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REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 90 references

Carl Wirtz' article from 1924 in Astronomische Nachrichten on the radial motions of spiral nebulae

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-12 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read A review argues that Carl Wirtz's 1924 paper, not Hubble's 1929 work, is the true starting point of observational cosmology.

desk verdict A genuinely useful translation of Wirtz's 1924 paper, a plausible but overstated priority claim, and an off-message cosmology polemic that should be trimmed. read the letter →

arxiv 2411.09606 v1 pith:CP4F7AAH submitted 2024-11-14 physics.hist-ph astro-ph.CO

Tom Richtler This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.hist-phastro-ph.CO
keywords historyofastronomyCarlWirtzcosmologicalredshiftdeSitteruniverseexpandingobservationalcosmologyHubblespiralnebulae
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This review argues that Carl Wirtz's 1924 paper 'De Sitter's cosmology and the radial motion of spiral galaxies' should be recognized as the first cosmological interpretation of galaxy redshifts: Wirtz used 42 spiral-nebula radial velocities to show that redshift increases with distance, exactly as de Sitter's model predicted via time dilation. If correct, the standard historical credit for the discovery of the expanding Universe shifts from Hubble's 1929 paper to Wirtz, and Hubble's later silence about Wirtz becomes a notable omission. The review also provides an English translation of the original German article and uses the centenary to argue that cosmology still lacks a consistent account of the Universe's evolution. The claim rests on the correlation between radial velocity and angular diameter in Wirtz's table, with the author acknowledging that Wirtz's own understanding was diffuse.

What carries the argument

The key object is the correlation table and triangular (V-shaped) scatter diagram in Wirtz's 1924 paper, built from 42 spiral nebulae with radial velocities and photographic major axes. Wirtz uses apparent diameter ($\log D_m$) as a stand-in for distance, and the bounding 'hypotenuse' of the V-shaped distribution, $v(\mathrm{km/s}) = 2200 - 1200 \times \log D_m$, as the relation for the largest nebulae, from which a tenfold increase in distance corresponds to a 1200 km/s larger redshift. The de Sitter world model supplies the theoretical engine: a redshift that grows with distance through the metric component $g_{44}$, i.e., the slowing down of distant natural clocks. This machinery turns a noisy scatter plot into a claim that radial motion increases 'considerably' with distance.

What would settle it

A concrete test would be to re-analyse Wirtz's 42 objects with modern distances and a model of his V-shaped selection boundary; if the correlation between radial velocity and angular diameter disappears or flips sign once selection limits are accounted for, the observational basis for Wirtz's cosmological interpretation collapses.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that Wirtz's 1924 Astronomische Nachrichten article has the characteristics to count as the starting point of modern observational cosmology. In that article, Wirtz assembled radial velocities for 42 spiral nebulae, mostly measured by Slipher, and plotted them against apparent angular diameter as a distance proxy. He found a correlation ($r = -0.455 \pm 0.122$) in the sense that smaller, hence presumably more distant, nebulae have larger positive radial velocities, and he interpreted this as confirmation of de Sitter's prediction that spectral lines from distant sources are redshifted by time dilation. The reviewer presents an English translation of the article and argues that, despite Wirtz's own conceptual hesitations and the triangular scatter of his data, this is the first cosmological use of galaxy redshifts to indicate a distance-dependent velocity field. He further claims that Hubble knew Wirtz's work well, citing Hubble's 1936 book where Wirtz is called 'the leader in the field.'

Load-bearing premise

The entire historical case rests on the premise that the velocity–diameter trend in Wirtz's 42-object table really reflects a distance–redshift relation and not mainly the selection effect that Wirtz himself described: at large distances only the intrinsically largest nebulae can be measured, so the apparent V-shape could be an artifact.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the claim is correct, historical accounts of the discovery of cosmic expansion must be revised to give Wirtz priority over Hubble for the first cosmological interpretation of redshifts.
  • Wirtz's 1924 paper would stand as the starting point of observational cosmology, preceding Lundmark's and Strömberg's 1925 analyses and Lemaitre's 1927 work.
  • Hubble's 1936 acknowledgment of Wirtz as 'the leader in the field' and his footnote that Wirtz later assumed de Sitter's prediction was verified show that Hubble's silence in 1929 was a significant omission, not ignorance.
  • The 100th anniversary and the English translation in the appendix make Wirtz's argument accessible to a modern audience for re-evaluation.
  • The paper's final suggestion that cosmology still lacks a consistent account of expansion connects Wirtz's early uncertainty to today's tensions in standard cosmology.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • One can test whether Wirtz's hypotenuse relation (1200 km/s per decade of distance) is physically meaningful by comparing it to modern scaling relations for the most luminous spirals; if the modern scaling matches, Wirtz stumbled onto a real distance indicator.
  • The selection-effect critique cuts both ways: the fact that Wirtz saw the V-shape and still extracted a distance–velocity relation suggests that even with strong selection, a genuine cosmological signal could be present, and a modern complete sample could separate the two.
  • The paper's translation in Appendix A is the load-bearing historical document; if any later re-translation shows that Wirtz hedged his conclusion differently, the priority claim would need qualification.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper argues that Carl Wirtz's 1924 article in Astronomische Nachrichten, 'De Sitter's cosmology and the radial motion of spiral galaxies', is the first cosmological interpretation of galaxy redshifts as a time-dilation/expansion effect, that Edwin Hubble knew this work, and that the paper deserves recognition as a starting point of modern observational cosmology. The author provides an English translation of Wirtz's paper in Appendix A, together with a historical narrative situating Wirtz among contemporaries (Silberstein, Lundmark, Strömberg, Friedmann). The second half of the paper (Section 2) broadens into a commentary on perceived challenges to standard cosmology, including the Hubble tension, dark matter, and MOND.

Significance. If the priority claim is sustained, the paper would revise the standard historical credit for the discovery of cosmic expansion, moving the first cosmological interpretation from Lemaître/Hubble to Wirtz. The paper's contribution is to make a relatively inaccessible German primary source available in English and to document Wirtz's earlier work and his reception by Hubble. These are valuable historical services. The claim, however, depends on a delicate reading of Wirtz's own text, which the appendix shows to contain two competing explanations of the velocity–diameter correlation. The paper also extends into a broader 'crisis of cosmology' argument that is not essential to the historical thesis. The significance is therefore real but contingent on the author resolving or carefully qualifying the ambiguity in Wirtz's interpretation.

major comments (3)
  1. [Appendix A / Section 3] The central claim that 'the few numbers in the table in Wirtz's paper may be seen as the first manifestation of one of the greatest discoveries in the history of physics' rests on Wirtz's sentence 'There remains no doubt that the positive radial motion of spiral nebulae increases considerably with increasing distance.' However, the same appendix presents, a few lines later, a contradictory selection-effect interpretation: the triangular V-shape shows that 'in the deep Universe only the absolute largest nebulae with high v are accessible for determination of their radial motions,' so that the v–log Dm relation would be a selection artifact. The author nowhere resolves this contradiction or explains why the cosmological reading should be preferred over the selection reading. Since the priority claim depends on Wirtz having explicitly asserted a distance-dependent redshift, the paper must either analyze Wirtz's own reasoning and the data to decide which interpretation is more justified, or substantially soften the claim to 'first suggestive attempt' rather than 'first cosmological interpretation.'
  2. [Appendix A] The translation's fidelity is unverifiable as presented. The key evidential sentence, 'There remains no doubt...', is given only in English translation, with no German original supplied for comparison, no translator's note on the rendering of modal or hedging constructions (e.g., 'scheint', 'dürfte', 'kein Zweifel'), and no discussion of how ambiguous German formulations were resolved. Because the entire historical argument hangs on the precise wording of Wirtz's claims, the author should provide the original German passage in a footnote or appendix, and describe the translation principles. Without that, the reader cannot assess whether Wirtz's assertion is as categorical as the English suggests.
  3. [Section 1.4 / Section 1.1] The paper asserts that Wirtz's 1924 paper 'has the characteristics to count as the starting point of modern observational cosmology' and that it is the 'first cosmological interpretation of the redshift of galaxies as a time dilation effect and the expansion of the Universe,' yet Section 1.4 discusses Silberstein (1924), Lundmark (1924a), and Strömberg (1925) without establishing a clear comparative criterion. Silberstein also used de Sitter's time dilation and derived a redshift–distance relation, and Lundmark produced the first 'Hubble diagram,' albeit without a recognizable velocity–distance relation. The author should make explicit what precisely makes Wirtz's contribution first: is it the explicit statement of a distance-dependent redshift? The use of angular diameters as distance proxies? The connection to de Sitter's expanding model? As it stands, the priority claim is asserted rather than argued.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Abstract / Section 2] The statement that 'until today there is no consistent/convincing understanding of how the Universe evolved' is far stronger than what Section 2's brief review supports; consider softening to 'there remain open questions' or removing the sentence from the abstract, since the section is not the core of the paper.
  2. [Section 1.5] The claim that 'there is no doubt that Hubble knew Wirtz's 1924 paper' is supported only by Hubble's 1936 book and a footnote; the word 'no doubt' is too strong given the circumstantial evidence, and 'very likely' or 'it is evident' with more discussion would be more appropriate.
  3. [Section 2.4] The MOND paragraph, including the self-citation to Richtler et al. (2024), is peripheral to the Wirtz historical thesis; consider condensing it or moving it to a footnote so that the paper's focus remains on the historical claim.
  4. [References] There are small reference inconsistencies: 'Stromberg' and 'Strömberg' are both used, and the two Duerbeck and Seitter (1990a, 1990b) entries appear identical; please correct these.
  5. [Title page] The header shows 'Received 26 April 2016; Revised 6 June 2016; Accepted 6 June 2016', which is inconsistent with a 2024 arXiv submission; please update the dates or remove them.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No significant circularity is present; the Wirtz priority claim rests on external historical documents, and the only self-citation is peripheral.

full rationale

The paper is a historical-claims essay, not a derivational chain: it argues that Wirtz (1924) contains the first cosmological interpretation of galaxy redshifts by reading Wirtz's published table and regression (r = -0.455) and by citing external sources such as Hubble (1936) and Way (2013). No quantity is fitted to a subset of data and then presented as a prediction; the modern author computes nothing that is fed back into the historical conclusion. The nearest candidate for circular scrutiny is the Appendix A translation, since the priority claim depends on the sentence 'There remains no doubt that the positive radial motion of spiral nebulae increases considerably with increasing distance.' That is an evidentiary question about source fidelity, and the paper explicitly acknowledges Wirtz's understanding was 'diffuse and contradictory'; it does not define Wirtz's status in terms of the claim itself. The only self-citation is Richtler, Salinas, Lane, and Hilker (2024), cited in Section 2.4 for the statement that 'the existence of MONDian phenomenology among galaxies is now well confirmed'; this supports a peripheral aside on present-day cosmology and does not bear on the Wirtz thesis. No uniqueness theorem or ansatz is imported from the author's own prior work. Accordingly the circularity score is low, reflecting one minor self-citation that is not load-bearing.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

This is a historical review rather than a derivation or measurement paper. There are no free parameters or invented entities. The load-bearing assumptions are the fidelity of the translation, the accuracy of the historical descriptions of cited sources, and the representativeness of the selected modern cosmology literature.

assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption The English translation in Appendix A faithfully represents Wirtz's original 1924 German text.
    The translation is the primary new content and the central historical evidence. The paper does not provide the original German side-by-side, so fidelity cannot be checked.
  • domain assumption The cited historical papers (Wirtz 1918, 1922, 1924; Slipher's data; Hubble 1936) are accurately described.
    The argument about Wirtz's priority and Hubble's knowledge rests on these descriptions; errors in reading the sources would change the historical conclusion.
  • domain assumption The modern cosmological claims in Section 2 (no consistent understanding, MOND viability, backreaction effects) accurately reflect the cited literature.
    Section 2 is an interpretive review that selects literature critical of standard cosmology; the strength of the 'crisis' framing depends on the completeness and representativeness of that selection.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Carl Wirtz' article from 1924 in Astronomische Nachrichten on the radial motions of spiral nebulae." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/CP4F7AAH

@misc{pith2026241109606,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Carl Wirtz' article from 1924 in Astronomische Nachrichten on the radial motions of spiral nebulae},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/CP4F7AAH}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2411.09606}
}
read the original abstract

In the year 1924, a paper by Carl Wirtz appeared in Astronomische Nachrichten, entitled 'De Sitter's cosmology and the radial motion of spiral galaxies'. This paper and its author remained largely unnoticed by the community, but it seems to be the first cosmological interpretation of the redshift of galaxies as a time dilation effect and the expansion of the Universe. Edwin Hubble knew Wirtz' publications quite well. The modern reader would find Wirtz' own understanding diffuse and contradictory in some aspects, but that reflected the early literature on nebulae, to which he himself made important contributions. The 100th anniversary provides a good opportunity to present an English transcription to the community, which can be found in the appendix. This anniversary also provokes to ask for the present status of cosmology which many authors see in a crisis. From an observational viewpoint it shall be illustrated that until today there is no consistent/convincing understanding of how the Universe evolved.

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

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