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Bridging Bondi and Event Horizon Scales: 3D GRMHD Simulations Reveal X-Shaped Radio Galaxy Morphology

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arxiv 2202.08281 v1 pith:UHHX5NYP submitted 2022-02-16 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.GA

classification astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GA
keywords smbhjetsx-shapedgalaxiesmorphologypairsradioxrgs
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

X-shaped radio galaxies (XRGs) produce misaligned X-shaped jet pairs and make up $\lesssim10\%$ of radio galaxies. XRGs are thought to emerge in galaxies featuring a binary supermassive black hole ($\rm SMBH$), $\rm SMBH$ merger, or large-scale ambient medium asymmetry. We demonstrate that XRG morphology can naturally form without such special, preexisting conditions. Our 3D general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulation for the first time follows magnetized rotating gas from outside the $\rm SMBH$ sphere of influence of radius $R_{\rm B}$ to the $\rm SMBH$ of gravitational radius $R_{\rm g}$, at the largest scale separation $R_{\rm B}/R_{\rm g} = 10^3$ to date. Initially, our axisymmetric system of constant-density hot gas contains weak vertical magnetic field and rotates in an equatorial plane of a rapidly spinning $\rm SMBH$. We seed the gas with small-scale $2\%$-level pressure perturbations. Infalling gas forms an accretion disk, and the $\rm SMBH$ launches relativistically-magnetized collimated jets reaching well outside $R_{\rm B}$. Under the pressure of the infalling gas, the jets intermittently turn on and off, erratically wobble, and inflate pairs of cavities in different directions, resembling an X-shaped jet morphology. Synthetic X-ray images reveal multiple pairs of jet-powered shocks and cavities. Large-scale magnetic flux accumulates on the $\rm SMBH$, becomes dynamically important, and leads to a magnetically arrested disk state. The $\rm SMBH$ accretes at $2\%$ of the Bondi rate ($\dot{M}\simeq2.4\times10^{-3}M_{\odot}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$ for M87*), and launches twin jets at $\eta=150\%$ efficiency. These jets are powerful enough ($P_{\rm jets}\simeq2\times10^{44}\,{\rm erg\,s}^{-1}$) to escape along the spin axis and end the short-lived jets state whose transient nature can account for the rarity of XRGs

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Universal Radial Scaling of Large-Scale Black Hole Accretion for Magnetically Arrested And Rocking Accretion Disks

    astro-ph.HE 2025-05 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Black hole accretion simulations show a universal inward mass flow scaling, about r^0.66 in magnetically arrested disks and r^0.87 in rocking accretion disks, with a repeating cycle that may set jet duty cycles.

  2. A general relativistic hydrodynamic simulation code for studying advective, sub-Keplerian accretion flow onto black holes

    astro-ph.IM 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A GRHD finite-volume code is validated against analytic transonic solutions and applied to 2D sub-Keplerian accretion, recovering shocks and frame-dragging effects.

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