Independent perceptual process of microscopic texture and surface shapes through lateral resistive force cues

Macroscopic surface shapes, such as bumps and dents, as well as microscopic surface features, like texture, can be identified solely through lateral resistive force cues when a stylus moves across them. This perceptual phenomenon has been utilized to advance tactile presentation techniques for surface tactile displays. However, the effects on shape recognition when microscopic textures and macroscopic shapes coexist have not been thoroughly investigated. This study reveals that macroscopic surface shapes can be recognized independently of the presence of microscopic textures. These findings enhance our understanding of human perceptual properties and contribute to the development of tactile displays.