LCODE: Quasistatic code for simulating long-term evolution of three-dimensional plasma wakefields

A recently developed three-dimensional version of the quasistatic code LCODE has a novel feature that enables high-accuracy simulations of the long-term evolution of waves in plasma wakefield accelerators. Equations of plasma particle motion are modified to suppress clustering and numerical heating of macroparticles, which otherwise occur because the Debye length is not resolved by the numerical grid. The previously observed effects of premature wake chaotization and wavebreaking disappear with the modified equations.