Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models

As of 15 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 34 of 34 outbound references and 7 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2412.03025.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2412.03025 v1

Coverage vector

measured 34 of 34 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.175482Z

measured 41 of 41 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00

measured 7 of 7 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T13:45:58.603386Z

measured 1 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Reference resolution

34 of 34 outbound references displayed

verified exact2
verified fuzzy1
unresolved31
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

0
arxiv_reference, observed 2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817Z

Outbound references

Observation c3c1dc99-3bc1-43cd-8f83-8fd3721f0151 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.354762Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 11c059cb-367d-4106-b36b-238765416f95 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:44.234182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 6a1169cd-2837-439e-a66c-9d3571b92c02 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.745437Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cae2f2a6-3417-48ca-913a-57f1e3f8080d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:44.223306Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 18ee83bc-1abc-432c-89ce-051aac9e8ff0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.753690Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 90a16686-5980-4d0c-b051-bba60974e898 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.757601Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 98128b9b-a48f-4c10-9f94-96059b3c4f10 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.761536Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2c40bbc3-9ebb-4aef-b2ed-bd8fe7352bb5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:44.189723Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 671dc161-e1f1-4eea-855e-0ad92e4f911e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:44.111505Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation a79e2511-3ca9-4e7a-822b-6abea3d259b5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.977594Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation b60e66fb-09ab-42cb-a0c5-0fd35109fe03 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.775585Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fd45aee0-0451-4e7a-b99a-aacdda03a8b5 · outbound

This paper cites How Close is ChatGPT to Human Experts? Comparison Corpus, Evaluation, and Detection.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models How Close is ChatGPT to Human Experts? Comparison Corpus, Evaluation, and Detection

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.780118Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 52b36fbb-76f6-4d53-b833-dba0b7b0fc8e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.965186Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e3f9aa4a-fab7-4dd0-899d-fa4e4e8b391d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.787726Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4390eb00-b39a-4c5b-ba0d-e0e9199d8c86 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.791678Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7b170a6a-b9fd-485e-b7bd-b79168d7fae2 · outbound

This paper cites Stylometric Detection of AI-Generated Text in Twitter Timelines.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Stylometric Detection of AI-Generated Text in Twitter Timelines

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.795394Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4581eb26-ff52-4927-b248-26bcc428edbf · outbound

This paper cites Lee and Jason Lee.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Lee and Jason Lee

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.953370Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 7a5e1d68-f33f-4c71-94d3-00d410036cc2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.806622Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7f84ff20-14a5-43db-9c29-76188e284884 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.810490Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f4602bd7-c295-400f-b559-e630b7a4b51f · outbound

This paper cites AI vs. Human -- Differentiation Analysis of Scientific Content Generation.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models AI vs. Human -- Differentiation Analysis of Scientific Content Generation

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.815164Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cb7ffdfd-19d4-46f7-8818-89d917029de3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.827109Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 253bcfd0-c8f2-4cdf-9718-1e14c9286878 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.867956Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d09d088c-2d8f-442e-b3b5-240ff92fe6fb · outbound

This paper cites Mohammad and Peter D.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Mohammad and Peter D

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.915055Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cd83e11a-cbae-4cae-8830-e6036a20ab08 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:42.973772Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 440b640a-fbc8-434f-a70c-75b12b2eeeaf · outbound

This paper cites Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.081091Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 135bd763-b944-4b87-926a-ec948c8c1b13 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.906612Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 416cca34-a60f-46b6-8924-9d916c604bf7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.862334Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 4582f5ab-027f-4c3b-9668-9867f1dbfa8f · outbound

This paper cites An Investigation of Supervised Learning Methods for Authorship Attribution in Short Hinglish Texts using Char & Word N-grams.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models An Investigation of Supervised Learning Methods for Authorship Attribution in Short Hinglish Texts using Char & Word N-grams

Reference 28

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.481657Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation e72b3c3c-a303-4b00-84c2-21d21626a58a · outbound

This paper cites Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Models.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Models

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.152913Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e65b0030-3492-49f2-8329-84c8117d6749 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.159116Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7b61377c-c2d9-4700-83ea-c3bf7ddfbdaf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.711482Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 1ed90031-350f-408d-bb34-d55438c55bc9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.167795Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 88f99448-7858-447c-aca8-03ad0cce0c0f · outbound

This paper cites online" 'onlinestring :=.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models online" 'onlinestring :=

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.171233Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9cb08ae6-f361-4a5b-b0de-592a68938fce · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models write newline

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-11T22:53:43.175482Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation a5e72460-bcb6-4b7c-b8a7-f77f325811cf · inbound

Modeling Professionalism in Expert Questioning through Linguistic Differentiation cites this paper.

Modeling Professionalism in Expert Questioning through Linguistic Differentiation Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T13:45:58.603386Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c00c6c00-2e9b-4a02-9d0e-5e3b7d5d1d8b · inbound

Interpretable Stylistic Variation in Human and LLM Writing Across Genres, Models, and Decoding Strategies cites this paper.

Interpretable Stylistic Variation in Human and LLM Writing Across Genres, Models, and Decoding Strategies Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models

Reference 8

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-10T12:50:24.970560Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation d32e868d-b9de-4e74-8991-9fd565adc606 · inbound

Directional Alignment and Narrative Agency in Human-LLM Co-Writing cites this paper.

Directional Alignment and Narrative Agency in Human-LLM Co-Writing Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models

Reference 6

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T21:21:13.958039Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation c6cc6c31-ce98-4df7-91c3-c68ff9a168a1 · inbound

What Are LLMs Doing to Scientific Communication? Measuring Changes in Writing Practices and Reading Experience cites this paper.

What Are LLMs Doing to Scientific Communication? Measuring Changes in Writing Practices and Reading Experience Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models

Reference 15

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-20T06:08:04.951878Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 907f7d0c-4d5c-4555-aeec-8a6c5391afdd · inbound

Self-Training Doesn't Flatten Language -- It Restructures It: Surface Markers Amplify While Deep Syntax Dies cites this paper.

Self-Training Doesn't Flatten Language -- It Restructures It: Surface Markers Amplify While Deep Syntax Dies Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models

Reference 29

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-21T05:49:41.085562Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation a9019eba-3660-4b27-8223-521b0c575055 · inbound

How Human-Like Are Large Language Models? A Register-Aware Linguistic Evaluation Framework cites this paper.

How Human-Like Are Large Language Models? A Register-Aware Linguistic Evaluation Framework Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models

Reference 80

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-25T04:25:19.105570Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.

Observation 84fae78e-2eab-45aa-8e75-b385d4ea67f4 · inbound

Can Crowdsourcing Survive the LLM Era? A Community Survey on Human Data Collection cites this paper.

Can Crowdsourcing Survive the LLM Era? A Community Survey on Human Data Collection Human Variability vs. Machine Consistency: A Linguistic Analysis of Texts Generated by Humans and Large Language Models

Reference 30

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-28T06:21:42.789716Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-15T06:32:42.880941+00:00.