Gromov-Witten theory via roots and logarithms

Orbifold and logarithmic structures provide independent routes to the virtual enumeration of curves with tangency orders for a simple normal crossings pair $(X|D)$. The theories do not coincide and their relationship has remained mysterious. We prove that the genus zero orbifold theories of multi-root stacks of strata blowups of $(X|D)$ converge to the corresponding logarithmic theory of $(X|D)$. With fixed numerical data, there is an explicit combinatorial criterion that guarantees when a blowup is sufficiently refined for the theories to coincide. There are two key ideas in the proof. The first is the construction of a naive Gromov-Witten theory, which serves as an intermediary between roots and logarithms. The second is a smoothing theorem for tropical stable maps; the geometric theorem then follows via virtual intersection theory relative to the universal target. The results import new computational tools into logarithmic Gromov-Witten theory. As an application, we show that the genus zero logarithmic Gromov-Witten theory of a pair is determined by the absolute Gromov-Witten theories of its strata.