Development of large Micromegas readout planes for experiments searching for rare events

Hector Mirallas

REVIEW 3 major objections 4 minor 115 references

Development of large Micromegas readout planes for experiments searching for rare events

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-11 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read This thesis shows that large, low-background readout planes for rare-event searches can be built by tiling modular microbulk Micromegas detectors, and demonstrates the approach with a seven-module prototype plane and a full-size 52-module…

desk verdict A technically honest thesis with two solid new measurements, but the scalability headline is only partially supported: the 7-module prototype was analyzed in selected regions and the 52-module plane uses an untested, different Micromegas technology. read the letter →

arxiv 2412.16313 v1 pith:XBXD24EN submitted 2024-12-20 physics.ins-det physics.app-ph

Hector Mirallas This is my paper · ORCID

classification physics.ins-detphysics.app-ph

keywords Micromegastimeprojectionchamberrare-eventsearcheslow-backgrounddetectorsneutrinolessdoublebetadecayWIMPdarkmattergaseousmicro-patterngas

topics Dark Matter

open problems Dark Matter

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This thesis develops a way to build large readout planes for gas time projection chambers used in rare-event searches, where detector materials must be extremely low in radioactivity. Because single microbulk Micromegas detectors cannot be manufactured larger than 20 by 20 centimeters, the author designs a tiled 'scalable radiopure readout module' (SR2M) and shows, with a seven-module prototype plane, that a mosaic can deliver useful electron transmission, gain, and energy resolution. The same modular concept was scaled to a full-size plane of 52 modules for a neutrinoless double beta decay search, with the detector assembled and awaiting underground installation after surface tests. The thesis also characterizes a single 25 by 25 centimeter Micromegas plane in a high-pressure gas TPC for WIMP dark matter searches, adds a GEM pre-amplification stage to lower the energy threshold, and repurposes the technology as AlphaCAMM, a detector for surface alpha contamination. The unifying claim is that microbulk Micromegas, in modular or large-format form, can meet the size, radiopurity, and threshold demands of next-generation rare-event experiments.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing element is the modular readout tile: a microbulk Micromegas circuit — a copper-polyimide laminate with a thin mesh separated from a segmented anode by a roughly 50-micron amplification gap — fixed to a copper support. Around each active area sit rim electrodes that steer the drift electric field lines so that primary electrons are collected even at the gaps between tiles; simulations show collection efficiencies up to 99.94% with sufficient rim voltages. A second key piece is the face-to-face (FtF) connector, two flexible circuits pressed together through expanded PTFE so that pads make contact without a commercial high-radioactivity connector inside the detector; 804 contacts survived eleven months of temperature cycling with no loss of continuity. For the dark matter detector, the additional mechanism is a GEM (a gas electron multiplier foil) placed above the Micromegas to pre-amplify the charge and thereby reduce the energy threshold.

What would settle it

Take the installed 25 x 25 cm pixelated Micromegas and the 2 cm single-pixel Micromegas used for laboratory calibration, place both in the same gas mixture (Ar + 1% isobutane, 1.5 bar) with the same drift and amplification fields, and compare gain curves and energy resolution at the 22 keV line of a 109Cd source; if the large detector still shows 23-29% FWHM while the small one shows 11-13% FWHM under identical conditions, the transferability assumption is falsified.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that microbulk Micromegas readout planes can be scaled to the sizes required by rare-event experiments without losing their advantage in radioactivity or energy resolution. The paper establishes this through the SR2M module: a 20 x 20 cm2 microbulk circuit mounted on a copper support with a tab that exits the chamber, an electron reintegration system of inner and outer rims that steer drift-field lines away from inter-module dead zones, and, in the second version, a radiopure face-to-face connector that replaces high-radioactivity commercial connectors inside the detector. A seven-module readout plane was commissioned with radioactive sources and achieved useful electron transmission, gain, and energy resolution, and a full-size plane of 52 modules was assembled for the finalized 140 kg double beta decay detector. For the WIMP-search detector, the thesis reports that a 25 x 25 cm2 microbulk Micromegas installed in a 10-bar TPC reproduced the expected gain curve, reached voltages close to the expected maximum before sparking, and achieved a 1–1.5 keV energy threshold, with a GEM-Micromegas system and a new low-radioactivity Micromegas designed to push that threshold lower. A separate demonstrator, AlphaCAMM, applies the same readout technology to detect surface alpha particles.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise, stated in Section 7.2, is that the small Micromegas used for laboratory calibration behaves like the large pixelated one installed in the detector despite a difference in amplification-hole size, and if that small-to-large transfer fails, the chosen operating voltages and expected resolutions are unsupported.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

A readout plane for a ton-scale double beta decay TPC can be built by tiling 52 SR2M modules, reaching a diameter of nearly two meters with signals extracted through a small number of flanges.
The electron reintegration system recovers almost all primary electrons that would otherwise be lost in dead zones between modules: simulations reach 99.94% efficiency, and measurements with the internal rim show only a small loss in the last two millimeters at a modest rim voltage.
Eliminating the external rim and using the face-to-face connector reduced the fraction of dead channels in a seven-module plane from 9.2% to 1.1%, with connection losses removed entirely.
A GEM pre-amplification stage above a Micromegas can lower the energy threshold of a high-pressure gas TPC, which is the path to sensitivity for low-mass WIMPs.
The same readout technology, packaged as AlphaCAMM, provides a low-background detector for surface alpha contamination on detector materials.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the small-to-large transferability assumption holds for the current TREX-DM plane, the same characterization method could be extended to other gas mixtures and pressures, letting future large planes be tuned without building a new prototype for every operating point.
The tiling concept is not tied to microbulk Micromegas: the SR2M-v2 modules already use a thermally bonded mesh-and-circuit construction, suggesting the module design could accommodate whatever radiopure micropattern technology matures next.
The edge-loss behaviour measured with the internal rim implies that the optimal plane-level operating point is a trade-off between collecting charge at the boundaries and preserving track reconstruction in the last millimetres; a dedicated study of this trade-off would determine whether higher rim voltages are worth applying.
AlphaCAMM's emanation-based background model could be turned into a standard screening tool for radiopure materials, extending beyond the specific experiment that motivated it.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

The FtF connector reliability study and the internal-rim charge-collection measurements are the real new content here. 804 contacts over eleven months and six thermal cycles with zero contact loss is a solid, directly measured result; the relaxation data on expanded PTFE and the FEM/Navier cross-check are careful. The internal-rim edge data (Section 5.2.3) quantifies how charge loss at module edges depends on rim voltage and is genuinely useful for anyone designing tiled readout planes. The thesis is honest about the manufacturing defect that removed amplification holes at module edges and about the fact that the external rim was never tested. Citations are handled fairly—prior work is credited and the new measurements are clearly separated.

The soft spot is the scalability headline, and the stress-test concern is correct. The 7-module plane spectrum (Figure 4.11) was obtained by "strategically selecting areas with fewer defective channels" while 9.2% of channels were dead; full-plane response, including the missing-hole edge zones, is not quantified. The 52-module plane is explicitly made with a different technology—thermal bonding at USTC (Section 5.2.4)—whose development and testing are outside the thesis. No gain, resolution, or dead-channel data for that plane appear. So the claim that tiling SR2M modules enables large readout planes is only partially verified: it is supported for microbulk modules in a small tiled prototype with selected analysis, and not at all for the production plane. That does not make the thesis wrong, but the abstract and conclusions overstate what is demonstrated.

A smaller related concern in TREX-DM: the operating point relies on transferring a 2 cm single-pixel laboratory Micromegas (55 µm holes) to the 25x25 cm² pixelated plane (50 µm holes), and the observed 23–29% FWHM resolution versus 11–13% in the small prototype suggests the transfer is less innocent than the thesis assumes. The thesis flags the difference but treats it as negligible; that deserves more scrutiny.

Who this is for: detector instrumentation people working on MPGDs and rare-event TPCs. The FtF connector data is citable. The scalability claim needs to be qualified before it can be used. I would send this to a serious referee, but the referee should require that the production-plane status be stated plainly (it is not part of this work) and that the selective analysis be disclosed in the abstract-level claims.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. This doctoral thesis reports the development of tiled microbulk Micromegas readout planes for two rare-event gaseous TPC experiments. Part I presents the Scalable Radiopure Readout Module (SR2M) for PandaX-III: the module design, the electron reintegration system, a custom feedthrough, a new Face-to-Face (FtF) connector, and two module versions. Commissioning results are shown for a single module and for a 7-module plane; the construction of a 52-module full-size plane is reported. Part II describes the commissioning and optimization of the TREX-DM detector, including a new 25x25 cm² Micromegas, background reduction, energy-threshold studies, and a GEM-Micromegas pre-amplification stage. Part III covers the design, background model, and commissioning of AlphaCAMM, a surface-alpha detector. The overarching claim is that tiling SR2M modules enables the construction of large readout planes for low-background rare-event experiments.

Significance. If the scalability claim is fully established, this work addresses a genuine bottleneck for ton-scale gaseous TPCs in neutrinoless double-beta decay and dark-matter searches. The engineering contributions are concrete and in several places well validated: the FtF connector is supported by an independent FEM-versus-Navier comparison and by 804 direct resistance measurements over eleven months, and the ERS behaviour is studied with Garfield++ simulations. The thesis is also commendably honest about many limitations, including defective channels, manufacturing errors, and the untested status of the full-size plane. However, the central scalability claim is only partially verified: the 7-module plane is characterized with selectively chosen regions and has 9.2% defective channels, while the 52-module full-size plane uses a different Micromegas technology whose performance is not presented. The significance of the work as a standalone demonstration of large-plane usability is therefore currently limited.

major comments (3)

[§4.4] The 7-module plane is the main experimental evidence for the scalability claim, but its full-plane response is not quantified. The text states that the spectra in Fig. 4.11 were obtained by 'strategically selecting areas with fewer defective channels,' and Fig. 4.12 reports 9.2% defective channels. The manufacturing error that left no amplification holes at the module edges, also noted in this section, further reduces the active area and prevented experimental verification of the external rim. Please provide a full-plane efficiency map, the fraction of active area lost to dead zones and defective channels, and the energy resolution obtained with the complete plane, or explicitly restrict the scalability claim to the mechanical tiling rather than to the usable performance of a tiled readout plane.
[§5.2.4] The construction of the 52-module full-size readout plane is reported, but this plane is fabricated with a different Micromegas technology (thermal bonding at USTC [55]) whose development and testing are 'outside the scope of this thesis.' No gain, energy resolution, dead-channel fraction, or tiling-efficiency measurement for this plane is presented. The central scalability claim for the final PandaX-III detector therefore extrapolates from the 7-module microbulk prototype to an untested technology. Please either provide the surface-test results for the 52-module plane or clearly state in the abstract and conclusions that the performance of the full-size plane remains unvalidated.
[§7.2] The TREX-DM operating point is selected using systematic measurements from a 2 cm single-pixel microbulk Micromegas with 55 µm amplification holes [77], while the installed device is a 25x25 cm² pixelated Micromegas with 50 µm holes. The text explicitly assumes 'that the response and behavior of both are similar,' but the measured energy resolution in TREX-DM (23–29% FWHM) is substantially worse than the 11–13% FWHM reported for the small prototypes. This large discrepancy indicates that the transferability assumption is not yet established and is load-bearing for the chosen gain, threshold, and expected background discrimination. Please quantify the sources of the resolution degradation and validate the operating point directly on the large device, or reframe the assumption as an open item requiring dedicated measurement.

minor comments (4)

[§5.1.3] In Eqs. (5.1) and (5.2), the notation for the standard deviation is confusing: σ_i(R) is written as a sum over j, but the index i appears both as the label of the per-channel quantity and as the summation index in Eq. (5.1). Please use distinct indices for the channel label and the measurement index.
[§7.2] The sentence comparing energy resolutions is incomplete: the text reads '11−13' and stops abruptly, presumably missing 'FWHM.' Please correct the typo.
[Chapter headings] Several chapter and section titles appear in Spanish (e.g., 'Sistemas de apoyo...' in the table of contents and 'Necesidad de un detector de partículas alfa superficiales' in Chapter 10) while the rest of the text is in English. Please unify the language throughout.
[General] The thesis introduces many abbreviations (ERS, FtF, SR2M, FEC, TCM, MCA) without a central list of acronyms. Adding a glossary would improve readability for a journal-style audience.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 1.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the scalability, FtF-connector, and internal-rim claims rest on direct measurements; prior self-characterizations are used as stated assumptions and consistency checks, not as fitted inputs relabeled as predictions.

full rationale

This thesis reports a development chain (SR2M tiling for PandaX-III, TREX-DM readout optimization, AlphaCAMM) in which each load-bearing claim is backed by direct measurement rather than by a fitted constant relabeled as a prediction. The FtF connector, central to the scalability claim, is validated two independent ways: an FEM stress analysis cross-checked against the analytical Navier plate solution (Sec. 5.1.2), and a dedicated test bench in which all 804 connectors across three assemblies kept continuity through six temperature cycles, with 5628 resistance measurements (Sec. 5.1.3). The internal-rim (ERS) collection efficiency is demonstrated empirically in Fig. 5.16, which shows charge loss dropping from ~100% to ~15% in the last 2 mm when the rim is biased 80 V above the mesh, and the residual loss is openly quantified. The 7-module readout plane is characterized with radioactive sources (Sec. 4.4), and the thesis discloses both the 9.2% defective-channel fraction and that the figure-4.11 spectra were selected from regions with fewer defective channels, so no selective result is disguised as a full-plane prediction. In the TREX-DM part, operating points are carried over from the group's prior systematic characterization of small Micromegas ([77], Sec. 7.2) under an explicitly stated similarity assumption about hole size; the subsequent calibrations are measured, and the observed 23-29% FWHM resolution is reported as worse than the small-prototype 11-13%, so the assumption is not used to manufacture agreement. Use of the group's REST-for-Physics framework for both simulation and analysis is a code-based, falsifiable pipeline and is not used to force spectral agreement; simulated peak positions are physical (59.5 keV and xenon escape peaks). No uniqueness theorem from the authors' earlier work is invoked to forbid alternatives, and no parameter fit is relabeled as a prediction. The main risks, correctly identified in the manuscript, are that the full-size 52-module plane uses a different thermal-bonding Micromegas technology whose testing is outside the thesis scope (Sec. 5.2.4), and that small-area-to-large-area transfer is assumed (Sec. 7.2); these are correctness/extrapolation risks, not circular derivations.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central engineering claims rest on standard detector physics and two explicit domain assumptions: field-line following for ERS efficiency and transfer of small-area characterization to large-area planes. The first is partially validated by Garfield++ simulations; the second is contradicted by measured resolution in TREX-DM. No new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (2)

SR2M strip width = 3.09 mm
Hand chosen so that p/sqrt(12) is about 0.9 mm, matching the transverse diffusion limit at 1 m drift in Xe+1% TMA at 10 bar. It is a design compromise, not derived uniquely from theory.
Internal rim bias above mesh = +80 V with mesh at 300 V
Chosen as a compromise between recovering edge charges and avoiding electric field distortion. The thesis accepts a residual 15% charge loss in the last 2 mm.

assumptions (3)

domain assumption Primary electrons in the conversion volume follow electric field lines in the ERS design simulations.
Section 3.2 states this approximation, acknowledges the error, and partially validates it with Garfield++ over a 4 by 4 cm junction area. It is load-bearing for the claimed ERS efficiency values.
domain assumption Small-area single-pixel microbulk Micromegas characterization transfers to large-area pixelated Micromegas.
Section 7.2 explicitly assumes similar response despite different hole size and active area. Later measured energy resolution in TREX-DM is much worse than in the small prototypes, so this assumption is strained.
standard math Standard gas detector relations, including ionization yield W, Fano factor, drift velocity, and diffusion, apply to the mixtures used.
Used throughout Chapters 1 and 3 for resolution, diffusion, and sampling rate estimates. These are accepted physics inputs from prior literature.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Development of large Micromegas readout planes for experiments searching for rare events." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/XBXD24EN

@misc{pith2026241216313,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Development of large Micromegas readout planes for experiments searching for rare events},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/XBXD24EN}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2412.16313}
}

read the original abstract

The use of Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) in particle physics experiments has been growing since their invention, reaching sizes equivalent to buildings (ALICE or ATLAS at CERN). However, their application in another class of experiments, commonly referred to as rare event experiments, has been more recent. This work focuses on two such experiments aimed at searching for rare events: the search for neutrinoless double beta decay (PandaX-III experiment) and the search for WIMPs (TREX-DM experiment). Both utilize a large-sized gaseous TPC, necessitating that the corresponding readout plane is also large. Both also employ microbulk Micromegas readout planes. This technology has become established in recent years and is continuously improving. Due to the size limitation during manufacturing and the concurrent increase in the size of double beta experiments, there arose a need to develop a tiled readout plane, using a mosaic of modules with microbulk Micromegas, conforming the first part of this thesis, in the context of the PandaX-III experiment. The second part, featuring a single readout plane of 25 x 25 cm2 installed in TREX-DM, focuses on the specifications that define a Micromegas and its response in a high-pressure gaseous detector. Additionally, during the work on TREX-DM, the need to reduce the energy threshold of the experiment emerged, leading to the development of another composite readout plane, the GEM-Micromegas system, in which a GEM specifically manufactured for this system was installed above the Micromegas. Finally, leveraging the development of the Micromegas for TREX-DM, a new gaseous detector for the detection of surface alpha particles, called AlphaCAMM, is planned, designed, and implemented, addressing all the requirements of a low-background detector with a projection beyond the TREX-DM experiment.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.16313 by the authors.

**Figure 1.1.** Principle of operation of a gas TPC with a charge readout plane: a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_1_1.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 1.** shows an example of the stopping power of electrons in Argon, where it [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_1.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 1.2.** [4] Effective cross-section of photon interaction in Xenon as a function [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_1_2.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (165 more)

**Figure 1.3.** Figure 1.3: • Left: Stopping power of α particles as a function of particle energy, for Argon at 1 bar pressure. Data to generate the curve collected from [5]. • Right: Ionization density and remaining energy of α particles of 5.4 MeV (initial energy) as a function of their path…

**Figure 1.4.** Figure 1.4: [6] Stopping power of electrons in Argon. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_1_4.png]

**Figure 1.5.** Figure 1.5: Principle of operation of a Micromegas (the diagram refers to a microbulk [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_1_5.png]

**Figure 1.6.** Figure 1.6: Scheme of the gas system used in the laboratories of the University of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_1_6.png]

**Figure 1.7.** Figure 1.7: [13] Schematic of the architecture of the AGET chip. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_1_7.png]

**Figure 1.8.** Figure 1.8: [15] Data flow during the analysis for each event recorded in a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_1_8.png]

**Figure 1.9.** Figure 1.9: Signals collected by the acquisition system corresponding to an event [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_1_9.png]

**Figure 1.10.** Figure 1.10: Projection of an event produced by an α particle traversing and ionizing the gas of a TPC with a Micromegas readout plane. The colors represent the integration of the signals in XZ (left) and in YZ (right) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_1_10.png]

**Figure 2.1.** Figure 2.1: [21] Expected spectrum corresponding to the sum of the kinetic energy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_2_1.png]

**Figure 2.2.** Figure 2.2: [34] Schematic of the PandaX-III TPC, with the main components. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p033_2_2.png]

**Figure 3.1.** Figure 3.1: Illustration of the first conceptual design of the SR2M module. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p037_3_1.png]

**Figure 3.2.** Figure 3.2: Layers of the Micromegas circuit designed for the SR2M module: [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_3_2.png]

**Figure 3.3.** Figure 3.3: Intermediate layer in the lower left corner of the active area in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p039_3_3.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: shows the active area of the Micromegas according to the scheme in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p039_3.png]

**Figure 3.4.** Figure 3.4: [34] Reconstruction of the projections in XZ (red) and YZ (blue) of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_3_4.png]

**Figure 3.5.** Figure 3.5: [40] Representation of the main properties of various xenon mixtures in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_3_5.png]

**Figure 3.6.** Figure 3.6: Transverse diffusion σxy (T P C) and longitudinal σz (T P C) in an event against its drift length, for a TPC with a xenon + 1% TMA mixture, at 10 bar pressure and with a drift field of Edrif t ≈ 75 V cm−1 bar−1 . The strip width of the Micromegas is added for each po…

**Figure 3.7.** Figure 3.7: • Left: routing of the channels in the Micromegas circuit of the SR2M module, in the area of the footprint of the Samtec GFZ-30-03-G-10-AD connector. • Right: exploded 3D view of the connection of the Samtec connector, the Micromegas, and the flat cable that carries …

**Figure 3.8.** Figure 3.8: Schematic of the layers at the edge of the active area of the Micromegas, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p046_3_8.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: figure 3.9, achieving the same results but with lower voltages on the internal [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p046_3.png]

**Figure 3.9.** Figure 3.9: Simulation of the electric field in the junction area of two SR2M modules, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p048_3_9.png]

**Figure 3.10.** Figure 3.10: Simulation, using the Garfield++ software, of the drift of primary [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p049_3_10.png]

**Figure 3.11.** Figure 3.11: presents the proposed solution for the feedthrough of the SR2M module: a copper flange with a central slot bonded to the Micromegas tab using epoxy, mounted on the interior of the chamber with a PTFE gasket. Both copper and PTFE are low-background materials. The dim…

**Figure 3.12.** Figure 3.12: 3D view and section of the test bench for measuring the tightness of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p052_3_12.png]

**Figure 3.13.** Figure 3.13: Photograph of the test bench for measuring the tightness of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p052_3_13.png]

**Figure 3.14.** Figure 3.14: • Left: Standard DN63DF stainless steel flange used for measuring leaks due to the permeability of the epoxy. • Center: Standard DN63DF stainless steel flange used for measuring leaks due to the Micromegas circuit plus the epoxy. • Right: Copper knife flange used du…

**Figure 3.15.** Figure 3.15: 3D section view and photograph of the feedthrough system with knife [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p053_3_15.png]

**Figure 3.16.** Figure 3.16: Exploded (A) and assembled (B) 3D view of the SR2M module. Detail [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p055_3_16.png]

**Figure 3.17.** Figure 3.17: Section shown in figure 3.16 at the junction of two SR2M modules. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p055_3_17.png]

**Figure 3.18.** Figure 3.18: • Left: readout plane developed for the NEXT-MM prototype, consisting of four microbulk Micromegas [29]. • Right: SR2M module in its final position after some modifications to the TPC for its positioning [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p056_3_18.png]

**Figure 3.19.** Figure 3.19: 3D view of the SR2M module installed on the bottom cover of the TPC [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p056_3_19.png]

**Figure 3.20.** Figure 3.20: [13] Connection scheme of each pixel/strip of the Micromegas with the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p057_3_20.png]

**Figure 3.21.** Figure 3.21: Photograph of the components in the connection chain from the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p058_3_21.png]

**Figure 3.22.** Figure 3.22: Setup of the high voltage connection for measuring leakage currents in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p058_3_22.png]

**Figure 4.1.** Figure 4.1: Two events generated by the 109Cd source and collected within the same acquisition time window (pile up). Signals collected from the mesh of the SR2M module and read through a Canberra 2004 pre-amplifier plus a Canberra 2022 amplifier with a gain of x20 and a shaping…

**Figure 4.2.** Figure 4.2: Comparison of the energy spectra generated by a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p064_4_2.png]

**Figure 4.3.** Figure 4.3: Comparison of electron transmission between the SR2M module [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p065_4_3.png]

**Figure 4.4.** Figure 4.4: Comparison of gain between the SR2M module prototype and the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p066_4_4.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: figure 3.5) compared to the 35 cm drift length of the entire chamber. It should [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p067_3.png]

**Figure 4.6.** Figure 4.6: figure 4.6. It can be observed that there are 10 defective channels from which no [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p067_4_6.png]

**Figure 4.5.** Figure 4.5: Simulation of the gamma emission of 59.54 keV from the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p068_4_5.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: shows the histograms of some observables. The energy spectrum, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p068_4.png]

**Figure 4.7.** Figure 4.7: Event collected in the SR2M module during a calibration with the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p069_4_7.png]

**Figure 4.8.** Figure 4.8: Histograms of some of the observables obtained after the first analysis [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p070_4_8.png]

**Figure 4.9.** Figure 4.9: Activity map after the ’SignalToHits’ analysis process, based on the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p071_4_9.png]

**Figure 4.10.** Figure 4.10: Photographs taken during the assembly of the 7 SR2M modules to form [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p071_4_10.png]

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: (left) shows the activity map across the entire reading plane formed [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p071_4.png]

**Figure 4.11.** Figure 4.11: Spectra generated during data collection with a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p072_4_11.png]

**Figure 4.12.** Figure 4.12: • Left: Activity map after the ’SignalToHits’ analysis process, with 9.2% defective channels, extracted from [48]. • Right: Photograph with 28.3x magnification of the mesh surface in the SR2M module. It can be observed that there are no amplification holes at the ed…

**Figure 5.1.** Figure 5.1: 3D view of the Samtec GFZ-30-03-G-10-AD [53] connector used in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p076_5_1.png]

**Figure 5.2.** Figure 5.2: Schematic of the connection area between two opposing circuits, with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p077_5_2.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: figure 5.2 can be resolved by applying sufficient pressure between the circuits so that [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p077_5.png]

**Figure 5.3.** Figure 5.3: Connection scheme of the FtF connector. Two opposing circuits are [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p078_5_3.png]

**Figure 5.4.** Figure 5.4: Results of the compression tests for expanded PTFE. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p079_5_4.png]

**Figure 5.5.** Figure 5.5: Finite element method simulation for the FtF connector area. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p079_5_5.png]

**Figure 5.6.** Figure 5.6: Deformations in the circuit after a simulation using the finite element [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p080_5_6.png]

**Figure 5.7.** Figure 5.7: Navier method (left) for plates used to validate the finite element method [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p081_5_7.png]

**Figure 5.8.** Figure 5.8: • Left: exploded 3D view of the test bench to test the FtF connector, formed by 2 circuits with 2 FtF connectors each (circular and square) facing each other, the expanded PTFE pieces that distribute the pressure in the circuits, and the mechanical pieces that hold a…

**Figure 5.9.** Figure 5.9: Schematic of the circuits used in the test benches. Both on the right [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p083_5_9.png]

**Figure 5.10.** Figure 5.10: • Left: photograph of two circuits used in the tests. • Right: photograph of one of the test benches already assembled. In the central part, ERNI connectors were soldered to facilitate measurement with the RCL equipment through them. Additionally, to accelerate the …

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: figure 5.9, the footprints closest to the measurement area have shorter trace lengths, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p084_5.png]

**Figure 5.11.** Figure 5.11: Measurements taken on the circular connector of test bench number 3, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p084_5_11.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: figure 5.12 as an indication of the trend that one would expect in the data if the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p085_5.png]

**Figure 5.12.** Figure 5.12: Histogram of the ratio between the standard deviation and the mean of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p086_5_12.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: shows the second version of the SR2M module, in which the circuit is [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p087_5.png]

**Figure 5.13.** Figure 5.13: • Left: 3D view of SR2M module version 2 with the Micromegas circuit being tensioned onto the support. The back of the module, the active area is on the other side. The FtF connector is located in the center. • Right: Photograph of the SR2M module during assembly wi…

**Figure 5.14.** Figure 5.14: Section of the SR2M module showing the system used to perform circuit [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p088_5_14.png]

**Figure 5.15.** Figure 5.15: [35] • Left: photograph of the readout plane formed by 7 modules of version 2 of the SR2M module. The connection inside the chamber and the use of the FtF connector to carry out the connection can be observed. • Right: activity map of the readout plane formed by ver…

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: shows the effectiveness of the internal rim. When the internal rim is [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p089_5.png]

**Figure 5.16.** Figure 5.16: Charge collection at the edges of the SR2M-v2 module for different [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p090_5_16.png]

**Figure 5.17.** Figure 5.17: [55] Schematic of the thermal bonding process of the mesh with the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p091_5_17.png]

**Figure 5.18.** Figure 5.18: [35] Overview images of the 140 kg PandaX-III detector. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p091_5_18.png]

**Figure 6.1.** Figure 6.1: [66] WIMP-nucleon cross-section versus WIMP mass, with the current [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p098_6_1.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: shows a longitudinal section of the TREX-DM detector with all its [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p101_6.png]

**Figure 6.2.** Figure 6.2: Photographs of the TREX-DM experiment. • Left: Microbulk Micromegas installed on one of the chamber lids. The detector has 2 reading planes, one on each lid. • Center: image taken during the installation of the detector in Hall A of the LSC. • Right: the experiment i…

**Figure 6.3.** Figure 6.3: Longitudinal section of the TREX-DM detector [31], with the different [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p102_6_3.png]

**Figure 7.1.** Figure 7.1: • Left: diagram of the FEC-FEM data acquisition electronics chain with the AFTER chip, mounted in the laboratories of the University of Zaragoza [31]. • Right: diagram of the FEC-Feminos data acquisition electronics chain with the AGET chip, mounted at the LSC, which…

**Figure 7.2.** Figure 7.2: • Left: photograph of the Micromegas bulk type reading plane, installed and used in the laboratories of the University of Zaragoza. • Right: photograph of the Micromegas microbulk type reading plane, installed after the experiment was moved to the LSC. Ar + 1% Isobut…

**Figure 7.3.** Figure 7.3: Simulation of the funnel effect produced by the electric field in the area [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p109_7_3.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: figure 7.4 with a ’Drift-to-amplification field ratio’ of 0.005 (assuming that the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p109_7.png]

**Figure 7.4.** Figure 7.4: [77] Different characterization curves of a Micromegas type microbulk [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p110_7_4.png]

**Figure 7.5.** Figure 7.5: Results of the first calibrations with 109Cd in TREX-DM at 1.5 bar and Ar + 1% Isobutano, with a drift field of 200 V cm−1 bar−1 and different voltages in the mesh: 305 V (61 kV cm−1 ), 310 V (62 kV cm−1 ), 315 V (63 kV cm−1 ), and 320 V (64 kV cm−1 ). • Left: Energy…

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: figure 7.6, distinguishing the peak at 22 keV from the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p111_7.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: shows three events directly collected by the electronics ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p112_7.png]

**Figure 7.6.** Figure 7.6: • Top: first calibration with 109Cd of one of the Micromegas in Ar + 1% Isobutane at 1.5 bar: energy spectrum (left) and activity map in the Micromegas (right). Approximate manual adjustment (dashed line) for filtering events from pile up. • Bottom: simulation of a c…

**Figure 7.7.** Figure 7.7: Raw signal from the channels in the first calibration with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p114_7_7.png]

**Figure 7.8.** Figure 7.8: Estimation of the minimum energy threshold under the given [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p115_7_8.png]

**Figure 7.9.** Figure 7.9: [13] Block diagram for multiplicity management within the AGET chip. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p116_7_9.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: figure 7.10 is attributable to the difference in the voltages applied to the mesh, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p117_7.png]

**Figure 7.10.** Figure 7.10: Results of the first calibrations in TREX-DM with Ne + 2% Isobutane [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p118_7_10.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: shows the gain curve generated for TREX-DM compared to that [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p119_7.png]

**Figure 7.11.** Figure 7.11: Electron transmission curves with Ne + 2% Isobutane in TREX-DM at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p120_7_11.png]

**Figure 7.12.** Figure 7.12: Gain curves with Ne + 2% Isobutane in TREX-DM at 4 bar (left) and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p120_7_12.png]

**Figure 7.13.** Figure 7.13: Energy resolution curves with Ne + 2% Isobutane in TREX-DM at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p121_7_13.png]

**Figure 7.14.** Figure 7.14: • Left: photograph of an area of the mesh with a damaged hole. • Right: connection footprint of the Fujipoly connector with a separation between channels of 150 µm. The problems with the leakage currents necessitated two interventions throughout the year to attempt …

**Figure 7.15.** Figure 7.15: Micromegas installed in TREX-DM. • Upper left: enlarged detail of the Fujipoly connector footprint. The small distance between the channel footprints (150 µm) and between the vias and the ground plane (200 µm) can be observed. • Right: enlarged detail of the area wh…

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: figure 7.16, where the number of channels per event that have exceeded the noise [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p124_7.png]

**Figure 7.16.** Figure 7.16: Curves of the ’energy threshold per channel’ (upper left) and ’trigger [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p124_7_16.png]

**Figure 7.17.** Figure 7.17: Photograph of the container with Calcium powder during irradiation [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p125_7_17.png]

**Figure 7.18.** Figure 7.18: Results of the background measurements over 7 days with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p127_7_18.png]

**Figure 7.19.** Figure 7.19: Event with saturation in some channels during a background data [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p128_7_19.png]

**Figure 7.20.** Figure 7.20: (Figure presented in the semiannual report for the scientific committee [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p128_7_20.png]

**Figure 8.1.** Figure 8.1: 3D view of the new readout plane for TREX-DM with the new [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p133_8_1.png]

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: figure 3.20). This study was conducted assuming that a channel could reach a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p134_3.png]

**Figure 8.2.** Figure 8.2: • Top: 3D view of a small area of the active region in a microbulk Micromegas, with the holes where electron amplification occurs through the avalanche effect. • Middle: geometry of the strips in layer two. • Bottom: sections AA’ and BB’ of the upper image. In these …

**Figure 8.3.** Figure 8.3: Section of the active area of the Micromegas with the added ground [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p136_8_3.png]

**Figure 8.4.** Figure 8.4: Hole pattern in the mesh superimposed on the geometry of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p141_8_4.png]

**Figure 8.5.** Figure 8.5: Simulation of the electric field near the mesh for the Micromegas [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p142_8_5.png]

**Figure 8.6.** Figure 8.6: Possible development of a Micromegas in which the areas of the pixels in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p143_8_6.png]

**Figure 8.7.** Figure 8.7: Layer 2 of the new Micromegas, with an active area of 25 x 25 cm [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p145_8_7.png]

**Figure 8.8.** Figure 8.8: Witness circuits manufactured in parallel to the new Micromegas of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p146_8_8.png]

**Figure 8.9.** Figure 8.9: Flat cables designed in parallel to the new version of the Micromegas. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p147_8_9.png]

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: figure 8.7) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p148_8.png]

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: shows some photos and the schematic of this test bench. Volume A [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p149_8.png]

**Figure 8.10.** Figure 8.10: Test bench to validate the sealing of the 8 feedthroughs. The flat [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p150_8_10.png]

**Figure 8.11.** Figure 8.11: Test chamber for the new TREX-DM Micromegas, assembled in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p152_8_11.png]

**Figure 8.12.** Figure 8.12: Activity maps of the channels for the four new TREX-DM Micromegas [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p154_8_12.png]

**Figure 8.13.** Figure 8.13: Photos taken during the installation of the new Micromegas. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p156_8_13.png]

**Figure 8.14.** Figure 8.14: Results of the first calibration with the new Micromegas installed in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p157_8_14.png]

**Figure 8.15.** Figure 8.15: Results of the background data acquisition with the new Micromegas [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p159_8_15.png]

**Figure 9.1.** Figure 9.1: WIMP-nucleon cross-section versus WIMP mass, with the limits reached [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p163_9_1.png]

**Figure 9.2.** Figure 9.2: Schematic of the GEM-MM test system, with two differentiated zones: [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p165_9_2.png]

**Figure 9.3.** Figure 9.3: Photographs during the assembly in the 2-liter chamber with Micromegas [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p166_9_3.png]

**Figure 9.4.** Figure 9.4: Photographs of the readout plane during the assembly in the 50-liter [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p167_9_4.png]

**Figure 9.5.** Figure 9.5: Photographs of the 50-liter chamber. • Left: Photograph during the assembly of the Micromegas and the GEM, inside a laminar flow cabinet. • Right: Final installation situation, photo taken during the pumping of the chamber with a turbo pump (bottom right) [PITH_FULL…

**Figure 9.6.** Figure 9.6: Energy spectrum generated during the initial tests in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p169_9_6.png]

**Figure 9.7.** Figure 9.7: Photos of the 50-liter chamber. • Left: lid with the 4 tabs of the Micromegas extending outside. • Center: assembly of the four PCBs connecting the Micromegas to the FEC-Feminos acquisition electronics. • Right: complete assembly with the two FEC-Feminos boards used …

**Figure 9.8.** Figure 9.8: Representation of the unfiltered (raw) data from a 5-minute data run, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p173_9_8.png]

**Figure 9.9.** Figure 9.9: Electron transmission curves in the Micromegas, with Ar + 1% Isobutane [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p174_9_9.png]

**Figure 9.10.** Figure 9.10: Electron transmission curves in the GEM installed in the GEM-MM [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p174_9_10.png]

**Figure 9.11.** Figure 9.11: [98] Electron transmission curves, for Ar + 10% CO [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p175_9_11.png]

**Figure 9.12.** Figure 9.12: Total gain curves of the GEM-MM system in Ar + 1% Isobutane at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p176_9_12.png]

**Figure 9.13.** Figure 9.13: Gain ratios. • Left: Ratio between the gains of two operating points with the same Eamp MM and different Eamp gem. • Right: Ratio between the gains of two operating points with the same Eamp gem and different Eamp MM. On the other hand, to complete the gain curve of…

**Figure 9.14.** Figure 9.14: Energy resolution curves of the GEM-MM system in Ar + 1% Isobutane [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p179_9_14.png]

**Figure 10.1.** Figure 10.1: [104] Natural decay chains containing the nuclide Radon. When a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p186_10_1.png]

**Figure 10.2.** Figure 10.2: Schematic of the operating principle of the AlphaCAMM demonstrator. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p187_10_2.png]

**Figure 10.3.** Figure 10.3: Photo of the AlphaCAMM demonstrator, not radiopure. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p188_10_3.png]

**Figure 10.4.** Figure 10.4: • Upper: digitized signals from an event produced by the 241Am source and collected by the strips of the X axis (left) and Y axis (right). Each color represents a strip/channel of the corresponding axis. • Lower: projection of an event produced by the 241Am source, …

**Figure 10.** Figure 10: figure 10.1) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p192_10.png]

**Figure 11.1.** Figure 11.1: Definition of the study volume V (dashed line), formed by the gaseous volume inside the chamber plus a part of the volume within each material. Note that the dashed line encompasses part of the walls of the chamber and part of the internal pieces, representing the v…

**Figure 11.2.** Figure 11.2: Evolution of each of the four terms of equation 11.8 that describes [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p198_11_2.png]

**Figure 11.3.** Figure 11.3: Results of the radon emanation background model. In the first three [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p208_11_3.png]

**Figure 12.1.** Figure 12.1: Conceptual design of the AlphaCAMM with two differentiated volumes, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p212_12_1.png]

**Figure 12.2.** Figure 12.2: Different views of the final design of the AlphaCAMM chamber, where [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p213_12_2.png]

**Figure 12.3.** Figure 12.3: Photos taken during the destructive tests carried out on the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p215_12_3.png]

**Figure 12.4.** Figure 12.4: Image from the finite element study, showing the stress-strain responses [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p215_12_4.png]

**Figure 12.5.** Figure 12.5: • Left: section of the cathode/sample holder grid with a hole size of 6 x 6 mm2 and a thickness of h. The emission of an alpha particle from the upper surface where the sample rests has an entry efficiency into the detection volume (lower volume) that depends on h. …

**Figure 12.** Figure 12: shows several photographs taken during the assembly in this first [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p216_12.png]

**Figure 12.6.** Figure 12.6: Photographs taken during the assembly of the AlphaCAMM (first [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p217_12_6.png]

**Figure 12.7.** Figure 12.7: Characterization curves of the Micromegas in the AlphaCAMM, for Ar [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p218_12_7.png]

**Figure 12.8.** Figure 12.8: • Left: Stopping power of α particles versus particle energy, for Argon at 1 bar pressure. Data to generate the curve collected from [5]. • Right: Ionization density and remaining energy of the 5.4 MeV α particles (initial energy) versus their range in the gas, for …

**Figure 12.9.** Figure 12.9: Event from the 241Am source, recorded in the AlphaCAMM during the first calibration. • Top: Digitized signals of the event recorded by the X-axis (left) and Y-axis (right) strips. Each color represents a strip/channel of the corresponding axis. • Bottom: Projection …

**Figure 12.** Figure 12: figure 12.11, the histogram of the amplitude of the lowest amplitude channel [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p221_12.png]

**Figure 12.** Figure 12: shows some graphs from the analysis of this first background [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p222_12.png]

**Figure 12.16.** Figure 12.16: figure 12.16. The acquisition rate decayed over the measurement time (2.88 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p226_12_16.png]

**Figure 12.10.** Figure 12.10: Results of the analysis for one of the calibrations with the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p229_12_10.png]

**Figure 12.11.** Figure 12.11: • Left: Histogram of the length of the trajectory versus the angle of the trajectory with respect to the Z axis. • Center: Histogram of the number of signals/channels in each event versus the angle of the trajectory with respect to the Z axis. • Right: Histogram of…

**Figure 12.12.** Figure 12.12: Results of the analysis for the first background data acquisition in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p230_12_12.png]

**Figure 12.13.** Figure 12.13: Evolution of the event acquisition rate over time (left) and energy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p231_12_13.png]

**Figure 12.14.** Figure 12.14: Photographs after covering the welds with copper tape (left) and 66% [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p231_12_14.png]

**Figure 12.15.** Figure 12.15: Photographs of the samples measured in the AlphaCAMM: 35 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p231_12_15.png]

**Figure 12.17.** Figure 12.17: Results of the analysis for the second measurement of the 20 x 10 cm [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p232_12_17.png]

**Figure 12.** Figure 12: shows several future projections for the experiment’s sensitivity, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p235_12.png]

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Pith tools

Reviewed August 11, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

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