Integer matrices with a given characteristic polynomial and multiplicative dependence of matrices

We consider the set $\mathcal{M}_n(\mathbb Z; H)$ of $n\times n$-matrices with integer elements of size at most $H$ and obtain a new upper bound on the number of matrices from $\mathcal{M}_n(\mathbb Z; H)$ with a given characteristic polynomial $f \in \mathbb Z[X]$, which is uniform with respect to $f$. This complements the asymptotic formula of A. Eskin, S. Mozes and N. Shah (1996) in which $f$ has to be fixed and irreducible. Using this result, among others, we obtain upper and lower bounds on the number of $s$-tuples of matrices from $\mathcal{M}_n(\mathbb Z; H)$, satisfying various multiplicative relations, including multiplicative dependence and bounded generation of a subgroup of $\mathrm{GL}_n(\mathbb Q)$. These problems generalise those studied in the scalar case $n=1$ by F. Pappalardi, M. Sha, I. E. Shparlinski and C. L. Stewart (2018) with an obvious distinction due to the non-commutativity of matrices. Motivated by these problems, we also prove various properties of the variety of complex matrices with fixed characteristic polynomial, including computing the degree of this variety.