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GPT in Game Theory Experiments

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arxiv 2305.05516 v2 pith:RSI4ATOQ submitted 2023-05-09 econ.GN q-fin.EC

classification econ.GNq-fin.EC
keywords gamedilemmaoffersprisonerultimatumcooperationdecisionsexperiments
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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This paper explores the use of Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT) in strategic game experiments, specifically the ultimatum game and the prisoner's dilemma. I designed prompts and architectures to enable GPT to understand the game rules and to generate both its choices and the reasoning behind decisions. The key findings show that GPT exhibits behaviours similar to human responses, such as making positive offers and rejecting unfair ones in the ultimatum game, along with conditional cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma. The study explores how prompting GPT with traits of fairness concern or selfishness influences its decisions. Notably, the "fair" GPT in the ultimatum game tends to make higher offers and reject offers more frequently compared to the "selfish" GPT. In the prisoner's dilemma, high cooperation rates are maintained only when both GPT players are "fair". The reasoning statements GPT produces during gameplay reveal the underlying logic of certain intriguing patterns observed in the games. Overall, this research shows the potential of GPT as a valuable tool in social science research, especially in experimental studies and social simulations.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 10 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. A game theory for foundation models shows new paths to rational cooperation through similarity inference

    cs.AI 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Foundation-model agents that plan by predicting both the world and themselves can rationally cooperate in one-shot social dilemmas by inferring behavioral similarity from interaction history.

  2. Do Humans Bargain Differently with AI? Evidence from Alternating-Offer Games

    econ.GN 2026-08 reject novelty 6.0 of 10

    Humans make lower opening offers to AI than to humans in an alternating-offer bargaining game, and accept more unfair AI offers when the AI's payoff feeds into their own payment.

  3. From Digital Distrust to Codified Honesty: Experimental Evidence on Generative AI in Credence Goods Markets

    econ.GN 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    LLM experts in credence goods markets reduce efficiency and consumer surplus unless liability or transparent prosocial objectives operate, and expert delegation with transparent objectives can outperform human-only markets.

  4. The Effect of State Representation on LLM Agent Behavior in Dynamic Routing Games

    cs.AI 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    In a repeated Braess routing game, LLM agents given summarized, regret-based, and own-action-only state representations converge closer to Nash equilibrium and behave more stably than agents given full chat transcript...

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