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Ubiquitous Small-scale EUV Upflow-Like Events above Network Regions Observed by the Solar Orbiter/Extreme Ultraviolet Imager

T0 review · 4 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-11 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read The paper reports that 59 small-scale EUV upflow-like events in the quiet Sun, moving at an average apparent speed of 62 km s$^{-1}$ with lifetimes of 68.6 s, are outward plasma ejections from network regions that likely correspond to…

desk verdict A useful first statistical sample of EUV upflow-like events, honestly labeled, but the plasma-vs-wave question is open and needs a dedicated test before spicule/coronal-heating conclusions harden. read the letter →

arxiv 2412.13444 v1 pith:4XZVYHXO submitted 2024-12-18 astro-ph.SR

Yadan Duan , Hechao Chen , Zhenyong Hou , Zheng Sun , Yuandeng Shen This is my paper · ORCID
classification astro-ph.SR
keywords QuietSunEUVupflowsspiculesnetworkjetsSolarOrbiterEUIcoronalheatingtransitionregionsmall-scale
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Using Solar Orbiter's 174 Å imager, the paper identifies 59 small-scale EUV upflow-like events in quiet-Sun network regions and argues that they are outward plasma ejections, not just brightness disturbances. The events move at an average apparent speed of 62 km s$^{-1}$, live about 69 s, and travel about 3.9 Mm, with many recurring every ~84 s. They show a bright leading front followed by cooler ejected plasma, no footpoint brightening, and some produce localized haze-like heating ahead of the ejection. The paper concludes that these events are likely the EUV counterparts of chromospheric spicules and transition-region network jets, and that their repetition may heat the localized corona above network lanes. If correct, they provide a direct observational link between small-scale quiet-Sun dynamics and coronal heating.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing observational objects are the EUV upflow-like events themselves: short-lived, collimated 174 Å brightness features with a bright leading front and a following dark ejection, moving along magnetic field lines. The analysis tools are time-distance (space-time) diagrams along the ejection direction, which yield velocity, lifetime, length, and recurrence intervals; the EM-loci emission-measure technique applied to SDO/AIA background-subtracted intensities to estimate bright-front temperature and emission measure; and co-aligned SDO/HMI magnetograms with AIA 1600 Å and Lyα images to establish the network and mixed-polarity environment. This combination lets the paper connect the EUI-only events to known lower-atmosphere phenomena by comparing speeds, lifetimes, lengths, and source-region magnetic settings.

What would settle it

A coordinated spectroscopic observation with a slit crossing one of these events in a transition-region line such as Si IV 1402 Å or Ne VIII 770 Å: if the bright front shows no corresponding Doppler outflow or shows oscillatory line shifts while the apparent transverse motion continues, the features are waves or projection artifacts rather than plasma ejections.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On its own terms, the paper claims that the quiet Sun is filled with small, collimated, outward-moving EUV features that originate at the boundaries of chromospheric network patches, carry plasma of transition-region or coronal temperature (averaging ~$10^{5.5}$ K) at their bright fronts, and often trail cooler material behind them. The measured averages over 59 events — 62 km s$^{-1}$ plane-of-sky speed, 68.6 s lifetime, and 3.94 Mm propagation distance — place these features in the same parameter range as network jets and type II spicules. Since 39% recur and at least 23 of the 29 events with SDO coverage show repeated activity, the paper suggests these are frequent, persistent mass and energy injections into the low corona. Their fine structure, including blob-like features, multi-strand evolution, and haze-like heating ahead of the spire, indicates small-scale heating processes that may contribute to heating the localized corona above network regions.

Load-bearing premise

The central assumption is that the moving 174 Å features are actual plasma blobs or fronts propagating outward along magnetic field lines, rather than apparent motions produced by waves or projection effects; all measured speeds, lifetimes, and distances, and the spicule and network-jet interpretation, rest on that.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If these events are genuine ejections, quiet-Sun upflow-like activity is far more common than previously recognized, with dozens of events visible in just a few minutes of EUI imaging.
  • The ~84 s mean recurrence gap means repeated events deposit energy into the same network-field corona many times per hour, giving a natural mechanism for sustained localized heating.
  • Because the bright fronts reach ~$10^{5.5}$ K and the events arise mainly in mixed-polarity network regions with flux emergence or cancellation, the results link small-scale magnetic reconnection to plasma ejection and heating.
  • The similarity of measured speeds, lifetimes, and lengths to those of type II spicules and network jets supports identifying these EUV events as their coronal counterparts, connecting chromospheric and coronal observations of the same phenomenon.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the event rate seen in these two datasets is typical, the global quiet-Sun contribution of such events to coronal heating and solar-wind mass supply could be estimated by counting events over longer EUI campaigns; the paper does not make that extrapolation.
  • The haze-like heating ahead of the spire suggests the ejected plasma dissipates energy by colliding with or compressing the overlying corona; testing this would require simultaneous temperature and density diagnostics across the front.
  • A direct spectroscopic test, such as a slit crossing one of these events in Si IV or Ne VIII, could confirm that the apparent motions correspond to true line-of-sight outflows, separating them from wave-like disturbances.
  • The unipolar cases (24%) point to a second driver that does not require flux cancellation, such as p-mode leakage or ambipolar diffusion; comparing the two subpopulations could clarify whether they are one phenomenon with two triggers.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper reports a statistical study of 59 small-scale EUV features observed by Solar Orbiter/EUI in the 174 Å channel, terming them “EUV upflow-like events.” Using time-distance plots, the authors derive average plane-of-sky velocities of 62 km/s, lifetimes of 68.6 s, and propagation distances of 3.94 Mm; 39% of the events are classified as recurrent. For a subset observed jointly with SDO/AIA, the events occur at network boundaries, often near mixed-polarity photospheric fields, and EM-loci analysis of the bright front gives an average temperature of about 10^5.5 K and EM of about 5.6×10^26 cm^-5. The paper interprets these features as outward plasma ejections—with a hot front followed by cool material—and suggests they may be EUV counterparts of chromospheric spicules and transition-region network jets, possibly contributing to localized coronal heating.

Significance. If the physical interpretation is established, this is a valuable observational result: high-resolution EUI imaging reveals a ubiquitous class of small-scale network-related features whose dynamics and recurrence are not well characterized in earlier work. The paper’s strengths include the use of standard time-distance and EM-loci methods, a modest sample with tabulated measurements, explicit use of the hedged term “upflow-like,” and comparison with prior spicule and network-jet observations. The main significance depends, however, on whether the moving 174 Å intensity features truly represent plasma outflows rather than propagating wave fronts or projection effects, and whether the “cold” trailing component is genuinely cool ejected plasma. These points are not yet demonstrated.

major comments (4)
  1. [Section 3.2, Figures 2–3] The central claim that the observed bright stripes in the 174 Å time-distance plots are bulk plasma outflows is not yet separated from propagating intensity fronts. All velocities are plane-of-sky slopes of brightness features, and no Doppler or spectroscopic diagnostic is used. The average speed of 62 km/s is comparable to the sound speed at the EM-derived front temperature of 10^5.5 K (about 85 km/s for μ=0.6), so a slow-mode magnetoacoustic wave interpretation is quantitatively viable. Because the subsequent “cold plasma ejection” is the paper’s main discriminator for mass motion, the authors should either provide quantitative evidence that the trailing dark feature is persistent, non-oscillatory, and moves in a way incompatible with waves, or explicitly restrict the conclusion to “apparent” motions and defer the physical interpretation.
  2. [Section 3.4, Figure 7] The identification of a “cold plasma ejection” is not supported by the radiative analysis as presented. The EM-loci calculation is performed only on the bright front, while the dark trailing component is characterized solely by its absence in 174 Å and in several AIA channels. In broadband EUV images, a dark trail can equally be a density depletion, a temperature-minimum region, or a projection artifact, and the paper does not provide a temperature or density constraint on the dark feature. Without such a constraint, the claim that cool chromospheric or transition-region plasma is being ejected, and the resulting spicule/network-jet analogy, is not established. The authors should attempt an EM or filter-ratio diagnostic on the dark component if possible, or present the ejection as a working hypothesis.
  3. [Section 3.1, Table 1, Figure 3] The quantitative basis for the statistical claims is incomplete. Events are selected “by carefully checking all the regions” without a stated objective detection criterion, and the per-event velocities, lifetimes, and lengths from time-distance fits are reported without per-event uncertainties. Consequently, the histograms in Figure 3 show only sample scatter, not measurement error, and the positive correlation between velocity and propagation distance in Figure 3(d) may be influenced by the fitting and selection procedure. Please specify the detection and selection criteria, report uncertainties for each measured quantity (including errors from the linear fit, cadence, and pixel scale), and state clearly whether Table 1 values for recurrent events are averages over repetitions or values from a single event.
  4. [Section 4, Summary] The conclusion that these events “play a role in heating localized corona above the network regions” is not quantitatively supported. The paper presents no energy budget, heat-input estimate, or event-rate per unit area and time; the claim rests mainly on the “haze-like” brightening and the recurrence fraction. If the authors wish to assert a heating role, they should provide at least an order-of-magnitude energy-flux estimate based on the measured velocities, densities, and occurrence rates; otherwise this statement should be explicitly labeled as a speculative extrapolation.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Throughout] Please fix the numerous typos and grammatical errors (e.g., “high-resoltion” in the Abstract; “Diffierent,” “phenonema,” “brith place,” and “macorospicules” in Sections 1 and 4).
  2. [Section 5, Summary item (ii)] The summary item (ii) lists the averaged quantities in an order that disagrees with the text: it reads “velocity, duration, and propagation distance … 68.6 s, 62 km/s, and 3.94 Mm,” which should be “62 km/s, 68.6 s, and 3.94 Mm”.
  3. [Section 4] In the Discussion, the parenthetical for Type II spicule lifetimes reads “lifetimes (50-150 km s^-1),” which appears to be a unit error; lifetimes should be given in seconds.
  4. [Section 3.2, Table 1] Please clarify how recurrent events are represented in Table 1: whether the listed duration, velocity, and length are averages over all repetitions, and how the “Start time” and “Time gap” columns are defined for recurrent events.
  5. [Section 3.4, Figure 6] The “falling motion” of the bright front and dark body mentioned in Section 3.4 is not quantified; please either provide measurements of the falling phase or characterize this as a qualitative impression.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity found: the central measurements are direct imaging observables, and the spicule/network-jet interpretation is a contextual association rather than a derived prediction.

full rationale

The paper's central quantities—apparent velocity (62 km/s), lifetime (68.6 s), and propagation distance (3.94 Mm)—are measured from EUI 174 Å time-distance slopes (Section 3.2), not fitted to a model and then recovered. The EM-loci temperature of the bright front (~10^5.5 K) is obtained by dividing AIA background-subtracted intensities by the temperature response function (Section 3.4), a standard inversion from observed intensities with stated assumptions; the result is not presupposed by the analysis. The comparison with spicules and network jets (Section 4) is an interpretive placement against published values (e.g., Kayshap et al. 2018; Gorman et al. 2022; Tian et al. 2014b), not a derivation that reduces to those references. The few self-citations (Duan et al. 2023; Sun et al. 2024; Hou et al. 2021) are used for contextual comparisons of recurrent behavior or as examples of prior observational categories, and no load-bearing argument depends on an unverified self-cited theorem or uniqueness claim. The paper explicitly flags the unconfirmed nature of the dark-component origin and the blob-driving mechanism, which are limitations rather than circular steps. A possible scientific critique—that the bright fronts could be waves rather than bulk plasma outflows—concerns interpretive correctness and does not constitute circularity of derivation.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No free parameters are fitted in a model sense; velocities, lifetimes, and lengths are direct measurements from time-distance slopes. The analysis rests on standard assumptions about EUV passbands, EM-loci isothermality, and the interpretation of apparent motion as plasma flow. No new physical entities are postulated.

assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption The EUI 174 Å band responds primarily to Fe X (about 1 MK) but also includes transition region lines.
    Used to interpret the bright features as coronal/TR signatures (Section 2, after Petrova et al. 2024).
  • domain assumption The AIA response functions and the EM-loci technique give a meaningful temperature for an isothermal bright front.
    Section 3.4, Figure 7; assumes the bright front is isothermal, a standard but simplifying assumption.
  • domain assumption Apparent plane-of-sky motion in time-distance plots corresponds to actual plasma propagation.
    Section 3.2; the entire statistical analysis relies on this interpretation.
  • domain assumption Cross-correlation alignment between EUI and SDO/AIA (viewing angle ~10 degrees) is accurate enough to place events at network boundaries.
    Section 2; misalignment could alter the source region identification.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Ubiquitous Small-scale EUV Upflow-Like Events above Network Regions Observed by the Solar Orbiter/Extreme Ultraviolet Imager." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/4XZVYHXO

@misc{pith2026241213444,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Ubiquitous Small-scale EUV Upflow-Like Events above Network Regions Observed by the Solar Orbiter/Extreme Ultraviolet Imager},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/4XZVYHXO}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2412.13444}
}
abstract

Universal small-scale solar activity in quiet region are suggested to be a potential source of solar wind and the upper solar atmosphere. Here, with the high-resoltion 174 \AA~imaging observations from the Solar Orbiter/Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI), we investigate 59 EUV upflow-like events observed in the quiet Sun. Their average apparent (plane-of-sky) velocity, lifetime, and propagation distance are measured as 62 $\speed$, 68.6 s and 3.94 Mm, respectively. These upflow-like events exhibit dynamic characteristics but lack base brightening, featuring a hot front and subsequent cold plasma ejection. 39\% of the EUV upflow-like events exhibit recurrent characteristics. Unprecedented high-resolution 174 \AA~observations reveal that some EUV upflow-like events exhibit blob-like fine structures and multi-strand evolutionary features, and some upflow-like events can cause localized haze-like plasma heating ahead of their spire region during the ejection process. A subset of the EUV upflow-like events covered by the Solar Dynamics Observatory reveals that they appear at the chromospheric networks. Through emission measure analysis, we found that these upflow-like events eject hot plasma of transient region or coronal temperature (an average of $\sim$10$^{5.5}$K). We suggest that EUV upflow-like events may be EUV counterparts of chromospheric spicules and/or transition region network jets, and play a role in heating localized corona above the network regions.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.13444 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. The overview of our two datasets. In total, 32 Events FOVs are given, in which 59 upflow-like events can be detected. Six clear cases are shown in panels (c) and (d). The EUV upflow-like events of interest are marked by black arrows. For comparison, adjacent braiding of loops is marked by white arrows in panels (h) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Time-distance plot of selected EUV upflow-like events. (a)−((d)) the slit location; (a-1)−(d-1) original time-distance plot of EUI observation; (a-2)−(d-2) enhanced time-distance plot with high pass filtering [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. (a-c): distributions of the parameters for EUV upflow-like events. In each panel, ‘M’and ‘S’represent the averaged value and standard deviation, respectively. (d): the scatter plot of the relationship between the velocity and the propagation distance for EUV upflow-like events. (e): distributions of velocity for both repeated and non-repeated EUV upflow-like events. (f): distributions of repeated time gap for repeat… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (4 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Fine structure and evolution of EUV upflow-like events shown by three selected examples. (a): the arrows 1, 2 and 3 denote three plasma outward within a EUV upflow-like event. At 17:13:45 UT, the arrow point out a haze-like plasma. (b)−(c): the white arrows denote the …
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The formation environment of EUV upflow-like events. (a-1)−(e-1): EUI 174 ˚A and Lyα images showing five selected examples. (a-2)−(e-2): the corresponding five examples in SDO AIA 171˚A , 1600˚A images and HMI magnetograms. The white arrows denote the orientation of ej…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: The AIA response of three selected EUV upflow-like events. These time-distance images are plotted along the three selected the main axis of EUV upflow-like events. The start and end time of EUI observation are marked by two dashed lines. Li, L., Zhang, J., Peter, H., e…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: The black boxes indicate the region for an EM-loci analysis in the bright front of the two selected upflow-like events in AIA 171, 131, 193, 211˚A in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_7.png]

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Pith tools

Reviewed August 11, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.