Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 28 references

Spatial variation of future trends in Atlantic upwelling cells from two CMIP6 models

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-10 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Future upwelling trends in the Atlantic depend on the subregion and depth at which they are measured, and resolving that structure reconciles contradictory earlier results.

desk verdict Useful subregional mapping of upwelling cell structure, but the future-trend claims rest on a post hoc index choice and need robustness checks before they can be taken at face value. read the letter →

arxiv 2501.12920 v2 pith:VTK45FEE submitted 2025-01-22 physics.ao-ph

Raquel Flügel , Steven Herbette , Anne-Marie Treguier , Robin Waldman , Malcolm Roberts This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.ao-ph
keywords EasternBoundaryUpwellingSystemsverticaltransportindexCMIP6CanaryBenguelafuturetrendsBakunhypothesispolewardmigration
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Coastal upwelling along West Africa and Namibia is usually summarised by a single index per region, which has produced contradictory future projections. This paper claims the contradictions come from treating each upwelling system as one block, and that measuring the actual vertical transport of water, mapped by depth and distance from shore and split into the seasonally distinct northern, central, and southern cells, resolves them. Using five simulations from two CMIP6 model families, it shows the cells differ in the depth and offshore position of their strongest upwelling, and that future trends under a high-emission scenario follow these subregional boundaries: a significant increase in the northern and central Canary, a significant decrease in the northern Benguela, and no significant wind-driven trends. If correct, future upwelling assessments need depth-resolved, subregional indices rather than single regional values.

What carries the argument

The vertical transport index (VTI): the depth- and coast-integrated vertical water mass flux $w_{mo}$ per unit meridional distance, evaluated within a 1° coastal band at a fixed depth of 50 m, expressed in the same units as the Ekman transport. Its full cross-shore transects $VT(X,y,z)$ are what reveal the depth and offshore position of maximum upwelling in each cell. The other piece is the subregional partition: each system is split into three cells whose seasonal upwelling windows are distinct, so trends are computed per cell rather than for the system as a whole.

What would settle it

Compute the same vertical-transport trends using depths of 25, 100, and 150 m for the Canary and Benguela subregions; if the significant increase in the northern and central Canary and the decrease in the northern Benguela do not persist at other depths, the fixed-depth index is not a robust carrier of the claimed trends. A second check is to repeat the analysis for the full CMIP6 multi-model ensemble and for multiple ensemble members, since the paper uses one realization per model, and to test in the same model whether the 50-km versus 200-km offshore extents reverse the Benguela sign as the paper suggests.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central discovery is that the upwelling cell — represented by the vertical transport $VT(X,y,z)=\frac{1}{\rho_0}\sum_{i_{\mathrm{coast}}}^{i_X} w_{mo}(x_i,y,z)/\delta y$ — has a three-dimensional structure that differs between subregions of the same upwelling system. In the Canary system the maximum transport sits close to shore and just below the mixed layer in the northern and central cells, while the southern cell has a wider offshore extent; in the Benguela the central cell, containing the Lüderitz cell, is the strongest and deepest, and the southern cell peaks farther from shore despite weaker winds. Over the 1995–2100 period under SSP5-8.5, the Vertical Transport Index $VTI$, defined as $VT$ at 1° offshore width and 50 m depth, shows significant positive trends in the northern and central Canary cells and a significant negative trend in the northern Benguela cell, while the wind-based Ekman index shows no significant trends. The authors conclude that the Bakun hypothesis of uniform intensification is not supported and that the pattern is instead consistent with a poleward migration, and they argue that the opposite signs found in the two earlier studies of the Benguela arise from their different latitudinal and longitudinal sampling choices.

Load-bearing premise

The results rest on measuring upwelling at one fixed depth (50 m) inside a one-degree band along the coast; that depth was chosen partly because it gave statistically significant trends, so a different choice could change the findings.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Future projections of the Atlantic upwelling systems depend on which subregion is examined: the northern and central Canary cells show a significant strengthening of vertical transport in the medium-resolution models, while the northern Benguela cell weakens significantly.
  • Wind-based Ekman and wind-stress-curl indices do not show significant trends, so ocean processes other than local wind forcing are needed to explain the vertical transport changes.
  • The conflicting signs in the two earlier Benguela studies are attributable to their different choices of latitude and longitude boundaries, since the vertical transport trends can be opposite close to the coast versus further offshore.
  • Under the high-emission scenario, detectable trends appear only in the second half of the century, and the highest-resolution model run (ending in 2050) cannot contribute to the trend statistics.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Editorial inference: because the paper admits the depth and time-scale of the index were chosen to maximise statistical significance, a robustness exercise at other depths (e.g., 25, 100, 150 m) is the natural next test before any policy weight is placed on the trend signs.
  • Editorial inference: the biological stakes of these systems imply that the depth of upwelling matters as much as its surface intensity; if the cells really sit at different depths, marine-ecosystem projections should track the source depth of upwelled nutrients rather than the surface wind index.
  • Editorial inference: the same subregional, depth-resolved treatment could be applied to the California and Humboldt eastern boundary systems, where similar contradictions in future wind trends have been reported, to test whether their disputes also dissolve once cell geometry is resolved.
  • Editorial inference: the paper's claim that geostrophic flows matter most near the equator suggests a testable prediction — models with more realistic Angola and Guinea Dome circulations should show an even lower correlation between wind and vertical transport indices at low latitudes, and this could be checked with the planned multi-model ensembles.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. This paper uses the vertical water mass transport (wmo) from five CMIP6 simulations (two model families, three ocean resolutions) to characterize the upwelling cells of the Canary and Benguela systems during 1995–2014 and their future evolution under SSP5-8.5 until 2100. It defines a Vertical Transport Index at a fixed depth of 50 m within a 1° coastal band, compares its seasonal cycle with SST and Ekman indices, maps the cross-shore and vertical structure of upwelling cells in six subregions, and computes linear trends of the index over 1995–2100. The central claims are that the two Atlantic upwelling systems show different cell structures in terms of depth and distance to the coast of maximum vertical transport, that subregions within each system have different future trend signs, and that these subregional, depth-resolved patterns help explain contradictory trends reported by Jing et al. (2023) and Chang et al. (2023).

Significance. If the descriptive claims hold, the paper makes a useful methodological contribution: the vertical transport diagnostic integrates all upwelling-driving processes, is directly comparable to the Ekman transport, and reveals spatial structures that are lost in region-wide indices. The explicit subregional decomposition and the inclusion of eddy-rich (1/12°) and eddy-permitting (1/4°) models are strengths, as is the use of a common ocean component (NEMO3.6) across the two model families. However, the trend-related conclusions are weakened by a post hoc selection of the index depth and averaging period (Section 3.4), which makes the reported significance levels and the rejection of the Bakun hypothesis not fully robust. The descriptive cell-structure results are less affected and are supported by the VT(z) fields shown in the figures.

major comments (3)
  1. [Section 3.4, Eq. (4)] The choice of the vertical transport index definition is load-bearing for the trend results. The paper states that "some tests" were done on depth and time scale and that 50 m and annual means were selected because they gave the most significant results and closest agreement with the Ekman index. Because the same data are used to select the metric and to compute the significance of the resulting trends, the p-values reported in Fig. 8 and the statement "we can reject the Bakun hypothesis" are not confirmatory. Please report the full set of tested depths and averaging periods, show the trend sign and significance for each, and either apply a multiple-comparison correction or reframe the trend section explicitly as exploratory. The descriptive cell-structure analysis in Section 3.3, which uses the full VT(z) field, is not affected by this issue.
  2. [Section 3.4, Fig. 8] The significance levels are fragile given the effective sample size: with a 12-year autocorrelation lag and 106 years of data, the effective number of independent years is about 9, and the trends are computed from only four simulations (the eddy-rich HH simulation is excluded because it ends in 2050). Under these conditions, selecting the index definition that maximizes significance can easily produce false positives. Please provide robustness tests (for example, trends computed at 30 m, 75 m, and 100 m; seasonally averaged series; and sensitivity to subregion boundaries) and report how many tested configurations give significant trends of each sign. Without such a sensitivity analysis, the claim of a "significant increase in the northern and central Canary cell" and a "significant decrease in the NBUC" is not robustly established.
  3. [Section 2.3.2, Eq. (4)] The paper argues that the depth of maximum upwelling differs by subregion and is ecologically important (Section 3.3), yet the VTI used for trends is evaluated at the fixed depth of 50 m. If the depth of maximum transport varies among subregions, a fixed-depth index may not represent the regional upwelling signal equally well in all cells, and the inter-subregion differences in trend could be partly an artifact of the fixed depth. Please justify the fixed depth against the diagnosed z_max VT fields, or show that the trends are insensitive to choosing z_max VT instead of 50 m.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Section 3.2] There is a typo in the sentence "as the the index becomes lower" describing delayed upwelling onset in the Benguela; please correct it.
  2. [Section 2.3.1] The description of the SST index is ambiguous: the coastal reference point is said to be on the 100 m isobath, and the offshore SST is taken 5° offshore, but the exact distance from the coast for the offshore point is not stated; please clarify.
  3. [Fig. 1] The subregion boundaries shown as black boxes in Fig. 1 are central to the analysis, but the latitude and longitude ranges are only given in prose; a table listing the exact boundaries for the six subregions would improve reproducibility.
  4. [Section 3.4] The sentence "The depth of 50 m having provided results closest to the Ekman index and showing the most significance, this is used for the calculation of the index for the future" is grammatically awkward and should be rewritten; please also clarify whether "most significance" refers to significance of the seasonal cycle or of the trends.
  5. [Eq. (4)] The notation z_max VT is used in Eq. (4) but only defined in the following sentence; please define it before or at the point of first use.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No definitional or self-citation circularity; the disclosed index-depth selection is a robustness limitation, not a constructed equivalence.

full rationale

The paper's quantitative claims are direct diagnostics of CMIP6 model output rather than derivations from fitted parameters. The Vertical Transport Index (Eq. 4) is an integral of model vertical velocity at a fixed depth and coastal bandwidth, and the trend analysis is a linear regression of that diagnostic; no equation is defined in terms of the result it is used to support. The only in-sample element is the choice of depth and averaging period reported in Section 3.4: 'Some tests have been done on the definition of the depth and time scale of the index for the trend calculation. They have shown that for achieving statistically significant results, annual means provide better results than seasonal means... The depth of 50 m having provided results closest to the Ekman index and showing the most significance, this is used for the calculation of the index for the future.' This is a selection effect that weakens the evidential value of the significance statements, but it is not circular: the sign of the 50 m trend is still determined by the model fields, the paper repeatedly cautions that 'high interannual variability limits the significance of the trends' and that only 'few are significant', and it explicitly refuses to accept the poleward-migration hypothesis. Self-citations (Roberts 2018 dataset; Voldoire et al. 2019 model description; Griffies et al. 2016 OMIP protocol) are data and model provenance, not load-bearing theoretical premises. No uniqueness theorem, ansatz, or known result is imported from the authors' prior work to force a conclusion. The central descriptive result (subregion-dependent depth and offshore distance of upwelling maxima) is based on the full VT(z) fields and is independent of the significance-maximizing index definition. Accordingly, no step reduces by construction to its own input.

Assumptions & free parameters 3 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The paper introduces no new physical entities. The analysis depends on methodological free parameters, especially the fixed 50 m depth for the trend index, which was chosen post hoc to maximize significance. The subregion boundaries and coastal band width are also hand-selected and consequential. The axioms are mostly standard domain assumptions about the adequacy of CMIP6 vertical velocity output and the validity of the diagnostic indices.

free parameters (3)
  • fixed depth for VTI = 50 m
    Selected after testing multiple depths because it gave trends closest to the Ekman index and the most statistically significant results (Section 3.4). This choice is post hoc and affects the trend conclusions.
  • coastal band width X = 1 degree offshore
    Used to define the vertical transport index, chosen for consistency with the Ekman index following Tim et al. (2015). Affects all vertical transport and VTI values.
  • subregion latitude boundaries = NCUC 28-34N, CCUC 19-25N, SCUC 12-19N, NBUC 16-22S, CBUC 22-28S, SBUC 28-33S
    Hand-selected based on seasonal upwelling behavior; the paper argues the results are sensitive to region choice, making these boundaries consequential.
assumptions (6)
  • domain assumption Monthly vertical water mass transport (wmo) from CMIP6 is a reliable variable for diagnosing upwelling.
    The entire analysis uses wmo output as the primary measure of upwelling; no direct validation of wmo against observations is provided.
  • domain assumption The vertical transport VT, computed by integrating wmo from the coast to a fixed distance and dividing by density and cell width, approximates the streamfunction of the upwelling cell when averaged seasonally and along-shore.
    Stated in Section 2.3.2: the realistic simulations do not strictly satisfy zero along-shore divergence, but the authors assume the approximation holds after averaging.
  • domain assumption The 100 m isobath is a suitable coastal reference point for the SST index.
    Adopted from Benazzouz et al. (2014); the choice affects the SST index values and hence the model evaluation.
  • domain assumption The models' large SST biases, up to 9 degrees C in the Benguela, do not invalidate the analysis of future trends in vertical transport.
    Section 3.1 reports large biases but asserts they are within the range of previous studies and do not cause major losses in prediction skill; this is not quantitatively demonstrated for the trend analysis.
  • domain assumption A linear trend model is appropriate for the 1995-2100 yearly averaged upwelling indices.
    Used throughout Section 3.4 without testing for nonlinearity or regime shifts.
  • standard math The Student t distribution with degrees of freedom reduced by an autocorrelation-derived lag (about 12 years) is a valid significance test for the trends.
    Standard approach, but the choice of the 0.5 autocorrelation crossing and the effective sample size is a statistical modeling assumption.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Spatial variation of future trends in Atlantic upwelling cells from two CMIP6 models." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/VTK45FEE

@misc{pith2026250112920,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Spatial variation of future trends in Atlantic upwelling cells from two CMIP6 models},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/VTK45FEE}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2501.12920}
}
read the original abstract

Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) are characterized by wind-triggered upwelling of deep waters along the coast. They are hotspots of biological productivity and diversity and therefore have a high economic, ecological and social importance. In the past, different methods using surface data have been used to estimate upwelling. Recently, the IPCC has suggested directly assessing vertical velocities as a promising method. We use this method to study the two Atlantic EBUS from CMIP6 models from the HadGEM3-GC3.1 and the CNRM6-CM6 family, for both the historical period and a high-emission future scenario with spatial resolutions in the ocean component ranging from 1{\deg}to 1/12{\deg}. The two major upwelling regions are divided in subregions depending on their seasonality. The vertical transport index shows similar values to a wind-derived Ekman index. Directly evaluating upwelling from transport processes further provides information about the depth of the upwelling, which has previously been identified as an important factor for nutrient availability. We show that depending on the subregion of the upwelling system, different cell structures can be seen in terms of depth and distance to the coast of maximum velocities. When looking at possible future changes, high interannual variability limits the significance of the trends but could indicate a poleward shift of the upwelling regions.A detailed comparison of the spatial structures and the distinction in subregions is important to explain contradictory trends in previous works.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2501.12920 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Seasonal mean Sea Surface Temperature from CCI Satellite data averaged over the historical 1995-2014 period for the Canary Upwelling region in boreal winter (a) and summer (b), and the Benguela Upwelling region in boreal winter (c) and summer (d). Black boxes show the subregions used for calculating indices. R. Flügel, S. Herbette et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier Page 17 of 30 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fi… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Annual mean vertical transport 𝑉 𝑇 (color-filled black contours in m2 s −1) averaged in time over the historical 1995-2014 period and in latitude over the entire region retained for the: (a) Canary Upwelling; (b) Benguela Upwelling. Contours of potential temperature (solid grey in ◦C) and mixed layer depth (solid white) are superimposed. The model shown here is HadGEM3-GC3.1-HH. R. Flügel, S. Herbette et al.: Prepri… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Annual mean SST bias showed by the CMIP6 models over the 1995-2014 period in the Atlantic EBUS: (a) Canary; (b) Benguela. 𝑆𝑆𝑇bias = 𝑆𝑆𝑇CMIP6 − 𝑆𝑆𝑇CCI. R. Flügel, S. Herbette et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier Page 19 of 30 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (5 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Mean monthly upwelling indices over the time period 1995-2014 and their standard deviation for the three subregions in the Canary Upwelling system for the five CMIP6 models, the SST observations from CCI (Panels a,d,g) and the ERA5 Reanalysis wind stress (Panels b,e,h)…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Mean monthly upwelling indices over the time period 1995-2014 and their standard deviation for the three subregions in the Benguela Upwelling system for the five CMIP6 models, the SST observations from CCI (Panels a,d,g) and the ERA5 Reanalysis wind stress (Panels b,e,…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Cross-shore transects of 𝑉 𝑇up-seas (color-filled black contours) for the Canary (top) and Benguela (bottom) upwelling system, within each sub-region (column). 𝑉 𝑇up-seas corresponds to an along-shore seasonal average over the entire historical period (1995 − 2014). Th…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: 1995-2100 time series of yearly averaged 𝑉 𝑇 𝐼 in the CCUC subregion computed from the HadGEM3-GC3.1-HH (solid red) and the HadGEM3-GC3.1-MM (solid black) simulations. The trend lines (dashed) are calculated using linear regression. While HadGEM3-GC3.1-HH shows a trend…
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Trend per century in the Vertical Transport Index calculated over period 1995-2100 from historical simulation and SSP5 – 8.5 runs for each upwelling cell in the (a) Canary and (b) Benguela Upwelling System over annual means for the medium and low resolution models. The…

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

28 extracted references · 21 canonical work pages

  1. [2]

    Good, S., Embury, O., Bulgin, C., Mittaz, J.,

    doi:10.3389/fmars.2015.00109. Good, S., Embury, O., Bulgin, C., Mittaz, J.,

    work page arXiv 2015

  2. [11]

    Geoscientific Model Development 9, 3231–3296

    OMIP contribution to CMIP6: experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project. Geoscientific Model Development 9, 3231–3296. URL:https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/9/3231/2016/, doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016. Gulev,S.,Thorne,P.,Ahn,J.,Dentener,F.,Domingues,C.,Gerland,S.,Gong,D.,Kaufman,D.,Nnamchi,H.,...

    doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016 2016

  3. [12]

    (Eds.), Climate change 2021: the physical science basis

    Changing state of the climate system, in: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J., Maycock, T., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., Zhou, B. (Eds.), Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working G...

    2021

  4. [13]

    Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

    Annex ii: Models, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2087–

    work page 2021

  5. [18]

    Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications. Sci. R. Flügel, S. Herbette et al.:Preprint submitted to Elsevier Page 27 of 30 Preprint Future trends in Atlantic upwellings Data 6,

    work page 1981

  6. [20]

    Geoscientific Model Development 9, 3461–3482

    The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6. Geoscientific Model Development 9, 3461–3482. URL:https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/9/3461/2016/, doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016. Park, W., Latif, M.,

    doi:10.5194/gmd-9-3461-2016 2016

  7. [21]

    URL: https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.419, doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.419

    MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-LL model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. URL: https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.419, doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.419. Ridley, J., Menary, M., Kuhlbrodt, T., Andrews, M., Andrews, T.,

    work page doi:10.22033/esgf/cmip6.419

  8. [22]

    doi:https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.420

    MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-MM model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. doi:https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.420. Roberts, M.,

    work page doi:10.22033/esgf/cmip6.420

Show all 28 references
  1. [27]

    Has upwelling strengthened along worldwide coasts over 1982-2010? Sci. Rep. 5, 1–15. Varela, R., Rodríguez-Díaz, L., de Castro, M., Gómez-Gesteira, M.,

    1982

  2. [28]

    Global Planet

    Influence of Canary upwelling system on coastal SST warming along the 21st century using CMIP6 GCMs. Global Planet. Change 208, 103692. URL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ pii/S0921818121002770, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103692. Veitch, J., Pe...

  3. [30]

    Evaluation of CMIP6 DECK experiments with CNRM-CM6-1. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 11, 2177–2213. doi:https: //doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001683. Wang,D.,Gouhier,T.C.,Menge,B.A.,Ganguly,A.R.,2015. Intensificationandspatialhomogenizationofcoastalupwellingunderclimatechange. Nature 518...

    2015 doi

  4. [31]

    Chamorro, A., Echevin, V., Dutheil, C., Tam, J., Gutiérrez, D., Colas, F.,

    doi:https: //doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020123. Chamorro, A., Echevin, V., Dutheil, C., Tam, J., Gutiérrez, D., Colas, F.,

    doi

  5. [103]

    Chapters

    Elsevier Inc. Chapters. Sydeman,W.J.,García-Reyes,M.,Schoeman,D.S.,Rykaczewski,R.R.,Thompson,S.A.,Black,B.A.,Bograd,S.J.,2014. Climatechangeandwind intensification in coastal upwelling ecosystems. Science 345, 77–80. URL:https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science. 1251635...

    2014 doi

  6. [223]

    O’Neill,B.C.,Tebaldi,C.,vanVuuren,D.P.,Eyring,V.,Friedlingstein,P.,Hurtt,G.,Knutti,R.,Kriegler,E.,Lamarque,J.F.,Lowe,J.,Meehl,G.A., Moss, R., Riahi, K., Sanderson, B.M.,

    doi:10.1038/s41597-019-0236-x. O’Neill,B.C.,Tebaldi,C.,vanVuuren,D.P.,Eyring,V.,Friedlingstein,P.,Hurtt,G.,Knutti,R.,Kriegler,E.,Lamarque,J.F.,Lowe,J.,Meehl,G.A., Moss, R., Riahi, K., Sanderson, B.M.,

    doi

  7. [1973]

    Technical Report

    Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. Technical Report. NOAA. Bakun, A.,

    1946

  8. [1990]

    Science 247, 198–201

    Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling. Science 247, 198–201. Benazzouz,A.,Mordane,S.,Orbi,A.,Chagdali,M.,Hilmi,K.,Atillah,A.,LluísPelegrí,J.,Hervé,D.,2014. Animprovedcoastalupwellingindex from sea surface temperature using satellite-based approac...

    2014 doi

  9. [2009]

    The Benguela Current: an ecosystem of four components. Prog. Oceanogr. 83, 15–32. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0079661109001104, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.046. eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems: Integrative and Comparative App...

    2009 doi

  10. [2010]

    Modeling equilibrium dynamics of the Benguela Current System. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40, 1942–1964. Voldoire,A.,2019a. CNRM-CERFACSCNRM-CM6-1-HRmodeloutputpreparedforCMIP6CMIP. doi: https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/ CMIP6.1385. R. Flügel, S. Herbette et al.:Preprint submitted to Else...

    1942 doi

  11. [2014]

    Deep Sea Res

    Spatial and temporal seasonal trends in coastal upwelling off Northwest Africa, 1981–2012. Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 86, 94–111. URL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063714000181, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.01.007. Eyring, V., B...

    1981 doi

  12. [2015]

    The Benguela upwelling system: quantifying the sensitivity to resolution and coastal wind representation in a global climate model. J. Clim. 28, 9409–9432. URL:https://journals.ametsoc.org/ view/journals/clim/28/23/jcli-d-15-0192.1.xml, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0192.1. Strub, P.T...

    doi

  13. [2016]

    Geoscientific Model Development 9, 1937–1958

    Overview of the Coupled Model Intercom- parison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geoscientific Model Development 9, 1937–1958. doi:10.5194/ gmd-9-1937-2016. Fox-Kemper, B., Hewitt, H., Xiao, C., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., Drijfhout, S., Edwards, T., Goll...

    1937

  14. [2018]

    doi:10.24381/cds.adbb2d47

    ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present. doi:10.24381/cds.adbb2d47. (Accessed on 07-JAN-2022). Hutchings, L., van der Lingen, C., Shannon, L., Crawford, R., Verheye, H., Bartholomae, C., van der Plas, A., Louw, D., Kreiner, A., Ostrowski, M., Fidel, Q., Barlow, ...

    1940 doi

  15. [2019]

    doi:10.5285/62c0f97b1eac4e0197a674870afe1ee6. R. Flügel, S. Herbette et al.:Preprint submitted to Elsevier Page 26 of 30 Preprint Future trends in Atlantic upwellings Griffies, S.M., Danabasoglu, G., Durack, P.J., Adcroft, A.J., Balaji, V., Böning, C.W., Chassignet, E.P., Curc...

    doi

  16. [2020]

    Historical simulations with HadGEM3-GC3.1 for CMIP6. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 12, e2019MS001995. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001995. Arístegui,J.,Barton,E.D.,Álvarez-Salgado,X.A.,Santos,A.M.P.,Figueiras,F.G.,Kifani,S.,Hernández-León,S.,Mason,E.,Machú,E.,Demarcq, H.,

    doi

  17. [2021]

    Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

    Ocean, cryosphere and sea level change, in: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. In Press., pp. 1211–1362. García-Reyes,M.,S...

    2021

  18. [2022]

    Geoscientific Model Development 15, 8245–8267

    Impact of increased resolution on the representation of the Canary upwelling system in climate models. Geoscientific Model Development 15, 8245–8267. URL:https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/15/8245/ 2022/, doi:10.5194/gmd-15-8245-2022. Tim, N., Zorita, E., Hünicke, B.,

    2022 doi

  19. [2024]

    EGUsphere 2024, 1–37

    Baseline climate variables for earth system modelling. EGUsphere 2024, 1–37. URL: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/ egusphere-2024-2363/, doi:10.5194/egusphere-2024-2363. Marchesiello, P., Estrade, P.,

    2024 doi

  20. [2138]

    doi:10.1017/9781009157896.016. Haarsma, R.J., Roberts, M.J., Vidale, P.L., Senior, C.A., Bellucci, A., Bao, Q., Chang, P., Corti, S., Fučkar, N.S., Guemas, V., von Hardenberg, J., Hazeleger,W.,Kodama,C.,Koenigk,T.,Leung,L.R.,Lu,J.,Luo,J.J.,Mao,J.,Mizielinski,M.S.,Mizuta,R.,Nob...

    doi

Pith tools

Reviewed August 10, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.