Pith. sign in

REVIEW 5 major objections 6 minor 35 references

Grain Deformation of Fractured Sandstone and Stokes Local-rotation of Material Line

T0 review · 5 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-14 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read This paper claims that shear strain inside fractured sandstone is periodic in the radial direction and locally concentrated in positive and negative bands, so fracture is driven by shear stress concentration near the fracture zone.

desk verdict Novel material-line tracking in 3D CT yields an interesting but unvalidated claim of periodic shear strain in sandstone; the admitted inability to estimate tracking error is the load-bearing weakness. read the letter →

arxiv 1908.05454 v1 pith:M5ZPBDJ5 submitted 2019-08-15 physics.geo-ph

Chundi Feng , Rendong Huang , Yaguang Qin , Dongjie Yang This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.geo-ph
keywords graindeformationsandstoneStokeslocalrotationmateriallineshearstrainX-raycomputedtomographyfracturezoneuniaxialcompression
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Using in-situ X-ray computed tomography at 4.6 μm resolution, the authors tracked mineral grains inside a small sandstone cylinder before and after uniaxial compression. They then drew material lines on CT slices and treated each line's angle change as a Stokes local rotation, a proxy for local shear strain. The central finding is that after unloading the shear strain varies periodically in the radial direction around the main fracture, with positive and negative shear strains concentrated in local bands and in round zones at the fracture ends. The paper interprets this as showing that sandstone fracture is a shear-concentration process: crack initiation and propagation follow irreversible local rotation, and fracture occurs when the local rotation angle reaches a critical value. The authors caution that the measurement error from image accuracy and material-point recognition cannot be estimated.

What carries the argument

The central object is the material line: a curve drawn on a CT slice that is tied to the same physical points before and after deformation, so that its change in orientation records how the grain cluster rotated. The load-bearing identity is Stokes local rotation, defined by $\omega = (\alpha - \alpha_0)/ds_0$ in Eq. (11), where $\alpha_0$ and $\alpha$ are the angles of the material line before and after loading and $|ds_0|=1$ is the unit scale; this angle change is taken to be the local shear strain. Because Green shear strain cannot be obtained for irregular grains of varied size and distribution, the paper assumes planar isotropic distribution and negligible mean Green strain ($\varepsilon_{11} \approx \varepsilon_{22} \approx 0$), leaving the local rotation angle as the shear measure. The S+R decomposition theorem in Lagrange coordinates supplies the theoretical framing for separating shear deformation into stretch and rotation parts. The material lines are selected under rules derived from sampling considerations, such as using a line shorter than half the spatial wavelength where the field is periodic, and 352 and 364 lines at two scales are used to build the contour maps.

What would settle it

Recompute the same shear-strain field from the same two CT volumes using an independent full-field technique, for example digital volume correlation of the grayscale images or the tracked grain deformation gradients from Section 3.3, and compare the radial profiles at the same four angles. If an independent map does not show the same near-periodic oscillation with the same wavelength and the same sign-concentrated islands, the periodicity is an artifact of material-line tracking. A more direct variant is to re-pick the random material lines several times and check whether the peak positions in the radial profiles stay fixed.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central discovery is a near-periodic distribution of residual shear strain inside fractured sandstone, measured not from continuum strain gauges but from the rotation of material lines observed in CT slices before and after loading. On four radial profiles cut at 0°, 45°, 90° and 135°, the shear strain rises and falls periodically with distance from the center, with approximate symmetry about an axis, while the contour maps show alternating positive and negative shear-strain islands whose sizes match grain dimensions. In the fracture zone the shear strain is larger than the macroscopic compression strain, which the authors take as evidence that the basic mechanism of fracture is shear stress concentration near the fracture zone. They further report that grain strain in the fault zone is about 30 times the macroscopic sample strain, and about 5 times in the non-fault zone, indicating that grain-scale deformation is largely plastic. On this picture, cracks initiate and propagate because irreversible local rotation angles accumulate; when the local rotation angle reaches a critical value, a crack opens in the rotation direction.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the angle change of a material line between the pre-loading and post-loading CT images directly equals the local shear strain, and that the same material line can be reliably matched across segmentation and noise; the paper itself states in Section 3.4.3 that the error from image accuracy and material-point recognition cannot be estimated.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the central claim is correct, the measured shear strain field gives a grain-scale failure criterion: cracks initiate and propagate in the direction of rotation when the local rotation angle reaches a critical value, rather than when macroscopic stress alone reaches a threshold.
  • The characteristic deformation scale $L_0$, identified with half the spatial period of the shear strain oscillation, becomes a measurable microstructural length that could be used to compare fatigue and fracture resistance of different sandstones.
  • The two-scale material-line measurements imply that strain maps are scale-dependent: small-scale lines resolve complex large local deformation while large-scale lines show a nearly uniform small deformation, so any grain-scale strain measurement must report its line length.
  • Grain strain in the fracture zone being roughly 30 times the macroscopic strain means that models linking CT microstructure to sandstone failure must include large local plastic deformation, not just linear elastic strain.
  • The finding that residual shear strain persists after unloading implies the local rotation responsible for cracking is irreversible, so unloading measurements can reveal the damage field responsible for fracture.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Editorial inference: the near-periodic radial shear strain could be compared with analytic elastic solutions for a mode-II crack in a circular domain; if the period and decay match such a solution, the observed periodicity would be a geometric consequence of the crack-tip stress field rather than a new material property.
  • Editorial inference: since only two material-line length scales were tested, a decisive check of the periodicity claim would be to measure radial profiles at several more line lengths and test whether the half-period $L_0$ remains constant; the paper does not provide that check.
  • Editorial inference: the assumption of negligible mean Green strain could be checked with the same dataset by computing the full deformation gradient from the tracked grain axes; if Green strain is not small, the reported shear strain magnitudes would need adjustment.
  • Editorial inference: if the periodicity is real, it should reappear in other poorly cemented or granular rocks loaded to similar strains, and its wavelength should scale with grain size; that cross-material prediction is not tested in the paper.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

5 major / 6 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports an in-situ X-ray computed tomography study of a 3.8 mm × 7.4 mm sandstone cylinder under uniaxial compression, with scans taken before loading and after unloading at 4.6 μm resolution. It tracks 689 mineral grains, computes grain translations, rotations, principal strains, and stresses using a deformation gradient constructed from grain bounding-box axes, and introduces material lines on CT slices to measure a 'Stokes local rotation' interpreted as shear strain. The headline findings are that shear strain is periodic in the radial direction, that positive and negative shear strains concentrate locally, and that fracture is caused by shear stress concentration near the fracture zone.

Significance. If the methodology were sound, the paper would provide a valuable three-dimensional grain-scale view of sandstone deformation and a new material-line-based approach to measuring local shear strain. The strengths of the work include the in-situ XCT acquisition, the explicit use of a radial distribution function to check grain registration, and the attempt to separate translation, rotation, and strain at the grain scale. However, the central claims are not currently supported: the quantity labeled shear strain in Eq. (11) is a relative length change rather than a shear strain or rotation angle, the measurement error is admitted to be unquantified in §3.4.3, and the stress computation from residual strains via elastic constants is invalid. These are load-bearing issues affecting the main conclusions, not presentation defects.

major comments (5)
  1. [Section 3.4.1, Eq. (11)] The definition θ = (ds0 − ds)/ds0 is a relative change in length of a material line, i.e., a normal strain component, not a shear strain or a rotation angle. No derivation is provided that connects the change in length of a material line to the local shear strain, and the text switches between angle-based and length-based measures without justification. Because the paper's central periodicity claim is formulated in terms of this θ, the main quantitative result is not established.
  2. [Section 3.4.3] The authors state explicitly that 'the error cannot be estimated' for the material-line measurements. Without an error bound or an independent validation of the material-line tracking (for example, against a synthetic deformation field or an independent measurement technique), the observed periodic oscillations in the shear-strain profiles in Fig. 17 cannot be distinguished from tracking noise, segmentation boundary effects, or artifacts introduced by the line-selection rules in §3.4.1, which include selecting 'periodic' material lines and lines shorter than half the spatial wavelength. This is a load-bearing gap for the headline observation.
  3. [Section 3.3.1, Eqs. (7)-(8)] The grain stress tensor is computed by applying isotropic linear elasticity with Lamé constants to strain components measured on grains after unloading. Since the sample has undergone inelastic, plastic, and damage-related deformation, residual strains cannot be converted to stresses using elastic constants. Consequently, the reported stress magnitudes and the conclusion of 'shear stress concentration near the fracture zone' are not supported by the presented analysis.
  4. [Section 3.4.2, Fig. 17] The claim that shear strain is periodic in the radial direction is based on visual inspection of profiles at four angles. No Fourier analysis, autocorrelation, statistical test, or comparison against a null random field is provided, and the 'three regions' are described qualitatively. In addition, the assumptions stated in §3.4.1 that the medium has planar isotropic distribution with S11=S22 and that the mean Green strain satisfies ε11≈ε22≈0 are introduced without justification; these assumptions are load-bearing for the decomposition and are not verified against the experimental data.
  5. [Section 3.4.3] The statement that the local rotation angle satisfies the Laplace equation ∇²Θ=0 and gives rise to 'circular fatigue striation' is asserted without derivation or supporting evidence, and the 'characteristic deformation scale L0' is never defined operationally or measured. These speculative claims go beyond the data and should be removed or properly derived in a revised manuscript.
minor comments (6)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract contains typos such as 'in suit' for 'in situ' and 'principle strains' for 'principal strains'; these should be corrected throughout.
  2. [Section 3.2.2] The phrase 'angel' should be 'angle', and Fig. 7 is referenced twice in the text for different purposes; the figure labels and captions should be clarified.
  3. [Fig. 6 caption] The caption lists 'L3/L1, L3/L1, L3/L1' for panels (a)-(c); based on the text, these appear to be L3/L1, L3/L2, and L2/L1 respectively, and the caption should be corrected.
  4. [Section 3.2.1, Eq. (3)] The equation for the covariance matrix is garbled in the typesetting and should be rewritten with clear notation.
  5. [Section 3.3.2] The statement that εxx and εyy fluctuate 'within a range of 0.2-0.5' appears inconsistent with Fig. 10(a), where the axes and values are unclear; please reconcile the text with the figure.
  6. [References] Reference formatting is inconsistent, with some entries lacking complete bibliographic details and some Chinese-language sources presented without sufficient information; please unify the reference style.

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No central derivation is circular; the only circular instance is the 'critical value' of shear strain, which is read from the same contour map that it is then used to explain.

  1. fitted input called prediction [Section 3.4.2 (around Fig. 16); used again in Section 4, conclusion (3)]
    "In figure 16 (a), t he critical value, θ, is predicted by the contour map to be 0.5, whereas the strain of sandstone is 0.015. The shear strain in fracture zone is greater than the compression strain of sandstone, so the mechanism of fracture is that there is strain concentration near the fracture zone, namely shear concentration."

    The value θ=0.5 is not predicted from an independent model, theory, or separate experiment; it is the value read off the same shear-strain contour map that is then used as evidence for 'shear concentration' near the fracture zone. The threshold is therefore calibrated from the very observation it is invoked to explain, and the later causal statement that fracture occurs when the local rotation angle reaches the critical value is a tautological restatement of that data-dependent threshold. This is a minor circular step because the central periodicity observation does not depend on this particular threshold.

full rationale

The central derivation chain is observational rather than circular. Equation (11) defines the measured material-line quantity θ, and Section 3.4 reports spatial profiles of that measured quantity; the 'periodic shear strain' finding is a description of the measured contour profiles, not a quantity derived from a fitted parameter by construction. The paper's own admission in Section 3.4.3 that 'due to the problem of image accuracy and material point recognition rate, a certain error is caused, and the error cannot be estimated' and the absence of a statistical periodicity test undermine confidence in the claim, but these are validation and correctness concerns, not circularity. There are no load-bearing self-citations: the cited material-line theory (Ref. 34) and the S+R decomposition (Ref. 35) are external sources, and no uniqueness theorem is imported from the authors' own prior work. The only step that is circular by construction is the 'critical value' θ=0.5, which is read from the same contour map used to support the shear-concentration mechanism; that step is minor and does not force the main observational findings.

Assumptions & free parameters 4 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 1 invented entities

The central claims rest on several unverified assumptions: affine grain deformation, the validity of material line tracking, ad hoc vanishing strain components, and the equivalence of residual strain to failure-state strain. The material line scale and the threshold θ are effectively free parameters. No independent evidence is given for the newly introduced characteristic scale L0.

free parameters (4)
  • Material line scale lengths = not specified (two scales used)
    Section 3.4.2 uses lines at two scales; the maximum measured shear strain differs between them (0.65 vs 0.35), so the chosen scale affects the result. The lengths are not stated, making the measurement scale a free parameter that is not determined by an independent rule.
  • Assumed zero in-plane Green strains = ε11 ≈ ε22 ≈ 0
    Section 3.4.1 assumes planar isotropy (S11=S22) and zero mean area strain to simplify the strain measurement. This is an ad hoc constraint not derived from data and it directly changes the shear strain interpretation.
  • Critical shear strain threshold θ = 0.5
    The 'predicted' critical value is read off the contour map in Section 3.4.2, rather than obtained from an independent model or a pre-registered criterion.
  • Characteristic deformation scale L0 = half-period of observed periodicity
    Section 3.4.2 introduces L0 as a material property determined by the microstructure, but it is inferred from the periodic pattern in the same data it is meant to explain.
assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption Material lines remain continuous and identifiable between the two CT scans except across fractures, and their angular change can be measured reliably.
    Section 3.4.1 and 3.4.3 rely on this to compute shear strain; the paper admits that image accuracy and material point recognition errors cannot be estimated.
  • domain assumption Grain deformation is homogeneous and affine so that the deformation gradient can be computed from the three principal axes of an ellipsoid fit.
    Section 3.3.1 uses equations (4)-(6) that assume A = F A0, where A is built from eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the covariance matrix, a strong simplification for real grains.
  • ad hoc to paper The planar isotropic distribution assumption S11=S22 and zero mean Green strain ε11≈ε22≈0 hold for the sandstone sample.
    Stated in Section 3.4.1 as a simplifying assumption to discard certain strain components; no evidence is given that this is physically accurate for the fault and non-fault zones.
  • domain assumption Residual deformation after unloading is representative of the deformation at failure.
    The sample is unloaded before the second scan; the paper interprets residual strain as the failure-related deformation state even though the unloading path may alter the deformation field.
invented entities (1)
  • Characteristic deformation scale L0
    purpose: Introduced to explain the periodicity of shear strain as a material property; the paper suggests it is the half-period of the observed oscillation.
    L0 is inferred from the same patterned data it is meant to explain, and no independent measurement or prediction is provided to validate its existence.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Grain Deformation of Fractured Sandstone and Stokes Local-rotation of Material Line." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/M5ZPBDJ5

@misc{pith2026190805454,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Grain Deformation of Fractured Sandstone and Stokes Local-rotation of Material Line},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/M5ZPBDJ5}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:1908.05454}
}
read the original abstract

The movement and deformation of mineral grains in rocks control the failure behavior of rocks. However, at high resolution, the physical and mechanical behavior of three-dimensional microstructures in rocks under uniaxial compression has not been characterized. Here, in suit XCT (4.6 um) has been applied to investigate the behavior of mineral grains of sandstone -- movement, rotation deformation and the principle strains obtained by deformation gradient tensor constructed with three principle axial vector representation of grain, indicating that the behavior of grains between the fracture and the non-fracture zone are different. For further investigate the behavior of grain cluster, the material lines are used to obtain the Stokes local rotation, namely shear strain. The finding is that: 1. the shear strain is periodic in the radial direction. 2. on average sense, the positive shear strain and negative shear strain have local concentration features.

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

35 extracted references · 35 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Grain- to multiple-grain-scale deformation processes during diffusion creep of forsterite + diopside aggregate: 2

    Maruyama G , Hiraga T. Grain- to multiple-grain-scale deformation processes during diffusion creep of forsterite + diopside aggregate: 2. Grain boundary sliding-induced grain rotation and its role in crystallographic prefe rred orientation in rocks. J Geophys Res . 2017;122(8):5916-5934

    work page 2017

  2. [2]

    Fragmentation of wall rock garnets during deep crustal earthquakes

    Austrheim HK, Dunkel KG , Plü mper O, Ildefonse B, Liu Y , Jamtveit BR. Fragmentation of wall rock garnets during deep crustal earthquakes. Sci Adv. 2017;3(2):e1602067

    work page 2017

  3. [3]

    Micromechanical modelling of anisotropic non -linear elasticity of granular medium

    Emeriault F, Cambou B. Micromechanical modelling of anisotropic non -linear elasticity of granular medium. Int J Solids Struct. 1996;33(18):2591-2607

    work page 1996

  4. [4]

    DEM simulation of bonded granular material

    Shen Z, Jiang M, Thornton C. DEM simulation of bonded granular material. Par t I: contact model and application to cemented sand. Comput Geotech. 2016;75:192-209

    work page 2016

  5. [5]

    Microstructural pore changes and energy dissipation in Gosford sandstone during pre -failure loading using X -ray CT

    Sufian A, Russell AR. Microstructural pore changes and energy dissipation in Gosford sandstone during pre -failure loading using X -ray CT. Int J Rock Mech Min . 2013;18:2591-607

    work page 2013

  6. [6]

    The effect of pore size on cementation in porous rocks

    Putnis A, Mauthe G . The effect of pore size on cementation in porous rocks. Geofluids. 2001; 1(1): 37-41

    work page 2001

  7. [7]

    Pore -scale Observation of Microsphere Deposition at Grain-to-Grain Contacts over Assemblage -scale Porous Me dia Domains Us ing X -ray Microtomography

    Li X, Lin C, Miller JD, Johnson WP. Pore -scale Observation of Microsphere Deposition at Grain-to-Grain Contacts over Assemblage -scale Porous Me dia Domains Us ing X -ray Microtomography. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40(12):3762-3768

    work page 2006

  8. [8]

    A finite -element study of the influence of grain contacts on the elastic properties of unconsolidated sandstones

    Madadi M, Saad atfar M. A finite -element study of the influence of grain contacts on the elastic properties of unconsolidated sandstones. Int J Rock Mech Min. 2017;93:226-233

    work page 2017

Show all 35 references
  1. [9]

    Frictional ageing from interfacial bonding and the origins of rate and state friction

    Li Q, Tullis T E, Goldsby D, Carpick R W. Frictional ageing from interfacial bonding and the origins of rate and state friction. Nature, 2011, 480(7376):233

    2011

  2. [10]

    Ro ck mechanics

    Verberne BA, Plumper O, de Winter DA, Spiers CJ. Ro ck mechanics. Superplastic nanofibrous slip zones control seismogenic fault friction. Science. 2014;346(6215):1342-1344

    2014

  3. [11]

    Grain boundary rotations in solids

    Bobylev SV , Ovid'Ko IA. Grain boundary rotations in solids. Phys Rev Lett . 2012;109(17):175501

    2012

  4. [12]

    Slightly curved or kinked cracks

    Cotterell B, Rice J R. Slightly curved or kinked cracks. Int J Fracture. 1980,16(2):155-169

    1980

  5. [13]

    Brittle fracture of solids with arbitrary cracks

    Gol'Dstein R V , Salganik R L. Brittle fracture of solids with arbitrary cracks . Int J Fracture. 1974;10(4): 507-523

    1974

  6. [14]

    Some basic problems in fracture mechanics and new concepts

    Sih G C. Some basic problems in fracture mechanics and new concepts . Eng Fract Mech . 1973;5(2):365-377

    1973

  7. [15]

    Modeling growth paths of interacting crack pairs in elastic media

    Ghelichi R, Kamrin K. Modeling growth paths of interacting crack pairs in elastic media. soft matter. 2015;11(40):7995-8012

    2015

  8. [16]

    Research on Micro-Meso Characteristics of Granite Fracture Under Uniaxial Compression at Low and Intermediate Strain Rates

    Liang C , Wu S , Li X. Research on Micro-Meso Characteristics of Granite Fracture Under Uniaxial Compression at Low and Intermediate Strain Rates . Chin J Roc k Mech Eng . 2015;34(s1):2977-2986

    2015

  9. [17]

    In situ grain fracture mechanics during uniaxial compaction of granular solids

    Hurley RC, Lind J, Pagan DC, Akin MC, Herbold EB. In situ grain fracture mechanics during uniaxial compaction of granular solids. J Mech Phys Solids. 2018;112:273-90

    2018

  10. [18]

    Earthquakes and rock deformation in crustal fault zones

    Sibson R H. Earthquakes and rock deformation in crustal fault zones. Annu Rev Earth Pl Sc. 1986;14(1):149-175

    1986

  11. [19]

    Multi -scale mechanics of gran ular solids from grain-resolved X-ray measurements

    Hurley R C, Hall S A, Wright J P. Multi -scale mechanics of gran ular solids from grain-resolved X-ray measurements. P Roy Soc A-Math Phy. 2017;473(2207):20170491

    2017

  12. [20]

    Linking in itial microstructure and local response during quasistatic granular compaction

    Hurley RC, Lind J, Pagan DC, Homel MA , Akin MC, Her bold EB. Linking in itial microstructure and local response during quasistatic granular compaction. Phys Rev E . 2017;96(1):12905

    2017

  13. [21]

    Effect of heterogeneity of brittle rock on micromechanical extensile behavior during compression loading

    Lan H, Martin CD, Hu B. Effect of heterogeneity of brittle rock on micromechanical extensile behavior during compression loading. J Geophys Res. 2010;115(B1):B01202

    2010

  14. [22]

    Influence of partic le shape on the frictional strength of sediments — A numerical case study

    Kock I, Huhn K. Influence of partic le shape on the frictional strength of sediments — A numerical case study. Sediment Geol. 2007;196(1-4):217-233

    2007

  15. [23]

    Mechanical behaviors of rock af fected by mineral particle shapes

    Liu G, Rong G, Peng J, Hou D, Zhou C. Mechanical behaviors of rock af fected by mineral particle shapes. Chin J Geotech Eng. 2013;35(3):540-550

    2013

  16. [24]

    Full -field measurement of contact -point and crack -tip deformations in soda -lime glass

    Sundaram BM, Tippu r HV . Full -field measurement of contact -point and crack -tip deformations in soda -lime glass. Part -II: Stress wave loading. Int J Appl Glass Sci . 2018;9(1):123-136

    2018

  17. [25]

    The cohesive law for the particle/matrix interfaces in high explosives

    Tan H, Liu C, H uang Y , Geubelle P. The cohesive law for the particle/matrix interfaces in high explosives. J Mech Phys Solids. 2005;53(8):1892-1917

    2005

  18. [26]

    Grain- to multiple-grain-scale deformation processes during diffusion creep of forst erite + diopside aggregate: 1

    Maruyama G , Hiraga T. Grain- to multiple-grain-scale deformation processes during diffusion creep of forst erite + diopside aggregate: 1. Direct observations. J Geo phys Res . 2017;122(8):5890-5915

    2017

  19. [27]

    Effect of particle shape on the strength and deformation mechanisms of ellipse-shaped granular assemblages

    Ting J M, Meachum L, Rowell J D. Effect of particle shape on the strength and deformation mechanisms of ellipse-shaped granular assemblages. Eng Computation. 1995;12(2):99-108

    1995

  20. [28]

    Grain-size reduction of feldspar and flow of deformed granites within the Gaoligong shear zone southwestern Yunnan, China

    Dong Y , Cao S, Cheng X, Liu J, Cao H. Grain-size reduction of feldspar and flow of deformed granites within the Gaoligong shear zone southwestern Yunnan, China. Science China Earth Sciences, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-018-9351-8

    2019 doi

  21. [29]

    Digital Image Processing

    Pratt, W.K. Digital Image Processing. Wiley and Sons. New York, 1978

    1978

  22. [30]

    Characterization of the crystal structure, kinematics, stresses and rotations in an gular granular quartz during compaction

    Hurley R C, Herbold E B, Pagan D C. Characterization of the crystal structure, kinematics, stresses and rotations in an gular granular quartz during compaction . J Appl Cryst . 2018; 51(4):1021-1034

    2018

  23. [31]

    Molecular dynamics simulation: elementary methods

    Haile J M, Johnston I, Mallinckrodt A J, McKay S . Molecular dynamics simulation: elementary methods. Comput Phys. 1993;7(6): 625-625

    1993

  24. [32]

    Anal ysis of EBSD G rain Size Measurements Using Microstructure Simulations and a Customizable Pattern Matching Library for Grain Perimeter Estimation

    Coutinho Y A, Rooney S C K, Payton E J. Anal ysis of EBSD G rain Size Measurements Using Microstructure Simulations and a Customizable Pattern Matching Library for Grain Perimeter Estimation. Metall Mater Trans A. 2017;48(5):2375-2395

    2017

  25. [33]

    Effec tive elastic moduli of a heterogeneous oolitic rock containing 3 -D irregularly shaped pores

    Kalo K, Grgic D, Auvray C, Giraud A, Drach B, Sevostianov I. Effec tive elastic moduli of a heterogeneous oolitic rock containing 3 -D irregularly shaped pores. Int J Rock Mech Min . 2017;98:20-22

    2017

  26. [34]

    Strain Geometric Field Theory

    Xiao J. Strain Geometric Field Theory. Bei Jing, BJ: China Science Publishing & Media Ltd; 2017

    2017

  27. [35]

    Study on mechanical properties and finite deformation constitutive model of red sandstone subjected to temperature -water-mechanics coupling

    Gao Y, Yan W, Gao F, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Study on mechanical properties and finite deformation constitutive model of red sandstone subjected to temperature -water-mechanics coupling. Chin J Rock Mech Eng. 2019;38(s1):2734-47

    2019

Pith tools

Reviewed August 14, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.