High-Resolution Spectroscopy of X-ray Binaries

X-ray binaries, as bright local sources with short variability timescales for a wide range of accretion processes, represent ideal targets for high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy. In this chapter, we present a high-resolution X-ray spectral perspective on X-ray binaries, focusing on black holes and neutron stars. The majority of the chapter is devoted to observational and theoretical signatures of mass ejection via accretion disk winds: we discuss their appearance (including an overview of photoionization and thermodynamic processes that determine their visibility in X-ray spectra) and their life cycles (including efforts to constrain their time-dependent mass loss rates), and we provide a broad overview of the primary accretion disk wind driving mechanisms that have been considered in the literature: (1) radiation pressure, where radiation accelerates a wind by scattering off electrons or atoms in the disk or its atmosphere; (2) thermal driving, where Compton heating of the outer accretion disk causes gas thermal velocities to exceed the local escape speed; and (3) magnetohydrodynamic processes, where gas may be ejected from the disk via magnetic pressure gradients or magnetocentrifugal effects. We then turn to spectroscopic constraints on the geometry of accreting systems, from relativistically blurred emission lines to dipping sources, clumpy, structured stellar winds, and baryonic jets. We conclude with discussions of measurements of the interstellar medium and the potential of next-generation high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy for X-ray binaries.