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Hot Subdwarf Stars
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Hot subdwarf (SD) stars are the stripped cores of red giant stars in transition to the white dwarf sequence. The B-type subdwarfs (sdB) are powered by helium fusion in the core, more evolved ones (sdO) by shell burning. Low mass SDs may evolve through this stage without any support by nuclear fusion. Because the loss of the giants' envelopes is likely caused by mass transfer in binaries, hot SDs are test beds for close-binary evolution through stable and unstable Roche lobe overflow, common envelope formation and ejection as well as mergers. Many classes of hot SDs can be identified according to surface composition, binarity, magnetism, pulsation characteristics and population membership, including members of globular clusters. Observed binaries show a wide spread of orbital periods from 20 minutes to more than 1,000 days with white dwarf or main sequence companions. The closest systems qualify as type Ia supernova progenitors and LISA detectable gravitational wave sources. High-precision light curves from Kepler and TESS combined with radial velocity curves are used to derive masses, while asteroseismology adds information on the internal structure, slow rotation, and synchronization. Gaia's parallax measurements now allow us to place the stars in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and derive stellar parameters by combining them with multi-band photometry. The stellar radius can be determined to high precision this way. Newton's law can then be used to derive masses if accurate surface gravities are available. Large-scale spectroscopic surveys will provide atmospheric parameters for large samples of stars, allowing the mass distributions for the diverse subtypes to be established. These are crucial for testing binary synthesis models and constraining poorly known parameters such as the common envelope efficiency as well as the critical threshold mass-ratio for mass transfer stability.
Forward citations
Cited by 7 Pith papers
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Reframing the Wide Eccentric Binary Problem: Eccentricity as a Probe of Mass-transfer Physics
Eccentric mass transfer via the new GeMT model accounts for the eccentric orbits of wide sdB+MS binaries as a direct consequence of mass-transfer physics.
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Reframing the Wide Eccentric Binary Problem: Eccentricity as a Probe of Mass-transfer Physics
Eccentric mass transfer under the GeMT framework naturally yields the observed eccentricities and orbital-parameter correlations of wide sdB+MS binaries, making eccentricity a probe of mass-transfer physics.
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Evidence for neutron capture in heavy-metal hot subdwarfs: Far-UV spectroscopy of EC22536-5304 and LSIV-14 116
Far-UV spectroscopy of two hot subdwarfs reveals extreme heavy-element enrichments with patterns matching i-process nucleosynthesis, indicating self-enrichment rather than diffusion.
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Toward 3D orbits of wide sdO/B binaries I. Six composite systems spatially resolved with VLTI/GRAVITY
VLTI/GRAVITY spatially resolved six wide sdO/B+MS binaries, yielding 1-8% precise projected separations of 1-3 au — the first interferometric sample toward 3D orbits and model-independent masses.
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Mergers via failed common envelope as a route towards intermediate-mass stripped stars
Failed common envelope mergers yield 6-14 solar mass stripped stars consistent with long-lived core He-burning objects that appear single or in wide binaries from hierarchical triples.
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Spectroscopic follow-up of hot subdwarf variables found in ZTF -- Atmospheric and fundamental properties of radial-mode sdB pulsators
ZTF-discovered radial-mode sdB pulsators have mean Teff of 28,300 K and log g of 5.56, placing them at the boundary between V361 Hya and V1093 Her classes with canonical masses and distinguishing them from blue large-...
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Discovery and Characterization of White Dwarf-FGK Main-Sequence Binaries within the Optical Main-Sequence Locus
654 WD-FGK binaries cataloged with mostly low-mass hot white dwarfs formed via binary interactions.
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