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A curious dynamical system in the plane

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arxiv 2409.08961 v2 pith:JBIDFTPW submitted 2024-09-13 math.DS

classification math.DS
keywords alphaperiodicsignssystemvalueabsolutedynamicalnumbers
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abstract

For any irrational $\alpha > 0$ and any initial value $z_{-1} \in \mathbb{C}$, we define a sequence of complex numbers $(z_n)_{n=0}^{\infty}$ as follows: $z_n$ is $z_{n-1} + e^{2 \pi i \alpha n}$ or $z_{n-1} - e^{2 \pi i \alpha n}$, whichever has the smaller absolute value. If both numbers have the same absolute value, the sequence terminates at $z_{n-1}$ but this happens rarely. This dynamical system has astonishingly intricate behavior: the choice of signs in $z_{n-1} \pm e^{2 \pi i \alpha n}$ appears to eventually become periodic (though the period can be large). We prove that if one observes periodic signs for a sufficiently long time (depending on $z_{-1}, \alpha$), the signs remain periodic for all time. The surprising complexity of the system is illustrated through examples.

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  1. Approximately Jumping Towards the Origin

    math.PR 2024-12 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    For i.i.d. uniform random directions on the sphere, the greedy sign choice has a unique invariant radial measure with mean sqrt(pi)/2 * Gamma((d+1)/2)/Gamma(d/2) ~ sqrt(pi d/8).

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