Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI

As of 11 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 44 of 44 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2412.21052.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2412.21052 v1

Coverage vector

measured 44 of 44 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:45.205423Z

measured 44 of 44 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

44 of 44 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy22
unresolved22
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 31c91f13-db56-4c29-84dc-70653bbb41e1 · outbound

This paper cites What is your least favourite thing about GROUP people?.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI What is your least favourite thing about GROUP people?

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.013570Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation c93d6f05-293f-4694-83ec-c08040ca669e · outbound

This paper cites What Will it Take to Fix Benchmarking in Natural Language Understanding?.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI What Will it Take to Fix Benchmarking in Natural Language Understanding?

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.109938Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b4d9e0b9-d556-4411-97e0-8b7c9a55261e · outbound

This paper cites Cfpb circular 2022-03: Adverse action notification requirements in connection with credit decisions based on complex algorithms,.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Cfpb circular 2022-03: Adverse action notification requirements in connection with credit decisions based on complex algorithms,

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.931092Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 6dd68368-0ee1-4446-8ed1-99765f8fdeee · outbound

This paper cites DALL-EV AL: Probing the Reasoning Skills and Social Biases of Text-to-Image Generation Models.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI DALL-EV AL: Probing the Reasoning Skills and Social Biases of Text-to-Image Generation Models

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.910718Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 53db85ff-e855-43f3-a989-068d695769e1 · outbound

This paper cites Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.353142Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 26b7423a-7215-4fd5-8be5-013f01ca5e78 · outbound

This paper cites Arbitrariness and Social Prediction: The Confounding Role of Variance in Fair Classification.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Arbitrariness and Social Prediction: The Confounding Role of Variance in Fair Classification

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.408470Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 506a2e4e-e9c5-4075-9c07-4ae498c6edd3 · outbound

This paper cites Patton, Elsbeth Turcan, and Kathleen McKeown.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Patton, Elsbeth Turcan, and Kathleen McKeown

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.804690Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 0f4e0725-a4d3-453b-955f-87ed3bce7ba9 · outbound

This paper cites Directive 2000/43/ec implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin,.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Directive 2000/43/ec implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin,

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.733477Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 4678ae47-3298-4fb4-b851-1bb2bcbcb161 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.562466Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ba2e434e-2397-4428-b00a-249cd359bb95 · outbound

This paper cites On the impact of machine learning randomness on group fairness.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI On the impact of machine learning randomness on group fairness

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.597351Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 5ca07260-3a52-4c7b-818d-04f9dcae9dc0 · outbound

This paper cites Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.690397Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 987067d8-efb7-4e4d-8a0c-0b221843428b · outbound

This paper cites Chatgpt perpetuates gender bias in machine translation and ignores non-gendered pronouns: Findings across bengali and five other low-resource languages.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Chatgpt perpetuates gender bias in machine translation and ignores non-gendered pronouns: Findings across bengali and five other low-resource languages

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.502506Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation cf6df869-a036-451f-8d9c-895131e8ebf6 · outbound

This paper cites Operationalizing the search for less discriminatory alternatives in fair lending.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Operationalizing the search for less discriminatory alternatives in fair lending

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.483653Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation b06a2f11-c15f-4649-886d-57b2b22caade · outbound

This paper cites What's in a Name? Auditing Large Language Models for Race and Gender Bias.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI What's in a Name? Auditing Large Language Models for Race and Gender Bias

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.794018Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation efee1d72-06e8-46be-9fbe-90126027717d · outbound

This paper cites Ruby Teaming: Improving Quality Diversity Search with Memory for Automated Red Teaming.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Ruby Teaming: Improving Quality Diversity Search with Memory for Automated Red Teaming

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.840047Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 35f4f9b4-3aa7-4454-a51f-4493b6c3b9bf · outbound

This paper cites TrustAgent: Towards Safe and Trustworthy LLM-based Agents.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI TrustAgent: Towards Safe and Trustworthy LLM-based Agents

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.868696Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f9343a61-7c0a-4a5f-a6b4-f2a0062b5050 · outbound

This paper cites Automated Progressive Red Teaming.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Automated Progressive Red Teaming

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.875046Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c23a4b30-bca6-477a-984f-e73f601c26bd · outbound

This paper cites RewardBench: Evaluating Reward Models for Language Modeling.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI RewardBench: Evaluating Reward Models for Language Modeling

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.881213Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c7658f5f-b9a9-4386-803c-169039fbba94 · outbound

This paper cites Bias in Language Models: Beyond Trick Tests and Toward RUTEd Evaluation.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Bias in Language Models: Beyond Trick Tests and Toward RUTEd Evaluation

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.908977Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6093cf5d-27df-4080-ad14-8accbbd31cab · outbound

This paper cites Zemel, Kai-Wei Chang, Aram Galstyan, and Rahul Gupta.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Zemel, Kai-Wei Chang, Aram Galstyan, and Rahul Gupta

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.375669Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 1b344f11-9f7e-4c13-93af-79af775b229c · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.980102Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 53eb0d49-5da6-4535-904b-5ace80f5eb79 · outbound

This paper cites Red teaming language models with language models.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Red teaming language models with language models

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.287151Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation aabfd4c0-59e7-463a-9b0e-e41b0a95a90e · outbound

This paper cites ZOLLO , N.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI ZOLLO , N

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.168380Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 4d013b7b-4243-4dd8-ab73-5baa13f66d23 · outbound

This paper cites AI and the Everything in the Whole Wide World Benchmark.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI AI and the Everything in the Whole Wide World Benchmark

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:45.007232Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b56f97a4-27ab-4319-b62b-025adf577f81 · outbound

This paper cites Gender, Race, and Intersectional Bias in Resume Screening via Language Model Retrieval.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Gender, Race, and Intersectional Bias in Resume Screening via Language Model Retrieval

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:45.013758Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e2f0eef1-7b78-4339-a36a-499e667d4121 · outbound

This paper cites Style Over Substance: Evaluation Biases for Large Language Models.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Style Over Substance: Evaluation Biases for Large Language Models

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:45.056396Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation da8fea35-815f-4301-8020-157607afa73f · outbound

This paper cites Bias in Generative AI.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Bias in Generative AI

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:45.093035Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ecb24f40-f36e-4719-b049-5fd1a8aff5c1 · outbound

This paper cites PersonalLLM: Tailoring LLMs to Individual Preferences.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI PersonalLLM: Tailoring LLMs to Individual Preferences

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:45.099665Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0e581f22-6566-4b66-988b-03662e1ab684 · outbound

This paper cites To compute toxicity, we use the Detoxify model Hanu and Unitary team (2020).

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI To compute toxicity, we use the Detoxify model Hanu and Unitary team (2020)

Reference 43

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:45.995232Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 44a97102-141b-4a2d-a53a-f922111f197f · outbound

This paper cites ZOLLO , N.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI ZOLLO , N

Reference 44

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:45.976276Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 26809750-fcce-49b9-9673-0a1ae94a4fec · outbound

This paper cites Appendix B.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Appendix B

Reference 144

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.149621Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation d0c3ac21-48c2-4cef-8e38-02af4c7b047d · outbound

This paper cites Auditing the Use of Language Models to Guide Hiring Decisions.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Auditing the Use of Language Models to Guide Hiring Decisions

Reference 1968

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.673837Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 696753ce-5899-4818-b339-960a317b456c · outbound

This paper cites Directive 2006/54/ec on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast),.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Directive 2006/54/ec on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast),

Reference 2000

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.688609Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 29980607-0d8d-4f77-9b28-a3a3fcef0267 · outbound

This paper cites Easily accessible text-to- image generation amplifies demographic stereotypes at large scale.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Easily accessible text-to- image generation amplifies demographic stereotypes at large scale

Reference 2003

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:47.249516Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation e842c87d-1d20-477e-b31a-940af98aec17 · outbound

This paper cites Toxicchat: Unveiling hidden challenges of toxicity detection in real-world user-ai conversation.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Toxicchat: Unveiling hidden challenges of toxicity detection in real-world user-ai conversation

Reference 2004

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.394576Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation b40f2784-af29-4fbf-a6c9-6b976b92894d · outbound

This paper cites Directive 2000/78/ec establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation,.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Directive 2000/78/ec establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation,

Reference 2006

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.614791Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 88516843-4c0e-48cf-99af-e9ad0cf645e4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Unresolved cited work

Reference 2017

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.862387Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a0e8e9bb-beca-4ef8-9e44-9432956902da · outbound

This paper cites Generative Discrimination: What Happens When Generative AI Exhibits Bias, and What Can Be Done About It.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Generative Discrimination: What Happens When Generative AI Exhibits Bias, and What Can Be Done About It

Reference 2018

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.712997Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f93312af-f1e7-403e-8806-ea7b28151be5 · outbound

This paper cites Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell

Reference 2019

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:47.267330Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 00e2ddb5-3d27-4472-8a64-62a4b5a27768 · outbound

This paper cites Unsafe diffusion: On the generation of unsafe images and hateful memes from text-to-image models.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Unsafe diffusion: On the generation of unsafe images and hateful memes from text-to-image models

Reference 2020

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:46.249130Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 75fe4917-f4e1-4f47-8599-4e3b568a684a · outbound

This paper cites ZOLLO , N.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI ZOLLO , N

Reference 2021

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:47.005740Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation 6c642ce8-728d-4eac-98e1-d5e0aa782d9c · outbound

This paper cites FairMonitor: A Dual-framework for Detecting Stereotypes and Biases in Large Language Models.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI FairMonitor: A Dual-framework for Detecting Stereotypes and Biases in Large Language Models

Reference 2022

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:43.991185Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 483d865e-757d-4955-8958-dbeb0855287e · outbound

This paper cites Leave-one-out unfairness.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Leave-one-out unfairness

Reference 2023

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:47.028015Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-11T06:34:44.6726+00:00.

Observation f37d80f9-d625-42cd-ae96-8c4f52ed40fa · outbound

This paper cites Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback.

Towards Effective Discrimination Testing for Generative AI Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T23:08:44.040228Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.