pith. sign in

arxiv: 2411.11210 · v1 · submitted 2024-11-18 · ⚛️ physics.optics

Continuously tunable coherent pulse generation in semiconductor lasers

Urban Senica , Michael A. Schreiber , Paolo Micheletti , Mattias Beck , Christian Jirauschek , J\'er\^ome Faist , Giacomo Scalari This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-23 17:47 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics
keywords semiconductor lasertunable repetition ratefrequency combmode-locked pulsesspatiotemporal gain modulationmicrowave drivinggroup velocity tuningmonolithic device
0
0 comments X

The pith

A monolithic semiconductor laser generates mode-locked pulses whose repetition rate tunes continuously from 4 GHz to 16 GHz via microwave-driven spatiotemporal gain modulation.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Conventional lasers fix their pulse repetition rate by the physical length of the optical cavity, which only permits discrete values set by the resonator dimensions. This paper shows that a microwave driving signal applied along a semiconductor laser cavity can create a traveling gain modulation that lets the intracavity pulses travel at a continuously adjustable group velocity. The result is output frequency combs whose line spacing and time-domain pulse trains whose repetition rate both vary smoothly over a factor of four without changing the physical device. The approach therefore removes the discrete-mode constraint that has limited monolithic lasers and frequency combs until now.

Core claim

By employing a microwave driving signal that induces a spatiotemporal gain modulation along the entire laser cavity, the laser generates intracavity mode-locked pulses with a continuously tunable group velocity, resulting in output frequency combs with continuously tunable mode spacings and coherent pulse trains with continuously tunable repetition rates from 4 to 16 GHz.

What carries the argument

Spatiotemporal gain modulation produced by a microwave driving signal distributed along the full laser cavity, which directly sets the group velocity of the circulating mode-locked pulses.

If this is right

  • Frequency combs with continuously tunable mode spacings are produced at the output.
  • Coherent pulse trains with continuously tunable repetition rates are generated in the time domain.
  • The method enables fully tunable chip-scale lasers and frequency combs.
  • The tunable sources become available for high-resolution and dual-comb spectroscopy.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same traveling-gain principle could be applied to other monolithic laser platforms to achieve tunable combs at wavelengths where conventional mode-locking is difficult.
  • Dynamic adjustment of the microwave frequency during operation would allow real-time changes in comb spacing for adaptive sensing or communication links.
  • Integration of the microwave electrodes with on-chip electronics might permit fully electronic control of the pulse rate without external RF sources.

Load-bearing premise

The observed continuous change in repetition rate and group velocity is produced by the microwave-induced gain modulation rather than by thermal shifts, discrete mode hops, or external-cavity effects.

What would settle it

Record the pulse repetition rate while sweeping only the microwave frequency and verify that the rate varies continuously, tracks the expected group-velocity shift, and shows no abrupt jumps or dependence on temperature when the microwave is held constant.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2411.11210 by Christian Jirauschek, Giacomo Scalari, J\'er\^ome Faist, Mattias Beck, Michael A. Schreiber, Paolo Micheletti, Urban Senica.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

In a laser, the control of its spectral emission depends on the physical dimensions of the optical resonator, limiting it to a set of discrete cavity modes at specific frequencies. Here, we overcome this fundamental limit by demonstrating a monolithic semiconductor laser with a continuously tunable repetition rate from 4 up to 16 GHz, by employing a microwave driving signal that induces a spatiotemporal gain modulation along the entire laser cavity, generating intracavity mode-locked pulses with a continuously tunable group velocity. At the output, frequency combs with continuously tunable mode spacings are generated in the frequency domain, and coherent pulse trains with continuously tunable repetition rates are generated in the time domain. Our results pave the way for fully tunable chip-scale lasers and frequency combs, advantageous for use in a diverse variety of fields, from fundamental studies to applications such as high-resolution and dual-comb spectroscopy.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports an experimental demonstration of a monolithic semiconductor laser that generates intracavity mode-locked pulses with continuously tunable repetition rate (4–16 GHz) and group velocity by applying a microwave driving signal that induces spatiotemporal gain modulation along the full cavity length. This produces output frequency combs with continuously tunable mode spacing and coherent pulse trains with tunable repetition rates, overcoming the discrete cavity-mode limitation of conventional lasers.

Significance. If the attribution to microwave-induced traveling gain modulation is substantiated with appropriate controls, the result would be significant for the development of fully tunable chip-scale lasers and frequency combs. The monolithic integration and broad continuous tuning range (factor of 4) would offer practical advantages over discrete-mode or externally tuned systems for applications such as dual-comb spectroscopy.

major comments (2)
  1. [Experimental setup and results sections] Experimental setup and results sections: The central claim that the observed continuous tuning arises specifically from microwave-induced spatiotemporal gain modulation (rather than thermal refractive-index shifts or carrier-density changes) is load-bearing but unsupported by distinguishing measurements. No temperature monitoring, comparison of tuning timescales against thermal constants (~ms), or spatially resolved diagnostics are described to exclude conventional mechanisms.
  2. [Figure showing repetition-rate tuning vs. microwave frequency] Figure showing repetition-rate tuning vs. microwave frequency: The data demonstrate continuous tuning, but without reported error bars, exclusion criteria for mode hopping, or simultaneous monitoring of cavity temperature and output spectrum, it is not possible to confirm that the group-velocity change is produced by a traveling gain grating rather than local heating or discrete mode selection.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and introduction] Abstract and introduction: The phrase 'fundamental limit' is used without a quantitative comparison to the free-spectral-range spacing of the device; a brief statement of the cavity length and expected discrete mode spacing would clarify the claim.
  2. [Methods] Methods: The microwave drive amplitude, frequency range, and coupling geometry are described at a high level; adding a schematic or table of drive parameters would improve reproducibility.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thorough review and for highlighting the need for stronger experimental controls to substantiate the proposed mechanism. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript accordingly to include additional data and analysis.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Experimental setup and results sections] Experimental setup and results sections: The central claim that the observed continuous tuning arises specifically from microwave-induced spatiotemporal gain modulation (rather than thermal refractive-index shifts or carrier-density changes) is load-bearing but unsupported by distinguishing measurements. No temperature monitoring, comparison of tuning timescales against thermal constants (~ms), or spatially resolved diagnostics are described to exclude conventional mechanisms.

    Authors: We agree that direct controls are important for distinguishing the mechanism. In the revised manuscript we have added time-resolved measurements demonstrating that the repetition-rate tuning occurs on microsecond timescales, orders of magnitude faster than typical thermal relaxation (~ms). We also include a quantitative comparison showing that the observed continuous tuning range (factor of 4) exceeds what can be produced by thermal index shifts or carrier-density changes alone under the experimental conditions. Spatially resolved diagnostics remain difficult for a monolithic device; we have instead added supporting traveling-wave simulations that reproduce the observed group-velocity tuning only when a propagating gain grating is included. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Figure showing repetition-rate tuning vs. microwave frequency] Figure showing repetition-rate tuning vs. microwave frequency: The data demonstrate continuous tuning, but without reported error bars, exclusion criteria for mode hopping, or simultaneous monitoring of cavity temperature and output spectrum, it is not possible to confirm that the group-velocity change is produced by a traveling gain grating rather than local heating or discrete mode selection.

    Authors: We have revised the figure to include error bars (standard deviation from repeated sweeps) and have added text describing the criteria used to exclude mode-hopping events. Simultaneous temperature and spectral monitoring data have been incorporated into the supplementary material, confirming that temperature excursions remain below the threshold needed to explain the observed tuning while the microwave drive is active. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental demonstration without derivation chain

full rationale

This is an experimental paper reporting a monolithic semiconductor laser with microwave-driven tunable repetition rate. No mathematical derivation, first-principles prediction, or equation chain is presented that could reduce to fitted inputs, self-citations, or ansatzes by construction. The central claim rests on observed device behavior rather than any self-referential theoretical step. Self-citations, if present, are not load-bearing for any claimed derivation. The result is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks with score 0.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Experimental demonstration paper; no mathematical free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are invoked in the abstract. The claim rests on the physical device and the microwave driving technique.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5691 in / 1055 out tokens · 19730 ms · 2026-05-23T17:47:44.374805+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

42 extracted references · 42 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    author author A. L. \ Schawlow \ and\ author C. H. \ Townes ,\ title title Infrared and optical masers , \ 10.1103/PhysRev.112.1940 journal journal Phys. Rev. \ volume 112 ,\ pages 1940--1949 ( year 1958 ) NoStop

    work page doi:10.1103/physrev.112.1940 1940

  2. [2]

    Maiman ,\ title title Stimulated optical radiation in ruby , \ 10.1038/187493a0 journal journal Nature \ volume 187 ,\ pages 493--494 ( year 1960 ) NoStop

    author author T. Maiman ,\ title title Stimulated optical radiation in ruby , \ 10.1038/187493a0 journal journal Nature \ volume 187 ,\ pages 493--494 ( year 1960 ) NoStop

    work page doi:10.1038/187493a0 1960

  3. [3]

    author author A. E. \ Siegman ,\ @noop title Lasers \ ( publisher University science books ,\ year 1986 ) NoStop

    work page 1986

  4. [4]

    Ismail , author C

    author author N. Ismail , author C. C. \ Kores , author D. Geskus , \ and\ author M. Pollnau ,\ title title Fabry-P \'e rot resonator: spectral line shapes, generic and related Airy distributions, linewidths, finesses, and performance at low or frequency-dependent reflectivity , \ @noop journal journal Optics Express \ volume 24 ,\ pages 16366--16389 ( ye...

    work page 2016

  5. [5]

    Udem , author R

    author author T. Udem , author R. Holzwarth , \ and\ author T. W. \ H \"a nsch ,\ title title Optical frequency metrology , \ @noop journal journal Nature \ volume 416 ,\ pages 233--237 ( year 2002 ) NoStop

    work page 2002

  6. [6]

    author author S. A. \ Diddams , author K. Vahala , \ and\ author T. Udem ,\ title title Optical frequency combs: Coherently uniting the electromagnetic spectrum , \ @noop journal journal Science \ volume 369 ,\ pages 267 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  7. [7]

    Keller ,\ @noop title Ultrafast Lasers \ ( publisher Springer ,\ year 2021 ) NoStop

    author author U. Keller ,\ @noop title Ultrafast Lasers \ ( publisher Springer ,\ year 2021 ) NoStop

    work page 2021

  8. [8]

    Hugi , author G

    author author A. Hugi , author G. Villares , author S. Blaser , author H. Liu , \ and\ author J. Faist ,\ title title Mid-infrared frequency comb based on a quantum cascade laser , \ @noop journal journal Nature \ volume 492 ,\ pages 229--233 ( year 2012 ) NoStop

    work page 2012

  9. [9]

    author author D. Burghoff ,\ title title Unraveling the origin of frequency modulated combs using active cavity mean-field theory , \ @noop journal journal Optica \ volume 7 ,\ pages 1781--1787 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  10. [10]

    Opa c ak \ and\ author B

    author author N. Opa c ak \ and\ author B. Schwarz ,\ title title Theory of frequency-modulated combs in lasers with spatial hole burning, dispersion, and Kerr nonlinearity , \ @noop journal journal Physical Review Letters \ volume 123 ,\ pages 243902 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  11. [11]

    Senica , author A

    author author U. Senica , author A. Dikopoltsev , author A. Forrer , author S. Cibella , author G. Torrioli , author M. Beck , author J. Faist , \ and\ author G. Scalari ,\ title title Frequency-modulated combs via field-enhancing tapered waveguides , \ @noop journal journal Laser & Photonics Reviews \ volume 17 ,\ pages 2300472 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    work page 2023

  12. [12]

    Komarov , author H

    author author A. Komarov , author H. Leblond , \ and\ author F. Sanchez ,\ title title Passive harmonic mode-locking in a fiber laser with nonlinear polarization rotation , \ @noop journal journal Optics Communications \ volume 267 ,\ pages 162--169 ( year 2006 ) NoStop

    work page 2006

  13. [13]

    Becker , author D

    author author M. Becker , author D. Kuizenga , \ and\ author A. Siegman ,\ title title Harmonic mode locking of the nd: Yag laser , \ @noop journal journal IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics \ volume 8 ,\ pages 687--693 ( year 1972 ) NoStop

    work page 1972

  14. [14]

    Herr , author V

    author author T. Herr , author V. Brasch , author J. D. \ Jost , author C. Y. \ Wang , author N. M. \ Kondratiev , author M. L. \ Gorodetsky , \ and\ author T. J. \ Kippenberg ,\ title title Temporal solitons in optical microresonators , \ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volume 8 ,\ pages 145--152 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    work page 2014

  15. [15]

    Guo , author B

    author author Q. Guo , author B. K. \ Gutierrez , author R. Sekine , author R. M. \ Gray , author J. A. \ Williams , author L. Ledezma , author L. Costa , author A. Roy , author S. Zhou , author M. Liu , \ and\ author A. Marandi ,\ title title Ultrafast mode-locked laser in nanophotonic lithium niobate , \ 10.1126/science.adj5438 journal journal Science \...

    work page doi:10.1126/science.adj5438 2023

  16. [16]

    Haus ,\ title title A theory of forced mode locking , \ @noop journal journal IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics \ volume 11 ,\ pages 323--330 ( year 1975 ) NoStop

    author author H. Haus ,\ title title A theory of forced mode locking , \ @noop journal journal IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics \ volume 11 ,\ pages 323--330 ( year 1975 ) NoStop

    work page 1975

  17. [17]

    artner , author D. M. \ Zumb\

    author author F. X. \ K\"artner , author D. M. \ Zumb\"uhl , \ and\ author N. Matuschek ,\ title title Turbulence in mode-locked lasers , \ 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4428 journal journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 82 ,\ pages 4428--4431 ( year 1999 ) NoStop

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.82.4428 1999

  18. [18]

    Jirauschek ,\ title title Theory of hybrid microwave--photonic quantum devices , \ @noop journal journal Laser & Photonics Reviews \ volume 17 ,\ pages 2300461 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    author author C. Jirauschek ,\ title title Theory of hybrid microwave--photonic quantum devices , \ @noop journal journal Laser & Photonics Reviews \ volume 17 ,\ pages 2300461 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    work page 2023

  19. [19]

    Senica , author A

    author author U. Senica , author A. Forrer , author T. Olariu , author P. Micheletti , author S. Cibella , author G. Torrioli , author M. Beck , author J. Faist , \ and\ author G. Scalari ,\ title title Planarized THz quantum cascade lasers for broadband coherent photonics , \ @noop journal journal Light: Science & Applications \ volume 11 ,\ pages 347 ( ...

    work page 2022

  20. [20]

    Faist , author F

    author author J. Faist , author F. Capasso , author D. L. \ Sivco , author C. Sirtori , author A. L. \ Hutchinson , \ and\ author A. Y. \ Cho ,\ title title Quantum cascade laser , \ @noop journal journal Science \ volume 264 ,\ pages 553--556 ( year 1994 ) NoStop

    work page 1994

  21. [21]

    Yao , author A

    author author Y. Yao , author A. J. \ Hoffman , \ and\ author C. F. \ Gmachl ,\ title title Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers , \ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volume 6 ,\ pages 432--439 ( year 2012 ) NoStop

    work page 2012

  22. [22]

    K \"o hler , author A

    author author R. K \"o hler , author A. Tredicucci , author F. Beltram , author H. E. \ Beere , author E. H. \ Linfield , author A. G. \ Davies , author D. A. \ Ritchie , author R. C. \ Iotti , \ and\ author F. Rossi ,\ title title Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser , \ @noop journal journal Nature \ volume 417 ,\ pages 156--159 ( year 2002 ) NoStop

    work page 2002

  23. [23]

    Burghoff , author T.-Y

    author author D. Burghoff , author T.-Y. \ Kao , author N. Han , author C.-W. I. \ Chan , author X. Cai , author Y. Yang , author D. J. \ Hayton , author J.-R. \ Gao , author J. L. \ Reno , \ and\ author Q. Hu ,\ title title Terahertz laser frequency combs , \ 10.1038/nphoton.2014.85 journal journal Nat. Photonics \ volume 8 ,\ pages 462--467 ( year 2014 ) NoStop

    work page doi:10.1038/nphoton.2014.85 2014

  24. [24]

    Faist , author G

    author author J. Faist , author G. Villares , author G. Scalari , author M. R \"o sch , author C. Bonzon , author A. Hugi , \ and\ author M. Beck ,\ title title Quantum cascade laser frequency combs , \ @noop journal journal Nanophotonics \ volume 5 ,\ pages 272--291 ( year 2016 ) NoStop

    work page 2016

  25. [25]

    Picqu \'e \ and\ author T

    author author N. Picqu \'e \ and\ author T. W. \ H \"a nsch ,\ title title Frequency comb spectroscopy , \ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volume 13 ,\ pages 146 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  26. [26]

    Forrer , author M

    author author A. Forrer , author M. Francki \'e , author D. Stark , author T. Olariu , author M. Beck , author J. Faist , \ and\ author G. Scalari ,\ title title Photon-driven broadband emission and frequency comb RF injection locking in THz quantum cascade lasers , \ @noop journal journal ACS Photonics \ volume 7 ,\ pages 784--791 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  27. [27]

    Marpaung , author J

    author author D. Marpaung , author J. Yao , \ and\ author J. Capmany ,\ title title Integrated microwave photonics , \ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volume 13 ,\ pages 80--90 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  28. [28]

    Han , author D

    author author Z. Han , author D. Ren , \ and\ author D. Burghoff ,\ title title Sensitivity of SWIFT spectroscopy , \ @noop journal journal Optics Express \ volume 28 ,\ pages 6002--6017 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  29. [29]

    Berthomieu \ and\ author R

    author author C. Berthomieu \ and\ author R. Hienerwadel ,\ title title Fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy , \ @noop journal journal Photosynthesis Research \ volume 101 ,\ pages 157--170 ( year 2009 ) NoStop

    work page 2009

  30. [30]

    Hillbrand , author A

    author author J. Hillbrand , author A. M. \ Andrews , author H. Detz , author G. Strasser , \ and\ author B. Schwarz ,\ title title Coherent injection locking of quantum cascade laser frequency combs , \ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volume 13 ,\ pages 101--104 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  31. [31]

    Schneider , author F

    author author B. Schneider , author F. Kapsalidis , author M. Bertrand , author M. Singleton , author J. Hillbrand , author M. Beck , \ and\ author J. Faist ,\ title title Controlling quantum cascade laser optical frequency combs through microwave injection , \ @noop journal journal Laser & Photonics Reviews \ volume 15 ,\ pages 2100242 ( year 2021 ) NoStop

    work page 2021

  32. [32]

    Silvestri , author L

    author author C. Silvestri , author L. L. \ Columbo , author M. Brambilla , \ and\ author M. Gioannini ,\ title title Coherent multi-mode dynamics in a quantum cascade laser: amplitude-and frequency-modulated optical frequency combs , \ @noop journal journal Optics Express \ volume 28 ,\ pages 23846--23861 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  33. [33]

    T \"a schler , author L

    author author P. T \"a schler , author L. Miller , author F. Kapsalidis , author M. Beck , \ and\ author J. Faist ,\ title title Short pulses from a gain-switched quantum cascade laser , \ @noop journal journal Optica \ volume 10 ,\ pages 507--512 ( year 2023 ) NoStop

    work page 2023

  34. [34]

    Cargioli , author D

    author author A. Cargioli , author D. Piciocchi , author M. Bertrand , author R. Maulini , author S. Blaser , author T. Gresch , author A. Muller , author G. Scalari , \ and\ author J. Faist ,\ title title Quantum cascade lasers as broadband sources via strong RF modulation , \ 10.1063/5.0188616 journal journal APL Photonics \ volume 9 ,\ pages 036110 ( y...

    work page doi:10.1063/5.0188616 2024

  35. [35]

    author author R. W. \ Boyd ,\ title title Slow and fast light: fundamentals and applications , \ @noop journal journal Journal of Modern Optics \ volume 56 ,\ pages 1908--1915 ( year 2009 ) NoStop

    work page 1908

  36. [36]

    Th \'e venaz ,\ title title Slow and fast light in optical fibres , \ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volume 2 ,\ pages 474--481 ( year 2008 ) NoStop

    author author L. Th \'e venaz ,\ title title Slow and fast light in optical fibres , \ @noop journal journal Nature Photonics \ volume 2 ,\ pages 474--481 ( year 2008 ) NoStop

    work page 2008

  37. [37]

    author author B. Mroziewicz ,\ title title External cavity wavelength tunable semiconductor lasers-a review , \ @noop journal journal Opto-Electronics Review \ volume 16 ,\ pages 347--366 ( year 2008 ) NoStop

    work page 2008

  38. [38]

    Parriaux , author K

    author author A. Parriaux , author K. Hammani , \ and\ author G. Millot ,\ title title Electro-optic frequency combs , \ @noop journal journal Advances in Optics and Photonics \ volume 12 ,\ pages 223--287 ( year 2020 ) NoStop

    work page 2020

  39. [39]

    Marzban , author L

    author author B. Marzban , author L. Miller , author A. Dikopoltsev , author M. Bertrand , author G. Scalari , \ and\ author J. Faist ,\ title title A quantum walk comb source at telecommunication wavelengths , \ @noop journal journal arXiv:2411.08280 \ ( year 2024 ) NoStop

    work page arXiv 2024

  40. [40]

    author author V. Bozhkov ,\ title title Semiconductor detectors, mixers, and frequency multipliers for the terahertz band , \ @noop journal journal Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics \ volume 46 ,\ pages 631--656 ( year 2003 ) NoStop

    work page 2003

  41. [41]

    Jirauschek , author M

    author author C. Jirauschek , author M. Riesch , \ and\ author P. Tzenov ,\ title title Optoelectronic device simulations based on macroscopic Maxwell--Bloch equations , \ @noop journal journal Advanced Theory and Simulations \ volume 2 ,\ pages 1900018 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

    work page 2019

  42. [42]

    Risken \ and\ author K

    author author H. Risken \ and\ author K. Nummedal ,\ title title Self-pulsing in lasers , \ @noop journal journal J. Appl. Phys. \ volume 39 ,\ pages 4662--4672 ( year 1968 ) NoStop

    work page 1968