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Regularity results for a class of mixed local and nonlocal singular problems involving distance function

T0 review · 1 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-12 · deepseek-v4-flash

Pith's one-line read The paper proves up-to-boundary Hölder and gradient-Hölder regularity for the singular mixed local-nonlocal problem $-\Delta_p u+(-\Delta)_q^s u=f(x)u^{-\delta}$ with $f$ blowing up like $d^{-\beta}$.

desk verdict The global Hölder claim for β+δ>1 is not proved because the local regularity constants blow up near the boundary; the regular-problem results and existence theory are solid enough to merit peer review. read the letter →

arxiv 2411.14217 v2 pith:IWTZHPB7 submitted 2024-11-21 math.AP

classification math.AP MSC 35J7535M1035R11
keywords Mixedlocal-nonlocalequationHölderregularitySingularnonlinearityDistancefunctionExistenceanduniquenessFractionalp-LaplacianBoundarybehaviorQuasilinearelliptic
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper studies positive zero-outside solutions of $-\Delta_p u+(-\Delta)_q^s u=f(x)u^{-\delta}$ in a bounded $C^2$ domain, where $11$, with local gradient-Hölder regularity in all these cases. The paper thereby gives the doubly singular problem a coherent boundary-regularity picture despite the non-homogeneous mixed operator.

What carries the argument

The central object is the distance function $d(x)=\mathrm{dist}(x,\partial\Omega)$, together with barrier functions of the form $w(x)=\Gamma(d(x)+\varepsilon^{1/\tau})^\tau$, where $\tau=(p-\beta)/(p-1+\delta)$. Because $\partial\Omega$ is $C^2$, $d$ is smooth in a boundary neighbourhood, and the paper computes the action of the $p$-Laplacian on these powers exactly, while showing through estimates for fractional powers of distance that the fractional $q$-Laplacian of the truncated barrier is controlled. These barriers produce the boundary behavior of the approximating solutions and support the weak comparison principle. In the interior, gradient Hölder regularity is obtained by comparison with solutions $h$ of a frozen homogeneous problem on each ball; the difference $|u-h|$ is controlled by energy estimates and a nonlocal tail functional that records the contribution of $u$ away from the ball. The singular weight parameter $\beta$ enters through a weighted integrability condition, which is why the comparison principle is stated only for $\beta<2-1/p$.

What would settle it

Take $\Omega$ to be the unit ball, $p=q=2$, $s=1/2$, and $f=d^{-\beta}$ with $\beta+\delta>1$; Theorem 2.31 predicts $u\in C^{0,(2-\beta)/(1+\delta)}(\Omega)$. Computing the boundary quotient $\limsup_{x\to\partial\Omega} u(x)/d(x)^{(2-\beta)/(1+\delta)}$ for the constructed solution—positive and finite if the predicted boundary behavior is exact, zero or infinite if it is not—would settle the boundary-regularity claim.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim, Theorem 2.31, is that for $\beta\in[0,p)$ and $\delta>0$, the weak solution constructed by approximation—or the unique solution when the comparison principle applies—belongs to $C^{1,\sigma}(\Omega)$ for some $\sigma\in(0,1)$ if $\beta+\delta<1$; to $C^{0,\eta}(\Omega)$ for every $\eta\in(0,1)$ if $\beta+\delta=1$; and, if $\beta+\delta>1$, to $C^{0,(p-\beta)/(p-1+\delta)}(\Omega)$ except in the case $\beta=p-q's(p-1+\delta)$, where it belongs to $C^{0,(p-\beta_1)/(p-1+\delta)}(\Omega)$ for every $\beta_1\in(\beta,p)$, with $q'=q/(q-1)$. In the last three cases the solution is also $C^{1,\gamma}$ in the interior. These results rest on a systematic regularity theory for the nonsingular operator $\mathcal{L}u=-\operatorname{div}A(x,\nabla u)+\text{fractional nonlocal term}$: local Hölder regularity when the right-hand side is in $L^n_{\mathrm{loc}}$, local gradient Hölder regularity when it is in $L^d_{\mathrm{loc}}$ with $d>n$, and a boundary $C^{1,\gamma}$ theorem under $0\le f\le Cd^{-\sigma}$ with $\sigma<1$ together with a one-sided bound $0\le u\le Cd^{\epsilon}$. The singular solution is obtained as the increasing limit of solutions with $u^{-\delta}$ replaced by $(u+\varepsilon)^{-\delta}$, and its boundary behavior is pinned down by distance barriers as $u\asymp d^{(p-\beta)/(p-1+\delta)}$, with different powers when $\beta+\delta\le1$.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise for the uniqueness and comparison part is that the singular weight is integrable enough at the boundary for a weighted inequality of Hardy type to apply, and this holds only when $\beta<2-1/p$; if that condition fails, the proof still gives existence and regularity but does not select a unique solution.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • When the weight is bounded at the boundary ($\beta=0$) and $\delta<1$, every weak solution is $C^{1,\sigma}$ up to the boundary, not merely interior.
  • At $\beta+\delta=1$ the solution is Hölder continuous up to the boundary with every exponent below $1$, while its gradient is Hölder continuous in the interior; this almost-Lipschitz boundary regularity is obtained without requiring the solution to be in the energy space.
  • For $\beta+\delta>1$ the boundary Hölder exponent equals the power appearing in the boundary behavior $u\asymp d^{(p-\beta)/(p-1+\delta)}$, so the Hölder and boundary-behavior statements are mutually consistent.
  • Existence is sharp in $\beta$: no weak solution exists for $\beta\ge p$, and the Sobolev-regularity theorem says exactly when $u$, or a power $u^\theta$, belongs to $W^{1,p}_0(\Omega)$.
  • As a direct application, the singular perturbed problem $-\Delta_p u+(-\Delta)_q^s u=\lambda u^{-\delta}+b(x,u)$ with critical growth in $b$ has solutions in $C^{1,\sigma}(\Omega)$ when $\delta<1$ and $\beta=0$.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The exponent $(p-\beta)/(p-1+\delta)$ is likely sharp: the proved lower and upper distance bounds have exactly this power, and boundary Hölder regularity cannot in general improve beyond the power governing the boundary behavior; a radial model would make this testable.
  • The restriction $\beta<2-1/p$ in the uniqueness statement probably reflects the method rather than the phenomenon, since existence and boundary behavior are established for all $\beta<p$; a comparison argument that avoids the weighted integrability step might extend uniqueness to the full range.
  • The interior regularity estimates are developed for a broad class of operators and for solutions only locally in $W^{1,p}$, so they could be reused for other singular, critical, or lower-order problems without repeating the distance-barrier construction.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

1 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper studies the mixed local-nonlocal quasilinear singular problem -Δ_p u + (-Δ)_q^s u = f(x)u^{-δ} in Ω, u=0 outside Ω, where f behaves like dist(x,∂Ω)^{-β}. It develops a local Hölder and gradient Hölder theory for the regular operator, proves up-to-boundary C^{1,γ} regularity under distance-like assumptions, and then applies these tools to the singular problem. The main results claimed are existence for β∈[0,p), uniqueness for β<2-1/p, boundary behavior with explicit rates depending on β+δ, optimal Sobolev regularity, non-existence for β≥p, and global Hölder regularity of the solution in Theorem 2.31 with exponents depending on β+δ. The paper is long and detailed, with many estimates following the patterns of [24] and [1].

Significance. If Theorem 2.31 were fully established, the paper would deliver a substantial result: up-to-boundary Hölder and interior gradient Hölder regularity for a doubly singular mixed local-nonlocal problem. The local regularity theorems (Theorems 2.17-2.20), the barrier constructions for boundary behavior, the comparison principle in its valid range, and the non-existence result are useful contributions that are likely to be of independent interest. The proof of the global Hölder claim, however, contains a genuine gap in the transition from local Hölder estimates to the boundary, and the uniqueness statement in Theorem 2.31 is broader than what is proved. These issues concern the central advertised results and need to be repaired before the paper can be accepted.

major comments (1)
  1. [Theorem 2.31 vs. Theorem 2.28] Theorem 2.31 is stated for all β∈[0,p) and refers to 'the unique solution' of problem (2.13), but uniqueness is proved in Theorem 2.28 only under the additional assumption β<2-1/p. The restriction enters in Section 7.1, equation (7.39), where Hardy's inequality is used to show that the operator J_m is well-defined; this requires (1-β)p/(p-1)>-1, i.e. β<2-1/p. Without this condition, no comparison principle is established. Therefore the phrase 'the unique solution' in Theorem 2.31 is not justified for β∈[2-1/p,p). The theorem should either be restricted to the range where uniqueness is proved or the uniqueness statement should be reformulated as an open problem for the remaining range.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Theorem 2.31(ii)] The theorem states 'u∈C^{0,η}(Ω) for all σ∈(0,1)', but the exponent should be η; the symbol σ is inconsistent with the notation η used in the same sentence.
  2. [Section 1, Introduction] Line: 'we aim to we study Hölder regularity results' contains a typo; it should read 'we aim to study'.
  3. [Section 7.4, Case (I)] The sentence 'set 64R=d(x)' is ambiguous; it should read 'set R=d(x)/64' to make clear that B_R(x) is a ball of radius R contained in Ω.
  4. [Abstract and Introduction] The abstract says regularity is obtained 'albeit with different exponents depending on β+δ', but it does not mention that the uniqueness theorem is conditional on β<2-1/p; this limitation should be stated in the abstract or at least in the introduction.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the claimed regularity and existence results are derived from structural hypotheses and independent prior regularity theory, not from their own conclusions.

full rationale

The derivation chain is not circular. Sections 3–6 establish local and boundary regularity for the regular problem using independent results of De Filippis–Mingione [24], Antonini–Cozzi [1], Giacomoni–Kumar–Sreenadh [35], and Arora–Giacomoni–Warnault [2]; these works are not authored by the present authors, and the paper verifies their hypotheses rather than assuming the desired conclusion. The singular problem is then treated by approximation: Theorem 2.27 produces a solution in the conical shell via barrier functions and comparison, Theorem 2.28 proves uniqueness via a genuine comparison-principle argument requiring the Hardy condition β < 2 − 1/p, and Theorem 2.31 combines the boundary pointwise bound with local Hölder regularity. The conical shell bounds are pointwise estimates, not Hölder seminorms, so the claimed Hölder regularity does not reduce by definition to the boundary behavior. The only self-citation, [4], is contextual and not load-bearing. The skeptical concern about the proof of Theorem 2.31 in §7.4 — that the local Hölder constants from Theorem 2.19(a) may blow up as R → 0 when β + δ > 1 — is a potential correctness gap, not a circularity; nothing in that step is fitted, renamed, or justified solely by a self-citation.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The paper introduces no fitted constants and no new physical or mathematical entities. It relies on the stated structural assumptions on the domain, the source term, and the operator, together with standard function-space tools and cited regularity theorems.

assumptions (5)
  • domain assumption Omega is a bounded C^2 domain and the distance function d is C^2 in a neighborhood of the boundary.
    Used to construct C^2 barriers and apply the Hopf lemma; stated in Section 2 and used throughout Section 7.
  • domain assumption f satisfies the two-sided bound c1 d(x)^{-beta} <= f(x) <= c2 d(x)^{-beta} in Omega_rho, with beta in [0,p).
    This comparability, equation (2.14), drives the boundary behavior exponents, the existence threshold, and the non-existence theorem.
  • domain assumption The kernel B and monotone function Phi satisfy the structural conditions (2.6)-(2.9); for the model operator B=1 and Phi(t)=|t|^{q-2}t.
    Needed for local boundedness, Hölder estimates, and the comparison principle for the general operator L.
  • standard math The regularity results of De Filippis-Mingione [24] and the boundary regularity of Antonini-Cozzi [1] are taken as valid.
    Several key estimates are cited from these works rather than reproved, for example Lemma 4.3 and the boundary arguments in Section 6.
  • standard math The Hardy inequality and fractional Sobolev embeddings are applied under the stated parameter restrictions.
    Used in Lemma 7.2, Theorem 2.29, and Theorem 2.30; the uniqueness argument in Section 7.1 specifically requires beta < 2 - 1/p.

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Pith. "Pith review of Regularity results for a class of mixed local and nonlocal singular problems involving distance function." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/IWTZHPB7

@misc{pith2026241114217,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Regularity results for a class of mixed local and nonlocal singular problems involving distance function},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/IWTZHPB7}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2411.14217}
}
abstract

We investigate the following mixed local and nonlocal quasilinear equation with singularity given by \begin{eqnarray*} \begin{split} -\Delta_pu+(-\Delta)_q^s u&=\frac{f(x)}{u^{\delta}}\text { in } \Omega, \\u&>0 \text{ in } \Omega,\\u&=0 \text { in }\mathbb{R}^n \backslash \Omega; \end{split} \end{eqnarray*} where, \begin{equation*} (-\Delta )_q^s u(x):= c_{n,s}\operatorname{P.V.}\int_{\mathbb{R}^n}\frac{|u(x)-u(y)|^{q-2}(u(x)-u(y))}{|x-y|^{n+sq}} d y, \end{equation*} with $\Omega$ being a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ with $C^2$ boundary, $1<q\leq p<\infty$, $s\in(0,1)$, $\delta>0$ and $f\in L^\infty_{\mathrm{loc}}(\Omega)$ is a non-negative function which behaves like $\mathbf{dist(x,\partial \Omega)^{-\beta}}$, $\beta\geq 0$ near $\partial \Omega$. We start by proving several H\"older and gradient H\"older regularity results for a more general class of quasilinear operators when $\delta=0$. Using the regularity results we deduce existence, uniqueness and H\"older regularity of a weak solution of the singular problem in $W_{\mathrm{loc}}^{1,p}(\Omega)$ and its behavior near $\partial \Omega$ albeit with different exponents depending on $\beta+\delta$. Boundedness and H\"older regularity result to the singular equation with critical exponent were also discussed.

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