Schaler, S. De Wolf, and C. Ballif, Efficient silicon solar cells with dopant-free asymmetric heterocontacts, Nat. Energy 1, 15031 (2016)

    2016

  125. [133]

    Papasimakis, V

    N. Papasimakis, V. A. Fedotov, V. Savinov, T. A. Raybould, and N. I. Zheludev, Electromagnetic toroidal excitations in matter and free space, Nat. Mater. 15, 263-271 (2016)

    2016

  126. [134]

    Kaelberer, V

    T. Kaelberer, V. A. Fedotov, N. Papasimakis, D. P. Tsai, and N. I. Zheludev, Toroidal dipolar response in a metamaterial, Science 330, 1510-1512 (2010). 29

    2010

  127. [135]

    Gerislioglu and A

    B. Gerislioglu and A. Ahmadivand, The observation of high-order charge-current configurations in plasmonic meta-atoms: A numerical approach, Photonics 6, 43 (2019)

    2019

  128. [136]

    E. A. Gurvitz, K. S. Ladutenko, P. A. Dergachev, A. B. Evlyukhin, A. E. Miroshnichenko, and A. S. Shalin, The high-order toroidal moments and anapole states in all-dielectric photonics, Laser Photonics Rev. 13, 1800266 (2019)

    2019

  129. [137]

    Ahmadivand and B

    A. Ahmadivand and B. Gerislioglu, Directional toroidal dipoles driven by oblique polidal and loop current flows in plasmonic meta-atoms, J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 24304-24308 (2018)

    2018

  130. [138]

    G. N. Afanasiev, Simplest sources of electromagnetic fields as a tool for testing the reciprocity- like theorems, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 34, 539 (2001)

    2001

  131. [139]

    Ahmadivand and B

    A. Ahmadivand and B. Gerislioglu, Toroidal plasmonic meta-biosensors: benchmarking against classical plasmonic biosensors and transducers, arXiv preprint arXiv: 1809.05602 (2018)

    2018 arXiv

  132. [140]

    Ahmadivand, R

    A. Ahmadivand, R. Sinha, B. Gerislioglu, and N. Pala, Sensor platform based on toroidal resonances for rapid detection of biomolecules, U.S. patent 10288563 (14 May 2019)

    2019

  133. [141]

    Gerislioglu, A

    B. Gerislioglu, A. Ahmadivand, and N. Pala, Tunable plasmonic toroidal terahertz metamodulator, Phys. Rev. B 97, 161405 (2018)

    2018

  134. [142]

    Z. Liu, S. Du, A. Cui, Z. Li, Y. Fan, S. Chen, W. Li, J. Li, and C. Gu, High-quality-factor mid- infrared toroidal excitation in folded 3D metamaterials, Adv. Mater. 29, 1606298 (2017)

    2017

  135. [143]

    Ahmadivand, B

    A. Ahmadivand, B. Gerislioglu, and N. Pala, Active control over the interplay between the dark and hidden sides of plasmonics using metallodielectric Au-Ge2Sb2Te5 unit cells, J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 19966-19974 (2017)

    2017

  136. [144]

    Ahmadivand, M

    A. Ahmadivand, M. Semmlinger, L. Dong, B. Gerislioglu, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, Toroidal dipole-enhanced third harmonic generation of deep ultraviolet light using plasmonic meta- atoms, Nano Lett. 19, 605-611 (2019)

    2019

  137. [145]

    K. Wu, J. Chen, J. R. McBride, and T. Lian, Efficient hot-electron transfer by a plasmon-induced interfacial charge-transfer transition, Science 349, 632-635 (2015)

    2015

  138. [146]

    C. K. Wang, S.-J. Chang, Y.-K. Su, Y.-Z. Chiou, S. C. Chen, C. S. chang, T. K. Lin, H. L. Liu, and J.-J. Tang, GaN MSM UV photodetectors with titanium tungsten transparent electrodes, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 53, 38-42 (2006)

    2006

  139. [147]

    H. C. Liu, Noise gain and operating temperature of quantum well infrared photodetectors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 2703-2705 (1992). 30 Figures Figure 1. (a) A gold-TiO2 Schottky a nd ( b) a gold-Ti-TiO2 Ohmic device. Carrier generation by direct photoexcitation results from the e...

    1992

Pith tools

Reviewed August 14, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.