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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Can We Count on LLMs? The Fixed-Effect Fallacy and Claims of GPT-4 Capabilities

As of 16 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 0 of 0 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2409.07638.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2409.07638 v2

Coverage vector

measured 0 of 0 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 2 of 2 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T18:28:05.986091Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-17T20:10:10.893106Z

Reference resolution

0 of 0 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact0
  • verified fuzzy0
  • unresolved0
  • parse uncertain0
  • malformed identifier0
  • metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

No outbound reference observations are available for this paper version.

Pith citing papers

Observation bc094281-2c2e-46c4-8276-59ad2a799214 · inbound

LLM-Based Social Simulations Require a Boundary cites this paper.

LLM-Based Social Simulations Require a Boundary Can We Count on LLMs? The Fixed-Effect Fallacy and Claims of GPT-4 Capabilities

Reference 2024

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:28:05.986091Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-15T18:28:05.986091Z digest=sha256:234001d09f6945519554b50e752e812a418c4aee36f2148f014ae183aa6e3904

Observation b229e34a-868d-462b-bf79-b1b3bb2472b8 · inbound

Understanding Counting Mechanisms in Large Language and Vision-Language Models cites this paper.

Understanding Counting Mechanisms in Large Language and Vision-Language Models Can We Count on LLMs? The Fixed-Effect Fallacy and Claims of GPT-4 Capabilities

Reference 2

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-17T20:10:10.895543Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-17T20:10:01.277804Z digest=sha256:f49240a758e36edd74ff67e6a91112422de8c9fb64bdd8959d9800545939ef11